Hybrid DC–DC converter with high efficiency,wide ZVS range,and less output inductance

In this paper, a new soft switching direct current (DC)–DC converter with low circulating current, wide zero voltage switching range, and reduced output inductor is presented for electric vehicle or plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle battery charger application. The proposed high‐frequency link DC–DC converter includes two resonant circuits and one full‐bridge phase‐shift pulse‐width modulation circuit with shared power switches in leading and lagging legs. Series resonant converters are operated at fixed switching frequency to extend the zero voltage switching range of power switches. Passive snubber circuit using one clamp capacitor and two rectifier diodes at the secondary side is adopted to reduce the primary current of full‐bridge converter to zero during the freewheeling interval. Hence, the circulating current on the primary side is eliminated in the proposed converter. In the same time, the voltage across the output inductor is also decreased so that the output inductance can be reduced compared with the output inductance in conventional full‐bridge converter. Finally, experiments are presented for a 1.33‐kW prototype circuit converting 380 V input to an output voltage of 300–420 V/3.5 A for battery charger applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-voltage,high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations in LC circuits

It is shown experimentally that, in high-frequency circuits, current oscillations are accompanied by extremely high overvoltages. These oscillations arise due to the switching on of a finite part of the inductance coil during the half of the oscillation period t = T/2, and the inductance operation in autotransformer mode. It is shown that the peculiarities of this mode depend on the velocity of the propagation of the electron-conduction current through the coil wire. The effect of preliminary bias on HF oscillations in the LC circuit is considered. An analysis of commonly used electrical circuit overvoltage protection facilities is carried out.     

Analysis,design and implementation of a high‐voltage gain DC‐DC converter

An interleaved DC‐DC converter with soft switching technique is presented. There are two converter modules in the adopted circuit to share the load power. Since the interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM) is adopted to control two circuit modules, the ripple currents at input and output sides are naturally reduced. Therefore the input and output capacitances can be reduced. In each circuit module, a conventional boost converter and a voltage doubler configuration with a coupled inductor are connected in series at the output side to achieve high step‐up voltage conversion ratio. Active snubber connected in parallel with boost inductor is adopted to limit voltage stress on active switch and to release the energy stored in the leakage and magnetizing inductances. Since asymmetrical PWM is used to control active switches, the leakage inductance and output capacitance of active switches are resonant in the transition interval. Thus, both active switches can be turned on at zero voltage switching. The resonant inductance and output capacitances at the secondary side of transformer are resonant to achieve zero current switching turn‐off for rectifier diodes. Therefore, the reverse recovery losses of fast recovery diodes are reduced. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype rated at 400 W are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Snubberless high-power rectifiers

Usually, a snubber circuit is put in parallel with a power diode to avoid the occurrence of destructive overvoltages during turn-off. Power rectifiers that do not need a snubber are described. Using numerical simulations from the computer program COMPASS (computer program for the analysis of semiconductors), it is shown that such snubberless rectifiers can be made by controlling the axial carrier lifetime profile in the rectifier. It is possible to choose this profile in such a way that the forward characteristic of the rectifier is not impaired. The absence of a snubber circuit also leads to major electrical improvements. In the snubberless case, the total current switches more than three times faster than in the case of a normal diode with a snubber circuit, and the reverse current peak of the total current is reduced by 33%. The total dissipated power per switching process in the snubberless case is less than half the power dissipated in the normal case     

Selection of Snubbers and Clamps to Optimize the Design of Transistor Switching Converters

In power transistor switching circuits, shunt snubbers (dv/dt limiting capacitors) are often used to reduce the turn-off switching loss or prevent reverse-biased second breakdown. Similarly, series snubbers (di/dt limiting inductors) are used to reduce the turn-on switching loss or prevent forward-biased second breakdown. In both cases energy is stored in the reactive element of the snubber and is dissipated during its discharge. If the circuit includes a transformer, a voltage clamp across the transistor may be needed to absorb the energy trapped in the leakage inductance. The action of these typical snubber and clamp arrangements is analyzed and applied to optimize the design of a flyback converter used as a battery charger.     

