高压交流真空断路器开断直流电路的试验

以人工过零法进行了用ZN3—10/600—150型、ZN4—10/1000—200型和ZN—10/1000—300型高压交流真空断路器单个灭弧室成功地开断8、11和15.5kA直流电流,以及用两台ZN4—10/1000—200型断路器灭弧室两串三并开断直流电路,最高开断参数达25.8kA、26.7kV的试验。对具有纵向磁场的ZNN—10型(暂)真空断路器,在固定开断电路参数的条件下,进行了单个灭弧室连续开断直流电路的试验,为50kA、30kV高压直流断路器的建造奠定了试验基础。     

Better interpretation of vacuum interruptor tests

In this article, we step through the development process, from fundamental investigations of the arc-contact interaction to performance and precertification testing of manufactured vacuum interrupters (VI). We also describe how VI models are tested above their arc-contact interaction to performance and rated current to monitor the quality of their materials and processing. The present work began with movies of arcs between spiral-type VI contacts, which generate a radial magnetic field to drive the high-current arc column along the spiral arms. The end-of-life condition of identical contacts and shields from manufactured VIs tested repeatedly under the corresponding conditions, was also systematically studied, along with the arc voltage traces. From the integration of these experimental results, guidelines have been developed for using the arc voltage waveforms of spiral-contact VIs to determine when in a high power arcing cycle the arc is stationary, moving, breaking up, diffuse or causing melting of the arc-contacts. In particular, anchoring of a high-current arc, and the resultant intense localized heating of the contacts, can increase the probability of long VI arcing times. Inspection of arc voltage traces is thus a method to monitor for contact damage and reduced internal performance during testing. The results are applicable to analysis of arc voltages and contact travel records from breaker certification tests     

纵向磁场作用下触头间隙间的真空电弧形态变化的分析

正确的利用纵向磁场可大大改善真空灭弧室的分断能力，文中介绍了利用外加磁场的方式及在触头背面设置线圈产生纵向磁场的方式所做的各种真空电弧电流下的性能，分析了两种方式下的试验结果，研究了纵向磁场和真空电弧间的相互作用。     

基于ANSYS的中压真空灭弧室内部磁场的仿真分析

针对某种12 kV/3150 A/40 kA真空灭弧室中电弧出现收缩现象导致触头表面局部严重烧蚀的问题,笔者应用ANSYS软件对灭弧室内部的稳态磁场和瞬态磁场进行仿真研究,阐述了灭弧室中触头的结构与形状对灭弧室内部磁场分布的影响,用电弧特性试验比较分析了不同开断电流下真空电弧的形态,验证了应用ANSYS软件对灭弧室内部磁场进行仿真研究的准确性.     

Extending the Application Field of Vacuum Circuit Breakers to Generators for Capacities up to 400 MW

The progress that has been achieved in the development and manufacture of vacuum circuit breakers opens the possibility of using them for a wider range of applications at power plants, including as generator circuit breakers. Such characteristics of modern vacuum circuit breakers as increased breaking capacity and high switching life are factors that make them closer in competitiveness to SF6 circuit breakers for generators with capacities up to 400 MW. The article considers problem aspects relating to clearing of short-circuit faults in the generator voltage circuits and interruption of out-of-phase making currents and no-load currents of generator transformers. Conditions leading to a longer period of time to the moment at which the switched current crosses zero are considered. It is pointed out that, unlike the IEC/IEEE Standard 62271-37-013, GOST (State Standard) R 52565-2006 does not specify the requirements for generator circuit breakers in full. The article gives the voltage drop values across the arc for different design versions of vacuum circuit breaker contacts and shows the effect the arc in a vacuum circuit breaker has on the time delay to the moment at which the current crosses zero. The standardized parameters of transient recovery voltage across the generator circuit breaker contacts are estimated along with the contact gap electric strength recovery rates ensured by modern arc quenching chambers. The switching overvoltages arising when vacuum circuit breakers interrupt short-circuit currents and no-load currents of generator transformers are analyzed. The article considers the most probable factors causing the occurrence of switching overvoltages, including current chopping, repeated breakdowns of the circuit breaker contact gap, and virtual current chopping. It is found that, unlike repeated breakdowns and virtual current chopping, an actual current chopping does not give rise to dangerous switching overvoltages. The article also determines the vacuum circuit breaker application field boundaries in which dangerous switching overvoltages may occur that would require additional measures for limiting them.     

