Autotransformer fed traction power supply system: analysis,modeling and simulation

For many decades, Ethiopia had been using a meter gauge railway from Addis Ababa to the red sea port of Djibouti. Currently, the century old railway is completely replaced by a brand new standard gauge electrified railway line aiming to connect the country to the global market by guaranteeing a unified access to different regions of the country. In order to meet modern railway standards, a 1 x 25 kV catenary system is adopted in Ethio-Djibouti railway line corridor. In this paper, an alternative and a more superior 2 x 25 kV traction power supply system is presented. The modeling and analysis of the 2 x 25 kV traction supply system including the traction load, the substation power transformer, the autotransformer(AT), the catenary line impedance, etc., are performed. In addition, in order to validate the benefits of the proposed system, a comparative analysis of the two types of traction power supply arrangement has been conducted using MATLAB simulation. The analysis focuses on evaluating the voltage profiles of both power supply configurations on the basis of BS EN 50163:2004 international standard.     

电铁牵引负荷对县级电网电能质量影响的测量与治理仿真

县级电网电源点少电气结构较弱,县级电网接入的电铁牵引负荷具有的非线性、单相独立性和随机波动性的特点,是影响县级电网电能质量的主要原因,利用ELSPEC电能质量监测仪对县级电网110 k V母线电压进行连续测试,分析得出电铁牵引负荷产生的电压骤降、谐波注入、电压波动及闪变、负序不平衡度对县级电网电能质量的影响程度,根据测量结果对负荷侧拟采用的SVC补偿方案利用PSCAD电网仿真计算软件进行仿真分析,得出采用SVC治理措施后电压合格水平得到有效提升的结论。     

电铁谐波的测量与仿真分析

为了分析电力机车产生的谐波对电力系统的影响,以某牵引变电所普通的Ynd11型变压器接线为例,从动态的过程对牵引供电系统和电力机车进行建模仿真,分析了注入110 kV侧的不平衡谐波电流和电压;通过模型的仿真结果和实际测量数据对比验证了模型的正确性;同时,针对机车不同牵引功率,仿真分析了其对电力系统影响,包括电流谐波、电压谐波和负序电压变化.结果表明:电流、电压谐波随着功率的增加呈曲线增加,其变化趋势复杂;而负序电压含量变化近似一条直线,与功率的变化成正比.     

Features of traction electric equipment of prospective electric rolling stock

On the main railways in Russia, two types of current in the contact wire are used: dc voltage of 3 kV and ac voltage of 25 kV with a frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, prospective electric rolling stock should have double the power. Improving the capacity and structural speed of locomotives is based on the use of asynchronous traction motors (ATDs) with a squirrel-cage rotor allowing increasing the tractive force and the weight of the train and the capacity and speed of cargo delivery, increasing reliability and reducing life cycle costs, and increasing service life. Electrical equipment for such rolling stock should be used when working from either contact system, dc or ac. In this article, the scheme of power circuits is considered using the example of a module of a traction drive in one bogie of dual-system electric locomotives. It is proposed to use the secondary winding of the traction transformer as a choke of the input filter when powered from a dc contact system. Regulation of operation modes of asynchronous traction motors is carried out from static semiconductor converters with a two-tier structure. Input transducers provide the exchange of electric energy between the contact system and the intermediate link of dc voltage, and the output converters regulate the traction motors by changing the magnitude and frequency of voltage on the stator windings of ATD depending on the speed of the locomotive and its operating mode. 4QS input converters and output converters are autonomous voltage inverters of the intermediate ac: in the case of single-phase input and output, they are three-phase. The basic ratios are given to determine voltages and currents of 4QS converters, to determine the variable component of a rectified current 4QS converter, and to formulate requirements for a resonant L₂C₂ filter configured for a frequency of 100 Hz. Expressions are given for determining the ratio of the input power of the converter, as well as recommendations for determining the basic parameters of electrical equipment.     