Improved calculations for no-load transformer switching surges

This paper deals with a modeling of components and calculation of transient overvoltages that build up on the transformer primary terminals after the transformer has been switched off by a vacuum circuit breaker (VCB). The transformer is connected to the circuit breaker by a cable. The transient overvoltages are calculated for different cable lengths, and the cumulative probability of different arc angles is investigated. In this study two cases are considered: transient overvoltages due to steady-state magnetizing current switching, and transient overvoltages due to inrush current switching. It is shown that the case of inrush current switching is worse, as virtual current chopping is possible. The cable is modeled by pi sections, whereas the transformer model is based on a terminal impedance. The VCB re-ignitions are modeled by means of withstand voltage characteristics and high-frequency quenching capability. Due to shortage of field tests, this work uses only literature references to compare the results with actual measurements     

Extending the Application Field of Vacuum Circuit Breakers to Generators for Capacities up to 400 MW

The progress that has been achieved in the development and manufacture of vacuum circuit breakers opens the possibility of using them for a wider range of applications at power plants, including as generator circuit breakers. Such characteristics of modern vacuum circuit breakers as increased breaking capacity and high switching life are factors that make them closer in competitiveness to SF6 circuit breakers for generators with capacities up to 400 MW. The article considers problem aspects relating to clearing of short-circuit faults in the generator voltage circuits and interruption of out-of-phase making currents and no-load currents of generator transformers. Conditions leading to a longer period of time to the moment at which the switched current crosses zero are considered. It is pointed out that, unlike the IEC/IEEE Standard 62271-37-013, GOST (State Standard) R 52565-2006 does not specify the requirements for generator circuit breakers in full. The article gives the voltage drop values across the arc for different design versions of vacuum circuit breaker contacts and shows the effect the arc in a vacuum circuit breaker has on the time delay to the moment at which the current crosses zero. The standardized parameters of transient recovery voltage across the generator circuit breaker contacts are estimated along with the contact gap electric strength recovery rates ensured by modern arc quenching chambers. The switching overvoltages arising when vacuum circuit breakers interrupt short-circuit currents and no-load currents of generator transformers are analyzed. The article considers the most probable factors causing the occurrence of switching overvoltages, including current chopping, repeated breakdowns of the circuit breaker contact gap, and virtual current chopping. It is found that, unlike repeated breakdowns and virtual current chopping, an actual current chopping does not give rise to dangerous switching overvoltages. The article also determines the vacuum circuit breaker application field boundaries in which dangerous switching overvoltages may occur that would require additional measures for limiting them.     

InP基PIN开关二极管结构设计与制备

开关二极管是微波控制电路中的一种应用最普遍的控制器件,它可以实现近似短路和开路的功能.Ⅰ层厚度对PIN二极管的器件特性具有重要的影响.利用Silvaco TCAD软件对InP基PIN开关二极管器件结构进行建模仿真,分析不同1区厚度对二极管的电流电压特性的影响,得出最优值.利用化合物半导体材料外延与器件工艺平台,制备出InP基PIN开关二极管器件,直流特性测试结果表明,PIN开关二极管的开启电压为0.525 V,反向击穿电压大于12 V.为进一步实现毫米波开关电路奠定了基础.     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

大功率双管正激变换器次级吸收电路的研究

针对大功率高压输出场合普遍存在的次级电路中二极管反向恢复问题,引入了一种双CDD(一个电容两个二极管)无源无损缓冲电路。该电路不仅能有效抑制二极管反向恢复产生的电压尖峰,保证电路的可靠运行,还能避免常规电阻-电容-二极管(RCD)缓冲吸收网络损耗大的缺点。详细分析了该次级加箝位电路的组合双管正激变换器工作原理,给出了缓冲电容的选取方法,并在180V/20A的实验样机上进行实验,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