Improvement of thermal interruption capability in self‐blast interrupting chamber for new 245‐kV 50‐kA GCB

Current zero measurements are performed for 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz short line fault (L90) interruption tests with a self‐blast interrupting chamber (double‐volume system) which has the interrupting capability up to 245 kV‐50 kA‐50 Hz L90. Lower L90 interruption capability is observed for longer arcing time although very high pressure rise is obtained. It may be caused by higher blowing temperature and lower blowing density for longer arcing time. Interruption criteria and an optimization method of the chamber design are discussed to improve L90 interruption capability with it. The new chambers are designed at 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz to improve gas density in thermal volume for long arcing time. 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz L90 interruptions are performed with the new chamber. The suggested optimization method is an efficient tool for the self‐blast interrupting chamber design although study of computing methods is required to calculate arc conductance around current zero as a direct criterion for L90 interruption capability with higher accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 9–17, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20743     

谐波对真空开关分断性能的影响

用数值计算方法具体计算了含谐波电流的最大值，发现即使在谐波电流总畸变率满足国际要求的情况下电流最大值不家可能远比基波最大值大。这虽不会影响真空断路器的分断能力及电寿命，但对真空负荷开关影响很大，有可能使真空负荷开关分断失败，使其电寿命大大缩短，因此，用熔断器－真空负荷开关来代替断路器的使用场合，应注意分断谐波负荷电流时引起的分断失败及开关寿命缩短的问题。     

弧触头烧蚀程度对灭弧室内短路开断过程多物理场的影响

为研究SF6断路器开断过程中弧触头烧蚀程度对灭弧室内多物理场变化的影响,建立了弧触头接触行程分别减小0、5、10和15Smm下灭弧室内开断过程的多物理场耦合仿真模型,获得了短路电流开断过程中灭弧室内温度、气流和电场分布特性。计算结果表明：开断过程中,弧道最高温度出现在弧根处,其值随弧触头烧蚀程度变化不大;随着弧触头烧蚀程度的加剧,SF6气体最高速度不断减小,吹弧效果减弱;最大场强集中在静弧触头端部或动弧触头弧角处,且随弧触头烧蚀程度加剧而畸变更严重。基于此,根据流注理论的气体击穿判据计算了不同弧触头烧蚀程度下SF6介质恢复特性,发现当弧触头接触行程减小15 mm时,临界击穿电压低于瞬态恢复电压,触头间隙可能再次击穿造成电弧重燃。研究结果可为SF6断路器电寿命退化机理提供理论支撑。     

横磁触头真空电弧起始运动的临界触头开距实验研究

起始桥柱状真空电弧运动的临界开距是对应于横磁触头大电流真空电弧运动模式演变的标志性物理量,对横磁触头真空断路器大电流开断性能具有重要影响。本文的研究目标是实验研究横磁触头开槽方式、燃弧时间和电弧电流等因素对横磁触头起始桥柱状真空电弧运动临界开距的影响规律。研究结果显示在燃弧时间0 ms~10 ms、电流有效值5 kA~31.5 kA的实验条件下,3种结构的横磁触头的起始桥柱状电弧有越靠近电流峰值起弧,停滞时间越长的趋势。直角槽型卐字形横磁触头（CuCr40）、螺旋槽型横磁触头（CuCr25）和曲线槽型卐字形横磁触头（CuCr50）的电弧运动临界开距分别在0.96,1.1 mm 和1.7 mm有概率最大值点。相关研究结果对横磁触头大电流真空电弧的发展和演变特性的理解提供基础。     

大功率纵磁场真空断路器的大电流加速电寿命试验的研究

通过对国产10kV/630A/20kA真空断路器实际电寿命试验以及大电流开断试验,研究了大功率纵磁场真空断路器采用大电流加速电寿命试验方法的可行性,试验及理论分析表明,对于纵磁场真空断路器采用大电流加速电寿命试验不仅方法可行,而且还能由短路电流分断次数推算出等效额定电流下的操作次数来。     

对高压少油断路器多断口均压问题的分析

高压少油断路器中,灭弧室普遍采用多断口串联式结构.在开断过程中,各断口上的电压分配出现不均匀,为了使每个灭弧室工作条件达到一致,断口间需并接均压电容,但串联的灭弧室数量太多,断口上的电压分布将会愈来愈不均匀,使断口上的均压问题更难解决.为解决这一问题,普遍采用减少串联灭弧室的数量,提高每个灭弧室的工作电压,来解决高压少油断路器断口的均压问题.     

