Fabrication of copper–TiC–graphite hybrid metal matrix composites through microwave processing

The significant requirements such as wear resistance and better tribological properties in addition to good electrical conductivity necessitate the development of copper-based advanced metal matrix composites for electrical sliding contact applications. Though the addition of graphite to copper matrix induces self-lubricating property, the strength of the composite reduces. The improvement in the strength of the composite can be achieved by reinforcing harder ceramic particles such as SiC, TiC, and Al₂O₃. In this paper, the development of hybrid composite of copper metal matrix reinforced with TiC and graphite particles through microwave processing was investigated. The effects of TiC (5, 10, and 15 vol.%) and graphite (5 and 10 vol.%) reinforcements on physical and mechanical properties of microwave-sintered copper–TiC–graphite hybrid composites are discussed in detail. Micrographs show the uniform distribution of reinforcements in copper matrix. Microwave-sintered composites exhibited higher relative density, sintered density, and hardness compared with conventionally sintered ones.     

巴基管粒度对其复合镀层摩擦学性能影响的研究

用无电解复合镀方法,在４５号钢基体上镀了一层镍－磷－巴基管复合镀层。本文详细实验研究了粒度对镍－磷－巴基管复合镀层摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明：巴基管复合镀层具有极优的摩擦学性能,而且巴基管的粒径愈小,复合镀层的摩擦学性能则愈优。     

The Role of Reversible Martensitic Transformation in the Wear Process of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy

It has been established that the superelastic effect of TiNi alloy is related to a reversible martensitic transformation; that is, stress-induced transformation. The high elastic recovery of TiNi alloy has made it a potential candidate for high wear resistance applications. In the present study the tribological behavior of superelastic TiNi alloy was studied and compared to Ni, Ti, and AISI 304 stainless steel using dry sliding wear and friction tests. The effect of normal load and testing temperature on superelasticity has been investigated. It has been found that although AISI 304 stainless steel and superelastic TiNi alloy have similar hardness, TiNi exhibits superior wear resistance. The wear rate of AISI 304 stainless steel is over four times higher than TiNi. The superior wear resistance of TiNi and the effect of load and temperature on wear were discussed and related to the reversible martensitic phase transformation, as well as self-accommodation and stabilization of martensite.     

几种静环的耐磨性和磨损失效分析

通过热压工艺制造了一种颗粒增强青铜基材料作为航天航空液压泵中的静环。对比了其它用于航天航空液压泵上的几种静环(浸铜石墨和填充聚四氟乙烯)对同一种材料(12CrN i3)制成的动环的耐磨性和磨损机制,并对磨损失效进行了分析。结果表明,颗粒增强青铜基材料的耐磨性远优于浸铜石墨和填充聚四氟乙烯,是用于航天航空液压泵静环的有前景的材料。     

碳纳米管增强铜基复合材料的研究进展

综述了碳纳米管增强铜基复合材料的预处理和制备方法,探讨了复合材料的组织、力学性能与摩擦学性能、电学性能和热学性能;最后指出了碳纳米管增强铜基复合材料今后的研究方向。     

Dry friction and wear characteristics of nickel/carbon nanotube electroless composite deposits

Ni/carbon nanotube (Ni/CNTs) composite coatings were deposited on carbon steel plate by electroless deposition. The friction and wear properties were examined under dry sliding conditions using the ball-on-disk configuration. For reference, carbon steel plate was coated with Ni, Ni/SiC and Ni/graphite. The results show that the Ni/CNT coating has a microhardness value of 865 Hv, greater than for SiC reinforced composite deposits. The Ni/CNTs composite coating possesses not only a higher wear resistance but also a lower friction coefficient, resulting from their improved mechanical characteristics and the unique topological structure of the hollow nanotubes.     