一种低损无源软开关新技术

提出一种能适用于任何隔离型DC/DC变换器的无源软开关新技术。它是将一个称为电荷泵馈能缓冲(CPRS)的网络加在硬开关隔离型DC/DC变换器上实现无源软开关的。在通常的复合缓冲电路基础上,附加一个二极管VDs、一个并联放电馈能电路(Rd//Cs)和一个附加在高频变压器上的耦合绕组Na构成CPRS网络。利用变压器电压自举技术,使缓冲电容Cr向较高输入电压源馈送电能而完成能量直接复位。Rd//Cs除了能传递电能外,还能防止发生电流环流以及吸收关断暂态能量的功能。CPRS电路的功率损耗仅为通常有损缓冲器的功率损耗的23%,即可达到接近有源软开关的效果。对电路的理论分析、计算机仿真研究与实验测试结果均表明,该技术可能有应用价值。     

对IGBT逆变器吸收电路的改进与仿真

本文在分析了传统IGBT逆变器吸收电路特点和工作原理的基础之上,结合IGBT在高频应用场合的开关特性,对传统IGBT逆变器吸收电路进行了改进.经过改进的IGBT逆变器吸收电路能够通过改变放电回路的放电电容,缩短吸收电容放电时间,在不降低吸收过电压效果的基础上,提高IGBT的工作频率,满足了IGBT逆变器在高频应用下的要求.最后,通过理论分析和电路仿真,验证了改进型吸收电路的有效性和适用性.     

两种新颖的准谐振型电流陡脉冲整形电路

为了减小瞬变电磁发射机电流脉冲关断延时、提高下降沿线性度、改善电流正负下降沿波形一致性，提出耗能型、馈能型两种准谐振型电流陡脉冲整形电路。推导关断延时、下降沿线性度与整形电路元件参数、供电电压、电压应力的关系，提出电路参数优化计算数学模型。通过与RCD电路的对比分析、软件仿真和实验，结果表明两种整形电路关断延时小，线性度较好，电流无过冲现象，并具有与供电电压无关的特性。其中馈能型整形电路具有上升沿提升能力，耗能型整形电路具有关断延时更小的特点，适合大电感负载情况下产生稳定的、精准的电流陡脉冲，目前耗能型整形电路已在瞬变电磁发射机中得到成功应用。     

用于无刷直流电机驱动的谐振极软开关逆变器

用硬开关逆变器来驱动无刷直流电机会产生逆变器的开关损耗大和运行效率低的问题。为降低开关损耗,提出一种用于无刷直流电机驱动的新型谐振极软开关逆变器的拓扑结构,通过在传统硬开关逆变器的三相输出端添加辅助谐振电路,利用辅助电路中的高频变压器的等效电感与主开关并联的缓冲电容之间的谐振,实现逆变器主开关器件的零电压开关和辅助开关器件的零电流开关。依据不同工作模式下的等效电路图,分析了电路的换流过程和设计规则,并建立起了辅助谐振电路损耗的数学模型,讨论了谐振参数对辅助电路损耗的影响。制作了1台实验样机,实验结果表明逆变器的主开关和辅助开关都实现了软开关。该谐振极软开关逆变器能有效改善效率,降低开关损耗。     

PSPICE和Matlab在IGBT动态仿真中应用

简要分析了目前常用的电力电子仿真软件PSPICE(Simulation Program with IC Emphasis)和Matlab的主要性能特点及在电力电子仿真中的适用程度。绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)开关回路在关断瞬间由于感性负载的作用常会伴随着擎住效应,对IGBT器件本身会造成严重的损伤,因此必须在IGBT器件两端并联缓冲电路．以实现对器件的过压保护。缓冲电路的拓扑结构有多种．过压保护的效果也不一样。应用以上两种仿真软件对IGBT开关回路进行动态仿真研究．比较并分析了两种缓冲电路在IGBT关断瞬间的不同过压保护效果。并且说明了PSPICE和Matlab仿真结果的差异及其原因。     