基于低能量直流的真空断路器短路开断能力评估

针对目前真空断路器无法在现场进行短路开断能力评估的问题,提出一种利用低能量直流对真空断路器短路开断能力的评估方法。首先分析真空断路器的基本结构和电弧开断原理,得出工程实践中真空断路器开断故障电流失败的原因;其次使用小容量直流高电压、直流大电流模拟真实情况,在断路器触头间注入可控的直流电流和直流电压,通过检测断路器分闸过程电气量变化时间来评估断路器的极限开断能力。对安徽某变电站VS1-12真空断路器进行现场测试,结果表明低能量直流法能有效评估真空断路器短路开断能力,适合现场对断路器短路开断能力的筛查评估。     

限流断路器的混合式灭弧室的研究

研究窄缝灭弧室应用于交流低压限流断路器的可能性，通过栅片灭弧室与窄缝灭弧室限流性能对比，提出一种低压限流断路器的混合式灭弧室，它综合了两个灭弧室性能上的优点，实验证明，这种新型灭弧室的性能优于栅片灭弧室。     

低压真空断路器的大电流开断技术

低压真空断路器具有无火灾爆炸危险、良好的环境适应性,以及寿命长、维护量小等一系列优点。低压真空断路器的开断能力与触头直径之间呈线性关系,其极限开断能力取决于电流过零时的触头表面温度。当它开断大的短路电流时,一般采用与电弧轴向垂直的横向磁场真空电弧控制技术,使集聚态真空电弧在触头表面上快速旋转,减轻时局部触头区域的烧蚀。在低压真空断路器中CuCr触头材料显示出最好的性能。低压真空断路器将在煤矿、化工、冶金、纺织、采矿等时断路器有较高环境要求的领域中占有一席之地。     

直流分量时间常数对断路器非对称开断性能影响分析

从短路电流的有效值、燃弧时差、电弧能量等方面分析了直流分量时间常数对断路器非对称电流开断性能的影响,给出了非对称短路计算模型及计算方法。结果表明直流分量时间常数越大,短路电流中直流分量越大且衰减越慢,燃弧时差越大,电弧能量越大,电流过零时di/dt降低,TRV参数亦有所降低,且非对称电流开断时,直流分量时间常数增大将导致断路器的开断条件变得苛刻。     

真空电弧电压与电弧形态关系的实验研究

在可拆卸式真空灭弧室中对平板式电极进行了试验,通过高速电荷耦合器件(CCD)摄像机拍摄的电弧形态照片及示波器记录的电弧电压波形,研究了真空电弧的电弧电压与电弧形态的关系。作为对比,也对杯状纵磁触头进行了一些试验。     

高压开关全电压关合试验相关问题研究

以国际电工委员会(IEC)和我国关于高压断路器合成试验的相关标准为依据,笔者提出了一种基于真空触发开关(TVS)的电流源快速合闸开关和全电压关合试验回路。分析了全电压关合试验的实施难点以及影响与直接试验等价性的主要因素,引入短路关合电流是否投入的综合判据,设计并实现了可进行额定参数为110 kV/63 kA电流源主控开关和全电压关合试验系统样机。以进行具有最大预燃弧时间的全电压关合为例,对所研究的试验系统进行了功能和可靠性现场试验。结果表明,该系统在大功率试验站强电磁干扰环境下具有较高的控制精度和工作稳定性。     

Design and implementation of an SF/sub 6/ interrupting chamber applied to low range generator circuit breakers suitable for interruption of current having a non-zero passage

New types of SF/sub 6/ interrupting chambers, which implement innovative interrupting principles, have been developed during the past years, based on the objectives of reducing the operating energy of the circuit breakers and consequently increasing their reliability. This paper describes the rear-exhaust-type "self blast" double-volume thermal chamber, which was designed with the help of new chamber development software programs, of the physical imaging model of the arc. Simulations and confirmation by laboratories tests the interruption of short-circuit currents and, especially, the testing of short-circuit currents that have a nonpassage by zero on such a new chamber for applications to generator circuit breakers are shown and evaluated.     

Influence of switching operations on the vacuum interrupterdielectric strength

The influence of switching operations on dielectric strength of vacuum interrupters is described. Detailed experimental procedure and numerical processing of experimental results are presented. The breakdown voltage and emission current before and after switching operations were experimentally determined for closing without current/breaking without current, closing without current/breaking with rated current, and closing without current/breaking of rated short-circuit current. The interconnect gap was varied, and DC lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 μs) and AC 50 Hz voltages were applied. Three types of commercially available vacuum interrupter were tested, two with transverse and one with axial magnetic field and all having CuCr contacts. It was found which physical mechanisms determine the influence of switching operations     

智能控制与保护开关在农网配电系统中的应用

智能控制与保护开关采用了动态开距、单一结构技术,使额定电流扩展到400 A以上,增加了剩余电流保护功能,应用于农网综合配电箱的配电保护。该开关具有体积小、多功能、分断能力高、飞弧小、节能、结构简单和可靠性高等一系列优点,是实施配电网智能化的一种理想开关电器。