不同养分释放期控释尿素掺混后的养分释放特征

以3种养分释放期不同的控释尿素为供试肥料,采用化工行业标准《控释肥料》(HG/T 4215—2011)中规定的25℃静水浸提凯氏定氮法和100℃快速浸提凯氏定氮法,试验研究了不同养分释放期控释尿素的不同掺混比例对养分释放特征的影响。试验结果表明:几种控释尿素掺混后养分释放率的实测值与按比例加权值计算的释放率相当,通过100℃静水浸提法也可快速预测掺混控释尿素在25℃静水中的养分释放期;不同养分释放期的控释尿素掺混后,其养分释放期仍与养分释放期较长的那种控释尿素相同,养分释放高峰点出现时间与不同养分释放期控释尿素掺混比例有关;根据不同养分释放期控释尿素时段溶出的养分加权值计算不同时段的养分释放率,所得预测值与实测释放率基本一致;对于掺混控释尿素,养分释放期较长的控释尿素掺混一定比例的养分释放期相对较短的控释尿素,可在作物前期或在作物快速生长期出现养分释放高峰,更好地满足作物养分最大效率期对养分的需求,弥补单一长效控释尿素前期养分供应不足的缺点,使控释肥养分释放与作物各生育期对养分的需求相同步。     

合成碳羟基磷灰石对水中苯酚的吸附

利用废弃蛋壳为原料、尿素为添加剂,合成了碳羟基磷灰石(CHAP),用于吸附水中苯酚. 利用红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线能谱测试技术对CHAP样品表面化学进行了表征,同时考察了环境pH值、吸附时间、苯酚初始浓度及温度对苯酚吸附的影响. 结果表明,在酸性(pH=3~5)和碱性(pH=9~10)条件下,CHAP对苯酚的吸附效果较好,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温式,同时也符合准二级动力学模型.     

水热条件下纳米级球状羟基磷灰石的制备

本文以Ca(NO3)2.4H2O和(NH4)2HPO4为原料水热条件下合成了羟基磷灰石晶体。研究了水热温度,保温时间,pH值,溶液浓度对合成羟基磷灰石晶体的影响,并借助X射线衍射(XRD)、红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合成的羟基磷灰石进行了物相组成、化学组成、微观形貌的研究。结果显示,pH值对合成羟基磷灰石形貌有决定性的影响,调节pH值为5、7、8、9、10,羟基磷灰石形貌经历了长棒状、短棒状、球状的变化。确定pH值为10,正交试验研究其它三个因素对球状羟基磷灰石粒径的影响,三因素影响顺序依次为:初始溶液浓度>保温时间>水热温度。正交试验同时得到合成粒径小活性高的HA晶体的最佳工艺条件组合为:k2k1k3,即水热温度为140℃,保温时间为1 d,初始溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L。     

共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石

以硝酸钙、磷酸混合水溶液为前驱体,以氨水为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石。探讨了加料方式、加料速度、Ca-P溶液初始浓度、陈化温度、陈化时间以及反应pH值等工艺条件对纳米羟基磷灰石的结晶粒度与分散性的影响。结果表明,采用将氨水加入Ca-P溶液、快速加料的方式,在Ca2+浓度为1.0mol.L-1、陈化温度为60℃、陈化时间为12h、反应pH值为10的条件下可高效制备分散性较好的短棒状纳米羟基磷灰石粉体。     

以羟基磷灰石微球作为稳定剂制备新型维生素A片剂的研究

以羟基磷灰石为稳定剂,研究其在维生素A制备中发挥的作用。先制备了羟基磷灰石维生素A复合物,再根据复合物的相应成分配比制备片剂。以羟基磷灰石为辅助材料的维生素A在降低温度,湿度,光线和空气对维生素A稳定性的影响方面更为有效,羟基磷灰石微球可以用作制备新型维生素A片剂的稳定剂赋形剂。     

温度和pH值对羟基磷灰石粉体合成的影响

用液相沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石粉体,研究了温度和pH值对羟基磷灰石粉体合成的影响,结果表明:制备的羟基磷灰石粉体纯度较高,随着温度的增加其晶化程度增加,当pH值等于4.5,9和12.4时,制备的粉体分别为β-Ca2P2O7,HA+β-TCP和HA.TEM结果表明:羟基磷灰石沉淀颗粒形态呈针状或条状,其直径约10～20nm,长约100～200nm,当羟基磷灰石粉体加热至900℃时,颗粒发生团聚,晶粒长大,其尺寸约为200～400nm.     