光伏接入牵引供电系统对电能质量的影响

提出将光伏系统作为牵引负荷电源之一,与电力系统共同给牵引负荷供电的方案。光伏系统在27.5k V侧接入牵引供电系统,分析牵引负荷特性和光伏系统输出特性,推导计算光伏系统接入前、后对电力系统侧电能质量的影响;针对不同工况对光伏接入后电能质量的影响进行仿真分析,基于实测负荷数据对光伏系统接入前、后电能质量的影响进行验证。结果表明:所研究的光伏接入方案对电力系统侧三相电压不平衡度不产生影响,对三相谐波畸变率以及功率因数的影响与接入光伏系统的大小有关。     

风电场与电铁同母线接入对供电质量的影响研究

基于实际工程,借助电磁暂态仿真软件EMTP-RV,建立了广西灵川县灵田风电场的详细仿真模型及与风电场接入同一变电站110 kV母线的灵川电铁牵引站及机车负荷模型.研究了风电场在不同风速出力和电铁负荷状态下公共接入点电能质量,以及风电场与电铁牵引负荷接入同一110 kV母线的相互影响.并开发了电能质量计算模板用于多种电能质量指标的计算.多种运行工况的仿真表明,风电场与电铁负荷接入同一母线会恶化电网的运行条件,导致公共接入点剧烈电压波动,并向公共电网注入大量谐波.针对仿真中揭示的电压波动与功率振荡现象,结合现场条件,针对性提出合理调度风电出力、谐波治理与无功补偿等多项改善措施,使接入点的电能质量满足国家标准.     

220 kV三相V/V接线一体化牵引变压器的研究及应用

通过分析电气化铁路牵引变压器的单相接线和三相V/V 接线的原理, 指出后者可以降低电网的三相不平衡度。结合浙赣铁路电气化外部供电方案的研究, 对牵引变电所接入系统后的公共连接点在系统多种运行方式下的三相电压不平衡度进行了计算。针对公共连接点三相电压不平衡度超出国标的情况, 提出采用220 kV 三相V/V 接线一体化牵引变压器来降低三相电压不平衡度的方案, 并在浙赣电气化铁路中进行应用, 解决了重载铁路三相供电不平衡问题。     

动车组牵引与辅助供电的综合直流系统

以"复兴号"为代表的动车组装备的批量运用,标志着我国动车组技术已达到世界先进水平。铁路运营商对列车持续提出更高需求,包括智能化、节能高效和应急走行等;同时以碳化硅器件为代表的第三代半导体器件日渐成熟,渗透率不断提升。在新需求和新器件的双重背景下,对既有变流装置进行单点优化改造虽可行,但牵引系统和辅助供电系统的全局优化空间有限,在充分发挥碳化硅器件优势方面尤其捉襟见肘。从电能利用的本质和列车的原始需求出发,重新审视列车既有的牵引系统和辅助供电系统,提出一种面向未来动车组的综合直流系统。该系统由3级直流母线即高压、中压和低压直流母线构成主干网,牵引变压器和四象限整流器、牵引逆变器、辅助变流器、蓄电池充电机、储能装置以及其他各种类型电气设备都作为电源或负载接入各等级直流母线。动车组牵引与辅助供电的综合直流系统具备诸多优点,包括显著提升系统灵活性、更高效和便利储能设备接入等。充分发挥新一代碳化硅器件的优势,是一种融合牵引系统和辅助供电系统的统一平台。     

一种高速铁路AT供电方式列车电压提高方法

针对高速铁路AT供电方式,提出在不改变接触线电压的情况下,以提高正馈线电压等级,降低牵引网电压损失,保证列车受电电压水平的方法。正馈线电压等级分别为27．5kV和55kV时,对供电区间单列车、多列车运行时列车电压,供电系统电流分布与列车平均有效电压仿真。仿真结果表明,对供电区间任意位置单列车和多列车情况,提高正馈线电压等级后,降低了牵引网的电压损失,列车电压均提高。4列车时,列车电压平均升高4．29kV。表明提高正馈线电压,可改善列车受电电压水平。     

Improvement of basic requirements for the system and devices of traction dc power supply