反激型开关电源的软缓冲技术

提出一种有别于RC缓冲电路的软缓冲电路新技术,它结合电流型PWM控制,利用反激型变换器中的耦合电感器与外加小容量电容器构成LC谐振电路,能以高性从比完成关断感性负载的暂态缓冲,并能消除二极管的反向恢复不良特性。对此电路进行的分析、计算机仿真与实验测试结果都表明该技术可行。     

一种新型无源无损软开关UPS充电拓扑研究

结合不间断电源(UPS)充电拓扑对称式结构与无源无损软开关技术的优点,提出了一种新型无源无损软开关充电拓扑。缓冲电路通过电感、电容、二极管等无源器件将开关瞬态的能量在一个开关周期转移到负载端或供电端。分析了电路的工作模态,给出了缓冲电路中电感、电容的参数设计方法。为验证该设计,搭建了一台6kWUPS充电样机。试验结果表明该拓扑较硬开关拓扑效率明显提高,主功率管较好地实现了零电流开通与零电压关断。     

Newly proposed hybrid resonant commutation bridge‐leg link snubber‐assisted three‐phase ZVZCS‐PWM soft‐switching inverter

This paper presents the newly proposed hybrid resonant commutation bridge‐leg link (HRCB) snubber circuit which can achieve zero voltage and zero current soft‐switching commutation for single‐phase and three‐phase voltage source‐type inverter, along with its unique features and operation principle. The circuit parameter design approach for the HRCB snubber circuit and the determination estimating scheme of the gate pulse timing processing which is more suitable and acceptable for single‐phase and space voltage vector modulated three‐phase voltage source inverter using the HRCB snubber circuit are described in this paper. In particular, the three‐phase voltage source soft‐switching inverter associated with the proposed HRCB circuits are evaluated and discussed from simulation and experimental viewpoints. The practical effectiveness of the HRCB snubber‐assisted three‐phase voltage source soft‐switching inverter using IGBT power modules which is based on the instantaneous space voltage vector modulation is clarified on the output voltage waveform, actual efficiency of electromagnetic noise in comparison with three‐phase voltage source‐type conventional hard‐switching inverter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(4): 75–84, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20111     

A new regenerative snubber circuit for large-capacity three-level GTO inverter systems

Increase in the capacity of GTOs has made remarkable progress in recent years. At present, 4.5-kV, 4.0-kA GTOs are commercially available, and 6.0-kV, 6.0-kA GTOs made from 6-inch silicon wafers are appearing. The 6-inch GTOs will be applied to our three-level GTO inverter system. In order to apply GTOs to voltage-source inverters, snubber circuits are necessary for limiting on the turn-on di/dt and turn-off dv/dt. To realize high efficiency of the system, regenerative snubber circuits are often applied. A conventional circuit applied to three-level GTO inverters had the problem of long paths created for snubber circuits of the inner GTOs. Another circuit using a current transformer for recovering the energy trapped in the snubber circuits of the inner GTOs has been presented. In this paper, a new regenerative snubber circuit is proposed, which is more suitable for three-level GTO inverter systems with many phase-legs. By applying the snubber circuit, all snubber energy generated by each GTO switching can be regenerated to the dc link. In addition, high current turn-off performance of both the inner and the outer GTOs is verified by several successful experimental results using 6-inch 6.0-kV, 6.0-kA GTOs. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(2): 41–48, 1997     

DESIGNING OPTIMUM SNUBBER CIRCUITS OR THE TRANSISTOR BRIDGE CONFIGURATION

ABSTRACT

Snubbers are used in power transistor switching circuits to keep the device operation within its Safe Operating Area (SOA) during switching. The conventional series and shunt snubbers are satis -factory in a single transistor circuit. However, these are not satisfactory for a totem pole transistor arrangement. In this paper various snubber circuits are analysed and their effects are discussed. A snubber circuit is developed and tested which is suitable for transistors in bridge configuration. The circuit is thoroughly analysed and design equations are derived for the snubber components.