Tribological Behavior of Micrometer- and Submicrometer-Size Cenosphere Particulate-Filled Glass Fiber–Reinforced Vinylester Composites Under Dry and Water-Lubricated Sliding Conditions

In this work, the tribological behavior of micrometer and submicrometer cenosphere particulate–filled E-glass fiber–reinforced vinylester composites have been investigated on a pin-on-disc tester under dry sliding and water-lubricated sliding conditions. Three different uniform sizes of cenosphere particles (2 μm, 900 nm, 400 nm) were used as fillers in the glass fiber–reinforced vinylester composites. The weight fraction of cenosphere particles has been varied in the ranges from 5, 10, 15, to 20 wt%. The experimental results show that all of the composites exhibited lower coefficient of friction and lower wear resistance under water-lubricated sliding conditions than under dry sliding. It has been noted that the submicrometer size (400 nm) cenosphere particulates as fillers contributed significantly to improve the wear resistance. It has also been noted that 10 wt% of the cenosphere particles is the most effective in reducing the wear rate and coefficient of friction. Effects of various wear parameters such as applied normal loads, sliding speeds, particle size, and particle content on the tribological behavior were also discussed. In order to understand the wear mechanism, the morphologies of the worn surface were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for composite specimens under both dry and water-lubricated sliding conditions.     

多壁碳纳米管改性UHMWPE的热膨胀和摩擦学性能研究

为了降低摩擦副用聚合物的热膨胀系数,用多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)改性超高分子量聚乙烯(UHM-WPE),通过热压成型法制备MWCNTs/UHMWPE复合材料.通过测量电导率计算渗流阈值来表征分散性;用热膨胀仪(DIL)测试复合材料的热膨胀率,并在干摩擦环境下,测试不同MWCNTs含量复合材料的摩擦学性能.结果表明:通...     

纳米和微米La2O3颗粒增强镍基复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

用复合电沉积工艺制备了纳米和微米La2O3颗粒增强镍基复合镀层，在销盘式滑动磨损试验机上考察了复合镀层在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能，用扫描电子显微镜分析了其磨损机理。结果表明：在干摩擦条件下，纳米La2O3颗粒增强复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能明显优于微米La2O3颗粒增强复合镀层；纳米La2O3增强镍基复合镀层的磨损主要表现为轻微磨粒磨损特征，而微米La2O3增强镍基复合镀层的磨损机制为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损。     

机械合金化FeS/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以FeS和CuSn8Ni1粉末为原料,利用机械合金化技术和粉末冶金技术制备了FeS/Cu复合材料,探讨了不同载荷情况下所制备的FeS/Cu复合材料的摩擦学性能及润滑膜与转移膜特征。结果表明：机械合金化提高了FeS与铜合金基体界面结合性能,进而提高了材料减摩耐磨性能;当载荷较小时,摩擦副表面接触不稳定,复合转移膜不连续,摩擦因数波动大;载荷较大时,复合转移膜易破损,材料的减摩耐磨性能变差;当载荷为150 N时,载荷适宜,材料表面软化,复合转移膜更加完整,摩擦因数较小。     

Sliding wear behavior of copper alloy contact wire against copper-based strip for high-speed electrified railways

This paper reports the study of the sliding wear behavior of the Cu–Ag–Cr wire. Cu–Ag–Cr alloy is a promising contact wire material for high-speed electrified railways, which has an excellent combination of mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Wear tests were conducted under laboratory with a special sliding wear apparatus, which simulated the tribological conditions of sliding current collectors on overhead wires in the railway system. The Cu–Ag–Cr alloy wire was slid against a copper-based powder metallurgy strip under unlubricated conditions. The same strip as those in the train systems were used. Worn surfaces of the Cu–Ag–Cr alloy wire were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS). Within the studied range of electrical current, normal pressure and sliding speed, the wear rate increased with the increasing electrical current and the sliding distance. Compared with a Cu–Ag contact wire under the same conditions, the Cu–Ag–Cr alloy wire had much better wear resistance. Adhesive wear, abrasive wear and arc erosion were the dominant mechanisms during the electrical sliding processes.     