义眼台用羟基磷灰石的制备和性能

采用均相共沉淀法直接合成了高纯度羟基磷灰石粉体,通过改变反应物加入方式和反应时间调控粉体形貌和组成,分析了体系pH值对产物纯度的影响;以硅溶胶为粘结剂、尿素为造孔剂,室温下压制成型,高温烧结制备了孔隙度高、力学性能良好的多孔羟基磷灰石块体,考察了粉体粒径、造孔剂含量对孔隙度和抗压强度等性能的影响。结果表明,纳米粉有利于块体成型,随造孔剂含量增加,块体密度减小、孔隙度增加,当羟基磷灰石与尿素质量比为1.5:1时,孔隙度达69%,抗压强度达8 MPa,满足义眼台应用需求。     

聚己内酯基聚氨酯包膜尿素养分释放特性

以聚己内酯多元醇和异氰酸酯为包膜材料,制备了膜材用量为4%,6%和8%的聚己内酯基聚氨酯包膜尿素(PCU1、PCU2、PCU3),通过扫描电镜、恒温静水培法、胶园土壤培养法分析聚己内酯基聚氨酯包膜尿素膜层结构、养分释放速率以及释放期。结果表明,包膜尿素表面覆盖了聚己内酯基聚氨酯膜层,从而起到了物理阻隔作用,使包膜尿素具有较好的养分控释效果。随着膜材用量增加,包膜尿素释放期延长,PCU1、PCU2、PCU3在静水中的释放期分别为31.60,86.65,260.11 d。聚己内酯基聚氨酯包膜尿素在静水和胶园土壤中的养分释放特征曲线基本相同,培养介质不会改变聚己内酯基聚氨酯包膜尿素的养分释放模式,但胶园土壤培养显著缩短了PCU3的释放期,释放期仅为206.54 d,较静水中缩短了53.57 d。     

控失尿素养分释放特性研究

通过实验室土壤培养的方法,研究控失尿素在土壤中的养分释放情况,并分析控失尿素对土壤电导率(EC)值的影响。结果表明:普通尿素的释放率高于控失尿素,说明控失尿素比普通尿素有更长的肥效期;控失尿素的氮释放率随着控失剂含量的增加而降低;控失尿素能够提高土壤EC值。     

沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石反应条件控制研究

为了方便快速地获得高纯度羟基磷灰石,本研究以（NH4）2HPO4和Ca（NO3）.24H2O为原料,利用沉淀法制备纳米级羟基磷灰石粉末。对温度、pH值、分散剂添加比例、钙磷比、烧结温度等反应控制条件进行了研究,对钙磷比及烧结温度做了详细的讨论。结果表明：此法可以得到分散性、均匀性好,纯度高、颗粒小、晶形完整的纳米级羟基磷灰石。     

超薄可降解聚氨酯包膜尿素的快速检测方法

采用静水溶出率法,在不损伤包膜的情况下,找出高温（50℃）静水浸提树脂包膜尿素与常温（25℃）静水浸提时间的相关系数。结果表明：通过50℃静水浸提来检测相应指标,可以有效缩短缓释肥料国家标准（GB／T23348-2009）和控释肥料行业标准（HG／T4215-2011）采用的25℃静水浸提检测所需的时间;树脂包膜尿素养分累积释放曲线相关系数均≥0．9900,呈极显著水平;检测时间只需8—10d,测量误差范围在2％-3％。     

Fabrication of polymer/drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers for drug sustained release

The aim of this study is to fabricate polymer/hydroxyapatite (HA) particle composite fibers for drug encapsulation and sustained release. Firstly, drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles are synthesized in one step, then by electrospinning of the blends of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles and polymer solution the drug‐loaded polymer/hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers are successfully prepared. Effect of loading ratio of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles in the fibers and pH value of the release medium on the drug release kinetics are both investigated, and the results demonstrate that, as compared with the polymer/drug electrospun fibers, the drug in the polymer/drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers shows a sustained release manner, and the drug release rate can be regulated by both the loading ratio of drug‐loaded hydroxyapatite particles in the composite fibers and pH value of the buffer solution. The results indicate that the developed drug‐loaded polymer/hydroxyapatite particle composite fibers show great potential in bone regeneration and other related biomedical fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42871.     

