Use of density gradient quantum corrections in the simulation of statistical variability in MOSFETs

With the scaling of field-effect transistors to the nanometre scale, it is well recognised that TCAD simulations of such devices need to account for quantum mechanical confinement effects. The most widely used method to incorporate quantum effects within classical and semi-classical simulators is via density gradient quantum corrections. Here we present our methodologies for including the density gradient method within our Drift-Diffusion and Monte Carlo simulators and highlight some of the additional benefits that this provides when dealing with the charge associated with random discrete dopants.     

Development of power industry in Chongqing

The policy of reform and opening to the outside world has brought about a historical opportunity for the power industry of Chongqing to develop rapidly. In 1992, two 360-MW units of Huaneng Luohuang Power Plant went into operation. In 1995, the total installed capacity of Chongqing Power Plant came up to 800 MW after extended. In 1996, Chongqing became a municipality directly under the Central Government, which created another great opportunity for further development of the power industry in Chongqing. Till the year, the installed capacity of the whole city reached 2993.1 MW and the annual generation totaled 13.316 TWh. The electricity sold of the national grid was 11.382 TWh. There were 299 substations (35-220 kV) with an aggregate capacity of 6564.6 MVA and 35-500 kV transmission lines of 9157.76 km in length. By the end of 2005, the installed capacity and the annual generation were 5645.4 MW and 25.112 TWh respectively. The electricity sold of the national grid amounted to 28.934 TWh. There were 458 substations (35-500 kV) with an aggregate capacity of 24,693.7 MVA and 35-500 kV transmission lines of 14,932.14 km in length.     

Development of PLC Technology in China

In China there built a large scale of power line communication (Abbr. PLC) testing network. This paper presents the research and development on PLC technology in China and also the application and popularization of PLC in Chinese market. At the end, the next focal points of PLC technology research are deeply discussed.     

Generating capacity is in excess of 4 GW in China

According to China Electricity Council, the generating capacity in the country has topped the mark of 400 GW bythe end of May this year, reaching 400,600 MW. This signifies that the Chinese power industry has taken a new step     

Performance parameters of Transformers in Service

The performance parameters of transform-ers,as a basis for the design,themanufacturer's guarantees and the acceptancetests,i.e.routine,type or special tests,must meetthe requirements of the stipulations in relevantstandards and contracts,but the on-site measuredperformance parameters of the transformer inservice should refer to reference values and ratedquantities.After adjustments and comparing withthe guarantee values,the manufacturer maydetermine the qualification of the measured values.So only the performance parameters of trans-formers referred to the reference and basis values     

Development of Key Technologies of Large Hydro Unit in HEC

<正>Introduction to HEC Harbin Electric Machinery Company Limited (HEC) is a pivotal company that produces large electric machinery and accessorial control equipment in China. The hydro units made by HEC have accounted     

Application of time-domain synthesis in constitution of breaking-capacity testing circuits

IntroductionThis paper presents a time-domain synthesis method for determiningthe topological structure and components parameters of breaking-capacity testing circuits according to transient recovery voltage (TRV) re-quirements specified by IEC standards.Composition of testing circuits,therefore,could rely on theoretical analysis,not mainly on physicalconcept and experience as before.Breaking-capaciiy testing is a dynami-cal process which should supply suitable breaking current related to ratedbreaking current and TRV complying with standard requirements,It hasgreat influence on synthesis of testing circuits,because the structure andcomponent parameters of circuits are determined not only by TRV     

The Modernization of PowerDesign Techniques in SWEPDI

ThefirstcomputersysteminSWEPDIwasinstaledin1972.Sincethenaprofessionalstaffofthedepartmenthasbeenorganizedandtheapplicationanddevelopmentofcomputersystemwasstarted.Coiningthrough27years,sevenssystemhavebeenupgraded.AnenterprisecomputernetworkwasestablishedtheamountofPCisincreasedcontinuouslyandcomputerapplicationsoftwarehasbasicallycoveredtheentireprocedureofproductionandmanagementTheapplicationworkhasbeenpromotedtotheintegratedlevelbasedonthenetworksupportandrunningaroundthedatabaseasaker…     