Abstract—“The Technical Maintenance Regulations of Russian Federation Railways” and “The Arrangement Regulations of the Russian Federation Railways Traction Power Supply System (TsE-462)” set out clear requirements to ensure minimum voltage in the aerial contact wire for freight and high-speed passenger train movement. These requirements are confirmed by the Norms of the European Electrotechnical Standard EN 50163 (1995). However, the voltage norms at traction substations (TsE-462) are in contradiction to the maximum continuous voltage in the aerial contact wire demanded by Railway Research Institute (VNIIZhT) and accepted by EN 50163 Standard. This paper proposes using continuous voltage at traction substations in the normal operating mode in the range of from 3600 (the minimum value) to 3700 V. The maximum voltage (3700 V) was obtained as a result of electrical calculation of the traction power supply system at the track sections with hard mountainous track profile while running trains with an increased weight of 6300–9000 t or two combined trains with a combined weight of 12000 t with powerful electric locomotives of 2ES6, 2ES10, and 3ES10 series. This voltage value was confirmed by long-term operation on a Tyumen–Yekaterinburg–Perm–Balezino track section of 923-km length with voltage stabilization at the level of 3650 V at the traction substations. The voltage levels at the traction substation buses are provided by a contactless automatic control system (CACS) with ±0.6% inaccuracy. The maximum voltage in the traction substation buses is acceptable and equal to maximum aerial contact wire voltage (4000 V) under the recuperation mode.     

Y/>/▽电力牵引平衡变压器应用的可行性研究

电力牵引变压器是电力系统的一种重要负荷,由于Y//▽电力牵引平衡变压器可以解决一般铁路牵引动力在供电系统中引起的负序电流,在很大程度上能够改善三相供电系统的不对称运行状态。首先介绍了Y//▽平衡变压器的一般原理、接线图,推导了Y//▽平衡变压器三相-两单相侧的电压、电流关系并对不平衡度进行了计算,应用Matlab对Y//▽平衡变压器带单相纯阻性负载供电系统进行建模、仿真。并通过在一台2 kVA的Y//▽平衡变压器样机上验证了应用的可行性和实用性。     

Increasing the operating life of power transformer winding insulation when upgrading 25-kV alternating current traction substations

Upgrading the traction power supply is an important task in developing railway power engineering. The Russian railway transport development strategy envisions updating power supply equipment, including the reconstruction of 763 traction substations, which will be very expensive. Power transformers are the main, and most expensive, apparatuses in traction substations. They account for more than 50% of the cost of substation equipment. Steps in increasing the operating life of power traction substations during upgrading the ac traction substations are described in the present article. Substation upgrading involves up-to-date equipment and technologies. The decision to replace or further use existing substation power transformers is primarily based on data on the real condition of transformers. The 25 kV alternating current power transformers traction substations operate with the high unbalanced current of windings. The current of the most loaded winding can possess double magnitude of currents in other windings, while the losses of windings differ by four times. A qualitative analysis of transformer operating life based on insulation wear for three traction substations is presented. The winding with maximum insulation wear is assessed on the basis of power consumption. In order to extend the operating life, windings need to be connected to neutral links of a traction substation.     

黔桂电铁对110kV水任变电站谐波影响分析

为了减少黔桂电气化铁路牵引负荷产生的谐波和负序电流注入电网,降低谐波给供电系统及广大电力用户造成的谐波干扰和影响。分析水任变电站110 kV母线在系统不同运行方式下的谐波、负序、无功变化情况,得出了采用220 kV变电站的110 kV专线主供方式对黔桂电铁电力牵引站供电可降低电铁影响的结论。     

牵引供电方案设计中谐波谐振问题研究

为了评估牵引供电系统的谐波谐振特性,从牵引供电系统设计角度出发,建立牵引供电系统谐波特性仿真模型和牵引负荷谐波发射模型。研究牵引供电方案中外部电源系统短路容量大小和馈线电缆长度变化对牵引供电系统谐振特性的影响规律。在供电方案综合评判中引入谐波谐振特性分析,研究牵引供电方案与牵引负荷谐波特性匹配问题及其对供电质量的影响。研究结果表明,牵引供电设计参数的变化对谐波谐振特性影响显著,通过优化牵引供电方案可以减少甚至避免发生谐波谐振。     

基于级联H桥结构的电气化铁路用SVG的研究

在对电气化铁路牵引供电系统的供电等级、结构以及电力机车负载的特性分析的基础上设计了适用于电气化铁路的SVG。提出了采用H桥级联结构来增大容量使其适用于电气化铁路牵引网以及适用与H桥级联结构的调制策略——载波移相脉宽调制技术;并设计了电流补偿和电压补偿两种补偿模式,使SVG在系统供电电压稳定时进行无功补偿和谐波抑制,而在系统发生电压跌落时转换为维持接入点电压稳定的电压补偿模式。并在MATLAB环境下建立了仿真模型,对设计的SVG系统进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明设计的复合控制装置具有响应速度快、动态性能良好。     