Tribological Properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/CuCrZr Composites

Al₂O₃ particles reinforced Cu–Cr–Zr alloy matrix composite was fabricated through a powder metallurgy plus hot extrusion process by using the water atomization Cu–Cr–Zr powder as raw material. The effect of aging treatment on the tribological behavior of the composite was investigated. Experimental results show that tiny coherent precipitated phases were formed in the matrix after proper aging treatment and therefore good combination properties could be obtained. The wear rates of the Al₂O₃/CuCrZr composite and its matrix alloy were obviously influenced by the aging treatment, wherein the best wear resistance was reached at the aging temperature corresponding to the highest Vickers hardness. The major reason was that the depth of plastic deformation in the subsurface region was dramatically decreased due to the improvement of mechanical properties of the matrix, and therefore adhesion induced surface materials loss could be markedly alleviated. By comparing with the SiC20 vol%/Cu composite, it is indicated that the Al₂O₃/CuCrZr composite exhibited much better wear resistance as well as higher electrical conductivity.     

Effect of reinforcement coatings on the dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminium/SiC particles/carbon fibres hybrid composites

Dry sliding wear of an AA 6061 alloy reinforced with both modified SiC particles and metal coated carbon fibres has been studied. SiC particles were used to increase the hardness of the composite while short carbon fibres are supposed to act as a solid lubricant. SiC particles were coated with a silica layer deposited through a sol–gel procedure to increase the processability of the composite and to enhance the particle–matrix interfacial resistance. The metallic coatings on carbon fibres were made of copper or nickel phosphorus which was deposited through an electroless process. The metallic coatings favoured the wetting of the fibres during processing and then dissolved in the aluminium matrix forming intermetallic compounds that increased its hardness. Wear behaviour of AA 6061–20%SiC and AA 6061–20%SiC–2%C was compared with that of the composites with the same reinforcement content but using coated particles and fibres. The influence that the modification of the matrix because of the incorporation of coatings on the reinforcements had on the mild wear behaviour was investigated. The wear resistance of the composites increased when carbon fibres were added as secondary reinforcement and when coated reinforcements were used.     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰碳纤维对环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为提高碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面结合性能,从而提高复合材料的摩擦学性能,用聚多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺对碳纤维进行表面修饰,利用光谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析修饰前后碳纤维表面的化学组成和微观结构,利用万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机考察碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明：碳纤维经表面处理之后的粗糙程度和活性官能团增多,改善了纤维与树脂之间的界面结合,使得复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度得到不同程度的提高;与未修饰碳纤维增强的环氧树脂复合材料相比,表面修饰碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性能得到了很大程度的提高,复合材料的磨损机制也由疲劳磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

纳米碳化硅增强铜基复合材料的组织及其磨损性能

为了探求在常温下制备颗粒弥散增强金属基复合材料的方法,采用复合电铸工艺在室温下制备了纳米碳化硅粒子弥散增强铜基复合材料,对其表面形貌、微观组织结构进行了观察,对显微硬度、磨损性能及导电性能进行了测试。结果表明：纳米碳化硅粒子均匀弥散分布在铜基体中,且与基体结合良好;复合材料表面平整、细密;与电沉积纯铜材料相比,其显微硬度明显提高,磨损性能改善,导电性能下降幅度不大。     

Tribological studies of polymer based ceramic–metal composites processed at ambient temperature

Use of composite material is increasing due to economical processing of complicated shapes in large quantities. Addition of fiber/particulates improves the composite strength. In the current study, the tribological characterization of polymer based particulate composites which are processed at room temperature are investigated. The friction and wear behavior of polystyrene reinforced with steel powder (polymer–metal), alumina powder (polymer–ceramic) and a mix of steel and alumina powders (polymer–metal–ceramic) have been investigated under dry sliding conditions using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Tests were conducted at different normal loads and sliding velocities at room temperature. Coefficient of friction and wear loss during the wear tests are determined. Presence of metal and ceramic particulates affects the tribological behavior of the composite. The rise in temperature of the pin during sliding was measured. The rise in contact temperature is influenced by the composition which in turn influences the wear behaviour. The polymer–ceramic composite exhibits the lowest wear rate among the materials investigated.     