The progress of Construction technology of thermal power projects in China

In line with the rapidly expanding electric power industry inthis country, China now owns a work force totaling morethan half a million of staff and workers engaged in the constructionof thermal power projects; also the technology employed in theirwork has experienced notable progress. In the early fifties, construction work mainly relied onmanual manipulation. Besides the use of hand- or electric-drivenover-head cranes inside the machine-house, vertical transporta-tion depended mainly on hoisters and pulleys; chain blocks werescarce at that time. Horizontal transportation was mainly doneby manual pulley-blocks and rollers, sometimes also withwinches. Electric- or gas-welding by hand was the common prac-tice. In a word, the technology was backward and labor-inten-     

Practice of Smart Grid in China ①

An exclusive interview with the author was published in Issue 2,2010 of this journal,in which the starting point and macro-strategy to construct smart grid in China was presented.Meanwhile,the three periods of smart grid construction were also mentioned,namely planning and pilot project construction period,overall construction period,and improving and upgrading period as it is planned by SGCC.At the invitation of this journal,the author wrote an article further introducing the implementation in the first pe...     

Highlights of Electric Power Industry in China

Before 1978, China's electric power industry,managed by the Central Government, was a verticallymonopoly sector. Along with China's reformation ofeconomy structure started in 1978, electric powerindustry has step on its road of restructuring andderegulation. Up to now administration of China'selectric power industry underwent following reciprocativechanges: July 1955-February 1958, Ministry of ElectricPowerFebruary 1958-February1979, Ministry ofWater Resources and Electric Power Februar…     

Reform of electricity pricing system in retrospection

hinese Power lndustry laid stress on reform in the period of the10th Five Year.During the period,the reform on electricity pricing system made certain progress,but moved slowly.Linkage between coal and power prices Along with the price inflation of coal f…     

Highlights of Chinese Power Industry in 2004

2004 was a year of most strained power supply in China since 1990s. Facing this serious power shortage situation, power industry, under the guidance of scientific development ideology, has conscientiously implemented macro- economic regulation, pushed forward actively the power institutional reform and achieved remarkable results in power construction, operation and management, made great contributions to meet the ever increasing national economy and people＇s living standards.     

A survey of the development of electrical traction machines in China

PrefaceAll the motors used for electric driven vehicles which run on railway or road are called traction motors.So far as traction motor is con-cerned,the dimensions of its installation space are limited by the gauge of railway and the wheel diameter of the vehicle,therefore it requirescompact structure.Since the vehicles bear large shock and jerk while running,the structure of the traction motor should have high mechanicalstrength and stability.Due to the awful conditions of the operation environment,not only the traction motor is easily to be wetted and to be     

Distribution System of China ——One in Urgent Need of Upgrade

Today, high-voltage transmission systems in China are well developed and they have come up to the advanced world level in both management and technology. However, there still exists quite a wide gap in the management and technology of distri- bution syste…     

Analysis of trends in the development of cities’ heat supply systems

New challenges—including the modern urban development policy, formation of the market of energy efficient technologies and different types of equipment of a broad power capacity range, tightening requirements to reliability, quality, and economic accessibility of heat supply—enhance the competitiveness of decentralized heat supply. In addition, its spontaneous growth and not always reasonable implementation lead to unjustified expenses, low efficiency, and ecological inconsistency. This proves the relevance of solving the problems of dividing an urban territory into zones of centralized heating (CH) and decentralized heating (DCH) along with their planning and justification, as well as determining a reasonable level of heat supply centralization and concentration of heat sources' power capacity. Solving these problems using the suggested method will allow optimizing the application areas for various types of heat supply and heat sources, justifying the degree of heat power capacity concentration and the extent of the systems as early as at the phase of a detailed urban planning project and then refining them during the design of urban heat supply systems. This will dramatically improve the reasonability of the decisions made and will simplify the procedure of their implementation. For criteria of limiting the extent (radius) of heat supply systems and defining their type, we suggest using standard values—the density of heat load per unit length of the pipeline and per unit area of urban territory. Standard values must be differentiated across the territory of Russia taking into account regional climatic and economic conditions and unique characteristics of heat supply development in cities and towns. The present article continues and develops the statements made in the previous articles created within the framework of the Theory of Hydraulic Circuits and takes into account the current situation and emerging trends in heat supply.     

Current Situation and Development of Cogeneration in China

1. The Power Industry and Cogeneration in China 1.1 The Power Industry in China The power industry has developed rapidly in China in recent decades. In 1994, total electricity generation was 927.8 TWh and the total installed capacity was 199.80 GW. It is broken down as follows: hydropower 49.0 GW. 24.5 %; thermal power 148.73 GW, 74.4c/c: and nuclear power 2.1 GW, 0.7%.