石蜡-天然松香包膜尿素的研制

以石蜡 -天然松香作为包膜材料 ,采用熔融喷雾包涂的方法制备控制释放尿素 ,并讨论了松香与石蜡的配比、涂层量和操作条件对包膜尿素养份释放速率的影响。实验结果表明 :涂层中松香的含量及包膜量 (膜厚 )是影响包膜尿素养份释放速率的主要因素。     

沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石反应条件控制研究

为了方便快速地获得高纯度羟基磷灰石,本研究以(NH4)2HPO4和Ca(NO3)2·4H2O为原料,利用沉淀法制备纳米级羟基磷灰石粉末,并描述了制备过程。对温度、pH值、分散剂添加比例、钙磷比、烧结温度等反应控制条件进行了研究,并对钙磷比及烧结温度做了详细的讨论。结果表明,此法可以得到分散性、均匀性好,纯度高,颗粒小,晶形完整的纳米级羟基磷灰石。     

Release of urea from cellulosic hydrogel coated urea granule: Modeling effect of crosslink density and pH triggering

ABSTRACT

Urea granules were coated with CMC-g-cl-PAA hydrogel by in situ spraying and polymerization technique with mean thickness of 0.24 mm. Water absorption capacity of hydrogel coated urea granules varied from 18.67 to 217.33 g/g depending on pH. Urea release was extended due to hydrogel coating and kinetic analysis at different pH (4.0, 7.0 and 9.2) revealed a sigmoid function as best fit model. The coated urea granules showed pH triggered release property with higher rate in alkaline medium and slower in acidic medium. The prepared hydrogel coated urea granules may find its application in integrated water and nutrient management strategies in agriculture.     

聚氨酯包膜控释尿素制备工艺与养分释放特性研究

4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)与植物油多元醇均匀喷涂在流化状态的尿素颗粒表面并发生化学反应,形成聚氨酯膜层。以侧喷流化床包膜工艺为基础,通过研究包膜量、反应温度、反应物比例等不同工艺条件下包膜尿素的养分释放性能,获得的生产聚氨酯包膜尿素的最佳工艺条件为反应温度75℃、MDI与植物油质量比1.0:1.0、反应时间20 min、催化剂用量0.40%(质量分数)、包膜比率为4.0%(质量分数),此包膜控释尿素的养分释放周期可达70 d。     

Influence of the synthesis conditions on the curing behavior of phenol–urea–formaldehyde resol resins

The curing behavior of synthesized phenol–urea–formaldehyde (PUF) resol resins with various formaldehyde/urea/phenol ratios was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results indicated that the synthesis parameters, including the urea content, formaldehyde/phenol ratio, and pH value, had a combined effect on the curing behavior. The pH value played an important role in affecting the shape of the DSC curing curves, the activation energy, and the reaction rate constant. Depending on the pH value, one or two peaks could appear in the DSC curve. The activation energy was lower when pH was below 11. The reaction rate constant increased with an increase in the pH value at both low and high temperatures. The urea content and formaldehyde/phenol ratio had no significant influence on the activation energy and rate constant. DMA showed that both the gel point and tan δ peak temperature (T_tanδ) had the lowest values in the mid‐pH range for the PUF resins. A different trend was observed for the phenol–formaldehyde resin without the urea component. Instead, the gel point and T_tanδ decreased monotonically with an increase in the pH value. For the PUF resins, a high urea content or a low formaldehyde/phenol ratio resulted in a high gel point. The effect of the urea content on T_tanδ was bigger than that on the gel point because of the reversible reaction associated with the urea component. Too much formaldehyde could lead to more reversible reactions and a higher T_tanδ value. The effects of the synthesis conditions on the rigidity of the cured network were complex for the PUF resins. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1368–1375, 2005     

正渗透水肥一体化灌溉中化肥驱动液的筛选

选择尿素溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液、硝酸钾溶液、硝酸铵溶液4种化肥溶液作为汲取液,重金属镉溶液作为原料液,CTA膜作为正渗透膜,进行化肥正渗透驱动液的筛选试验。以NaCl-纯水为对照组,设置3次重复试验。定期观测记录质量、EC值、TDS值、体积、流量、进出压力值、温度及pH等变化,计算正向水通量、反向盐通量及正向截留率,并测定溶液中重金属及氮磷钾含量变化。结果表明:性能最佳的化肥汲取液是KH_2PO_4,其水通量高而且溶质返混运动营养损失最低。