火焰喷涂PA1010/n-SiO2复合涂层干摩擦磨损性能

利用火焰喷涂法制备PA1010/n-SiO2复合涂层,并采用均匀试验设计方法研究涂层在干摩擦条件下同GCr15 钢环配副时的摩擦学性能;利用SPSS 12.0统计软件对试验结果进行回归分析, 建立涂层摩擦系数和磨损质量损失同pv值 (摩擦载荷与摩擦速度的乘积)相关性的数学模型;利用示差扫描量热仪(Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)和扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope, SEM)对复合涂层的热性能和磨损表面形貌进行分析。结果表明,n-SiO2的加入能明显提高涂层的结晶性能、耐磨性能。当n-SiO2含量为1.5%时,复合涂层摩擦磨损性能最佳,在试验条件下磨损质量损失降低近4倍,摩擦因数降低23％,跑合期缩短44％,复合涂层与GCr15钢环对磨时的磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损和轻微的粘附 磨损。     

Frictional Properties and Mechanisms of an Organic–Metal Brake Pair Braking Repeatedly in Magnetic Field

With the aim to investigate repeated braking of organic–metal brake pairs, tribological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were performed to reveal the influence of a magnetic field on the tribological performance of brakes. A nonasbestos copper-based brake pad and gray cast iron brake disc were selected as the brake pair. The X-DM pad-on-disc friction tester was improved to set up a tribological tester under a magnetic field. The worn surfaces were observed by SEM to reveal the friction mechanisms. It was found that a magnetic field can ameliorate the dynamic friction and wear. In addition, the global mean friction coefficient increases and the wear resistance of brake materials improves. A magnetic field promotes surface oxidation and aggravates the surface heat emission condition. As a result, the mean temperature on the friction surface increases obviously. An appropriate magnetic field can improve the dynamic temperature rise and decrease the global temperature rise on the friction surface. It is considered that a magnetic field has important influences on tribological performance in repeated braking. Therefore, this research could provide theoretical references for studying the tribological performance in repeated braking and/or under a magnetic field.     

Tribological problems in electrical contacts

Electrical contacts are considered from the point of view of tribological behaviour, and their classification is presented. The main problems in friction, wear and lubrication in connection with the field of application are examined. Contact resistance of electrical contacts is evaluated as a function of surface topography, load and mechanical properties of materials. The interrelation of electrical performances with friction and wear is discussed taking into account material properties and lubricant effects.     

Influence of reinforcement particles on the mechanism of the blasting erosion arc machining of SiC/Al composites

Electrical arc machining has shown its remarkable efficiency in processing difficult-to-cut materials, especially high-temperature alloys and metal-based composites. Despite several studies about the material removal mechanisms of the electrical arc machining of metal alloys, few of these reports relate to the mechanism of machining composites with electrical arcing. Considering that reinforcements such as SiC particles have different thermal and electrical properties with metal alloys, research on the influence of SiC reinforcement on the electrical arc machining process is important and necessary. Based on comparison experiments using 20 and 50 vol.% SiC/Al composites, this research focused on the influence of SiC particles on the machining performance and material removal mechanism of blasting erosion arc machining (BEAM), and further analyzed the influence of reinforcements on composite material removal mechanisms. Analysis revealed that the molten material expelling mechanism is also influenced by the SiC fraction difference. For the BEAM of lower SiC fraction composites, both the SiC particles and the molten aluminum are mainly pumped and ejected by the flushing dielectric. In greater SiC fraction composites, most SiC particles are directly sublimed by heat. In addition, the mechanism of BEAM in the material removal and tool wear of SiC/Al composites was discussed based on heat transfer simulation and observation. Furthermore, the results disclosed that many chemical reactions take place during machining that have an obvious influence on the tool wear rate.