Properties of Ulug Khem coal. 3. Quality of coke from batch containing Elegest coal

In the laboratory coking of production batches at OAO EVRAZ ZSMK, including those containing coal from the Elegest deposit, special attention is paid to batches with different quality of the clinkering, coking, and lean components, so as to determine the maximum possible content of Elegest coal in the batch if the coke produced is to be satisfactory quality for use in blast furnaces at OAO EVRAZ ZSMK with pulverized-coal injection.     

Properties of Ulug Khem coal. 2. Quality of coke from batch containing Mezhegei coal

On the basis of the laboratory coking of production batches at OAO EVRAZ NTMK, including those containing coal from the Mezhegei deposit, a new coking index is proposed. This index is incorporated in a mathematical model for predicting coke quality (CSR and CRI).     

Characterization of vitrinite concentrates. 1. Fourier Transform infrared studies

A set of 21 vitrinite concentrates have been characterized by FTIR. Hydroxyl groups have been quantitatively determined by combining acetylation with FTIR procedures. Methods for the determination of extinction coefficients for various bands are discussed. Values are calculated by equating total hydrogen from elemental analysis to the fraction of hydrogen present as hydroxyl, aromatic CH and aliphatic CH groups. The variation in values of the extinction coefficients for aromatic and aliphatic CH bands are determined as a function of assumed values for the extinction coefficient of the OH bands. Large variations in the latter do not greatly affect calculated values of aliphatic and aromatic CH groups. The distribution of hydrogen between OH, aromatic CH and aliphatic CH groups is determined.     

Properties of vitrinite concentrates of South African coals

Low-ash vitrinite concentrates of representative South African coals have been prepared and analysed. Various properties when plotted against carbon content show inflections at $\text{1}\text{1}\text{2}$ to 2% lower carbon content than normal British coals. These differences are ascribed to the heating effects of dolerite intrusions.     

Polymeric structure of coal. 1. Role of ether bonds in constitution of high-rank vitrinite

Results of detailed studies on molecular weights of products from reductive alkylation of high-rank vitrinite are reported. It is concluded that the macromolecular network of vitrinite from a Cretaceous bituminous coal is composed of relatively small units (no. av. mol. weight 600–700) which are primarily linked by ether oxygen. A significant portion of these units (≈20 weight percent) is characterized by molecular weight substantially below 500. These findings seem to be consistent with results from mild hydrogenolysis and air oxidation of bituminous coals.     

New techniques for measuring maximum reflectance of vitrinite and dispersed vitrinite in sediments

Maximum reflectance, R_max, can be calculated by the following equation: $\text{R}{}_{\max }\text{= (}\text{R}{}_1\text{+ R}{}_3\text{2}\text{) + (}\text{(R}{}_1\text{? R}{}_2\text{)}{}^2\text{+ (R}{}_2\text{? R}{}_3\text{)}{}^2\text{2}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ in which R₁, R₂, and R₃ are three separate reflectance readings on the same vitrinite grain at 45° angular intervals. The equation is derived from the reflectance distribution function for a central section of a reflectance indicatrix: R_α = R_maxcos²α + R′_minsin²α where R_α is the reflectance measured in the direction α degrees from R_max, R′_min is an apparent minimum which has the minimum value on this central section, and R_max ? R′_min ? R_min. This new technique can be further simplified by rotating the polarizer in 45-degree intervals to obtain three photometer readings and then converting them to R₁, R₂, and R₃, by the use of empirically-established conversion factors. The new techniques do not require the full revolution of the microscope stage and, therefore, are particularly suitable for measuring small grains of vitrinite.     

煤矸石粉填充聚丙烯复合材料的性能

研究了纯煤矸石粉及用表面活性剂处理或加入界面改性剂的煤矸石粉对两种聚丙烯(PP)的力学性能及加工流动性能的影响。结果表明：随着煤矸石粉用量的增加，PP填充复合材料的拉伸断裂伸长率和冲击强度下降．但拉伸屈服强度和加工流动性变化不大；煤矸石粉经硬脂酸处理后对复合材料的断裂伸长率、冲击韧性及加工性能有一定的改善作用；马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯能够明显提高复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击韧性。     