省级电网电压暂降评估与工业用户潜在供电点优选

针对省级电网大多节点缺乏电压暂降实测数据和评估结果,从而造成工业用户入网缺乏依据的问题,提出了仿真计算省级电网节点电压暂降指标以及优选工业用户潜在供电点的方法.为了更准确地评估节点电压暂降水平,提出了省级电网的仿真计算范围,并考虑了因仿真范围扩大而凸显的不同电压等级线路的故障率和故障类型比例的差异性;考虑10 kV电压等级线路故障,扩展电网调度部门10 kV电压等级线路的BPA模型数据,并实现自动调用BPA并行仿真计算得到电网侧的节点暂降指标;引入暂降关联成本的概念,综合考虑电网侧暂降指标、用户侧负荷暂降耐受力、暂降经济损失以及专线架设费用等因素,优选潜在供电点;通过对某省电网进行实例分析,验证了所提方法能有效避免电压暂降过评估或欠评估问题,为工业用户优选潜在供电点提供参考.     

基于YN-vd接线变压器的新型同相牵引供电系统

提出了由一种YN-vd接线平衡变压器和平衡变换装置BCD(Balance Converting Device)构成的铁道牵引系统同相供电方案.平衡变换装置由2个电压型单相有源滤波器构成,用以补偿负载的无功和谐波电流,以及变压器2个副边绕组的不平衡电流.无论牵引负载的性质及负荷的分布情况如何,经过变换之后,变压器的输入侧都表现为三相对称的纯阻性负载.分析了系统的结构和工作过程,提出了单相有源滤波器的状态优化控制方法.以一列满载运行的机车为对象,进行了供电系统的软件仿真研究,仿真结果证实了系统结构和控制方法的正确性.     

电气化铁路牵引供电系统车网耦合的潮流计算方法

以多导体传输线模型为基础,推导了牵引变电所和分区所等值电路,构建了适用于不同结构和供电方式的牵引网统一数学模型。对列车牵引传动系统利用参数辨识的方法,建立了感应电动机并联静止负荷的数学模型,实现对列车更准确建模。以此为基础,开发了基于车网耦合潮流计算的电气化铁路牵引供电系统仿真软件。实例计算表明,该方法充分考虑列车与牵引供电网的交互影响,能够更真实地反映牵引供电系统的潮流分布,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

发电厂不同厂用电环并操作问题

具有不同电压等级高压母线的电厂,在发生6 kV厂用电环并切换时将形成高低压环网并产生环流,其大小主要取决于环网断口两侧电压相量差,两侧电压幅值差直接影响无功环流大小,两侧电压相位差直接影响有功环流大小.以某具体电厂为例,使用BPA程序建立计算模型,分析了不同运行方式下高低压环网中环流的大小及其影响.在高低压母线间联络变压器投运下,断口两侧电压之间主要是幅值差,将产生较大的无功环流;在高低压母线间联络变压器退出运行下,断口两侧电压之间主要是相位差,产生较大的有功环流.通过调节变压器分接头可以减小引起无功环流的电压幅值差;有功环流的调整相对较困难,为了防止较大的有功环流必须避免高低压联络变压器退出运行情况下进行环并操作,也可以通过采用移相器等措施调整相位以减少有功环流.     

长定子直线同步电机的牵引性能计算

长定子直线同步电机（LSM）是中速磁悬浮列车的关键部件,其牵引能力的计算很重要。本文基于考虑馈电电缆的长定子LSM等效电路建立了牵引特性计算模型,等效电路的参数通过集中参数公式或有限元进行计算。基于Matlab编制了仿真软件,考虑供电模式、牵引电源限制与变压器变比等条件,计算了LSM在系统单端与双端供电模式下的最大牵引能力,包括电机的推力、加速度、电压与电流特性,对比分析了供电方式对LSM性能的影响。仿真结果能够为该类磁悬浮列车长定子LSM的设计提供帮助。