各类煤气化炉的特点与适应性分析

分析综述了已经实现工业化生产的各类煤气化炉的特点,煤种适应性,各自的煤气质量和应用领域,工业化放大的不同特点,气化效率的不同,对环境的不同影响等。可为计划上马煤化工项目的用户选择气化技术提供参考。     

水平井及其在盐类矿物开采中的应用

通过对水平井的工艺特点以及在盐类矿物开采中的应用的介绍，阐述了水平井广阔的发展前景。     

活化煤矸石细粉-水泥复合胶凝材料水化性能研究

主要采用XRD、DTA/TG、SEM、MIP及等温微量量热仪研究了华新硅酸盐水泥以及掺有活化煤矸石细粉水泥胶凝体体系的水化性能和微观结构,试验证明煅烧后的煤矸石具有火山灰活性。掺有活化煤矸石细粉的水泥浆体结构较疏松,孔隙较多,但随着龄期的增长,浆体结构变得越来紧密,其主要的水化产物亦为水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石和Ca(OH)2晶体。     

羧基化改性煤的离子交换性能

对马来酸酐改性制成的长焰煤加合物的阳离子交换性进行研究,并同氧化煤和工业吸附剂作了对比,表明其亲质子基团的解离范围宽(pK3.6～6.5)。从水溶液中吸附多价金属阳离子的能力取决于阳离子交换剂的表面性质:该加合物对Cr、Fe、Pb的吸附活性高于КБ-4阳离子树脂。     

掺煤矸石泡沫混凝土制备及力学性能

将粉磨之后的煤矸石掺入混凝土中制备了煤矸石泡沫混凝土,并研究了煤矸石的粉磨时间一定时煤矸石的掺量,以及煤矸石掺量固定时煤矸石的粉磨时间对掺煤矸石泡沫混凝土的体积密度、扩展度和抗压强度的影响.结果 表明,水料比为0.37时,煤矸石对泡沫混凝土的体积密度无明显影响.水料比为0.27时,掺煤矸石泡沫混凝土的体积密度随煤矸石粉掺量的增加先减小后增加.泡沫混凝土的抗压强度随着材料的水料比以及煤矸石掺量的增加而降低.此外,泡沫混凝土的抗压强度随着煤矸石粉磨时间的增加而先增加后降低,粉磨时间为75 min时,其抗压强度最大.     

Sodium hexametaphosphate interaction with 2:1 clay minerals illite and montmorillonite

The interaction of an efficient deflocculant, sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP), with illite and montmorillonite (Mt) samples of different origins was investigated analyzing the HMP uptake (adsorption on mineral surface and/or intercalation inside the interlayer space) and the ion release mechanisms. HMP adsorption isotherms on a standard Na-saturated illite were determined at different temperatures which yielded the thermodynamic parameters of the process and the maximum adsorbed amount of the ion on this mineral. The data indicate that the adsorption process is hindered with respect to that on kaolinite and is consistent with adsorption of HMP on the aluminol edge sites, forming Al–O–P linkages. The effect of HMP on the natural illite and Mt samples was analyzed using different techniques. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to detect the concentration of P, Si, Al, Ca, Mg and K in deflocculant solutions wetting the clay minerals in order to identify the immobilization, dissolution and exchange reactions associated to the deflocculant activity. Thermal analysis and XRD measurements were used to gain information on the properties of the HMP-treated clay minerals. The peculiar ability of Mt samples to immobilize HMP is proposed to be due to intercalation processes involving the formation of Ca^2 +/HMP complexes inside the interlayer space. These processes could be responsible of the well known decrease in the deflocculant efficiency of HMP in ceramic slurries rich in Mt.     

Structure and mechanical properties of aluminosilicate geopolymer composites with Portland cement and its constituent minerals

The compressive strengths and structures of composites of aluminosilicate geopolymer with the synthetic cement minerals C₃S, β-C₂S, C₃A and commercial OPC were investigated. All the composites showed lower strengths than the geopolymer and OPC paste alone. X-ray diffraction, ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al MAS NMR and SEM/EDS observations indicate that hydration of the cement minerals and OPC is hindered in the presence of geopolymer, even though sufficient water was present in the mix for hydration to occur. In the absence of SEM evidence for the formation of an impervious layer around the cement mineral grains, the poor strength development is suggested to be due to the retarded development of C-S-H because of the preferential removal from the system of available Si because geopolymer formation is more rapid than the hydration of the cement minerals. This possibility is supported by experiments in which the rate of geopolymer formation is retarded by the substitution of potassium for sodium, by the reduction of the alkali content of the geopolymer paste or by the addition of borate. In all these cases the strength of the OPC-geopolymer composite was increased, particularly by the combination of the borate additive with the potassium geopolymer, producing an OPC-geopolymer composite stronger than hydrated OPC paste alone.     

不同品种炭黑混炼胶的加工流变性能研究

研究不同品种炭黑混炼胶在不同测试条件下的加工流变性能。结果表明：炭黑N550的混炼加工性能好,炭黑N134混炼时更易聚集,分散差;混炼胶的门尼粘度和结合橡胶含量随着炭黑结构的增高和比表面积的增大而增大,与炭黑CDBP吸油值的相关性好,相关因数均为0.95;混炼胶的Payne效应与炭黑比表面积和应力松弛面积的相关性好,相关因数均为0.98;混炼胶的挤出胀大比受混炼胶中结合橡胶和包容胶含量的双重影响。     

煤矸石水泥性能与颗粒群分布的关系研究

将不同细度的煤矸石、纯硅酸盐水泥按30%:70%混合, 测其胶砂流动度、净浆标准稠度用水量和 3 天、28天抗压强度。以宏观性能指标为Z轴, 水泥与煤矸石激光粒度检测结果的中位径 D50 之差为 x轴, 水泥与煤矸石混合样的粉体激光粒度计算结果的中位径D50为y轴, 进行三维区域图分析, 给出各项性能指标发展趋势与水泥、煤矸石的相对位置以及混合体系总体细度的相互关系。     

Coalification paths of exinite,vitrinite and inertite

Coalification is a burial metamorphic process fundamental to understanding the origin and nature of coals and petroleum. Accurate assessment of Coalification requires removal of the variation in coal properties owing to differences in coal type. This is best achieved by assessing the coal rank of the maceral groups exinite, vitrinite and inertinite (and ultimately the macerals within each group) in terms of maximum reflectance. The mean maximum reflectances of exinite (R?_E max), vitrinite (R?_v max) and inertinite (R?_I max) are highly correlated over the rank range, soft brown coals to low-volatile bituminous coals. A single exinite Coalification break is identified at 0.4 to 0.5% R?_V max. Thereafter, exinite coalification occurs at an increasing rate (R?_E max relative to R?_V max) over the rank range 0.5–2.0% R?_V max, crossing the vitrinite Coalification path at 1.55% R?_V max. A phase of rapid inertinite Coalification (0.7–2.0% R?_I max) occurs between 0.2 and 0.9% R?_V max. Since exinite is a major land-plant source of hydrocarbons, and R?_E max is a sensitive indicator of organic maturation over the range 0.2–1.1% R?_E max, which corresponds to the main phase of oil generation, R?_E max can be a most useful indicator of petroleum generation. The inertinite lnkohlungsprung represents a dramatic compositional change which should be taken into account when considering the origin of inertinite, its utilization properties and the general processes of rank change and organic maturation.     

Relationship between the maximum and the random reflectance of vitrinite for coal from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)

The relationship between the maximum and random reflectance of vitrinite, R_max and R_r, for Upper Silesian coal is represented by the equation: R_max=1.090R_r−0.052. When the random reflectance is higher than 0.90%, the difference between R_max and R_r values becomes significant. R_max is a more precise rank indicator, the standard deviation is much smaller than the standard deviation of the random reflectance value, which is larger due to the optical anisotropy of vitrinite.     

不同类型聚氨酯微孔膜的制备与性能

分别以四种聚氨酯(PU)为基体材料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,加入氧化石墨,利用相转化法制得PU膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察膜的结构,再通过成膜动力学、孔隙率、吸湿率、透气性以及力学性能等测试,对共混膜的性能进行表征。结果表明:与纯PU膜相比,添加氧化石墨可使PU膜的综合性能显著提高,大孔结构大幅度减少,界面微孔数量增多,且无论是聚醚型PU膜还是聚酯型PU膜的成膜速率、孔隙率、吸湿率、透气性、拉伸强度及断裂伸长率均有提高。当聚醚型PU的软段比例较高时,PU膜的改性效果最佳。