大型公共建筑防火性能化评估方法基本框架研究

文章以现阶段消防安全工程的实际发展水平和现行指令性建筑防火设计规范为基本出发点，以性能化建筑防火设计规范为背景，依据面向对象主流程开发技术，初步建立了大型公共建筑防火性能化评估方法的总体框架，并对评估方法总体框架的基本内容进行了系统阐述。     

概念设计阶段建筑能效计算机辅助评价及系统开发

概念设计是建筑设计最重要的环节之一,其中能效分析是建筑概念设计的重要内容。当前已有的能效分析方法或模拟工具都要求大量详细的参数输入,然而在建筑概念设计阶段,许多输入参数是没有确定的,目前国内大量采用的能耗模拟方法无法应用。针对建筑概念设计阶段,提出了一种能效分析方法,该方法可用于在策略性建筑设计阶段的建筑能效进行多方案对比。只需输入很少数据,就可以快速对不同的建筑方案进行能效分析,从而获得相应的最佳建筑设计建议,为我国快速工程设计与可持续发展之间提出了一种可行的解决方案。     

Integration of fire safety and building design

A new framework is presented to facilitate better incorporation of building fire safety performance options into the building design process. Based on the building design process and key design decisions undertaken at each phase, a knowledge set is developed to aid building designers to understand better the effects of design decisions on building fire performance. This also minimizes potential competing objectives in later design phases by sharing necessary concerns in advance. Drawing on the knowledge set, a conceptual building fire safety evaluation tool illustrates how primary building designers and fire safety engineers can quantitatively assess fire safety performance for different solutions. It is shown how building fire safety performance attributes can be arranged by building design phase, how various scenarios can be explored, and how appropriately balanced building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified at different phases of the building design process.     

Building simulation as assistance in the conceptual design

In order to realize the “design by simulation” concept in the building design, the methodology of applying the building simulation in the building’s conceptual design stage is the main theme discussed in this paper. The conceptual design stage is divided into four sub-stages, and the framework of the design is built by way of the simulation in the conceptual design stage. Moreover, the energy saving potential assessment by the simulation in the preliminary conceptual design stage is also discussed in detail, including the input/output information, the calculation method and procedure, and the requirements and information from architects, etc. The natural ventilation design is used as the first trial in this study, and the difference between the detailed conceptual design and the preliminary conceptual design is also discussed, and the new simulation methodology is further described. The main objective of this paper is to help avoid an incorrect decision in the conceptual design stage, as well as to provide a better base for the energy efficient design in the next stage by means of the building simulation tool.     

A new approach to performance-based building design exploration using linear inverse modeling

Despite the development of a large number of building performance simulation tools, designers still need a systematic framework appropriate for energy-oriented decision-making in the early stages of design. While the current workflow follows a “forward” modelling procedure in which simulation tools predict the performance of a design, this study proposes an “inverse” procedure that entails a performance objective that estimates design parameters. Using linear inverse modelling, this approach generates plausible ranges for design parameters given a preferred thermal performance. The paper begins by demonstrating that thermal demand in a particular building operation-and-climate condition can be expressed as a linear regression model and then, in two case-studies, uses the regression model to develop an inverse algorithm. After defining energy performance targets as input, users obtain a probabilistic estimate of design parameters as output that represents a large “menu” of feasible design solutions, provides confidence, and embodies the iterative nature of design.     

Decision-making through performance simulation and code compliance from the early schematic phases of building design

This paper is about the merging of two software applications that allows building decision makers to consider code compliance and to use performance simulation tools from the early schematic phases of building design. By making the capabilities of a code compliance tool available at the early schematic phases of building design, the hope and expectation is that users will use this software to address the mandatory code compliance issues and thus have an opportunity to address other performance issues as well.     

Integrating robustness indicators into multi-objective optimization to find robust optimal low-energy building designs

Uncertainties can have a large influence on building performance and cause deviations between predicted performance and performance during operation. It is therefore important to quantify this influence and identify robust designs that have potential to deliver the desired performance under uncertainties. Generally, robust building designs are identified by assessing the performance of multiple design configurations under various uncertainties. When exploring a large design space, this approach becomes computationally expensive and infeasible in practice. Therefore, we propose a simulation framework based on multi-objective optimization and sampling strategies to find robust optimal designs at low computational costs. The genetic algorithm parameters of optimization are fine tuned to further enhance the computational efficiency. Furthermore, a modified fitness function is implemented to use minimax regret robustness method in the optimization loop. The implemented simulation framework can save up to 94–99% of computational time compared to full factorial approach, while identifying the same robust designs.     

Analytic target cascading in simulation-based building design

This article presents a rigorous simulation-based optimization framework that enables concurrent and consistent decision-making in building design. Analytical Target Cascading (ATC), a multi-level engineering design optimization framework, is extended to thermal and HVAC design in buildings. The framework facilitates computational decision support for meeting building performance goals, allows autonomy of specialized design tasks with timely and efficient use of analysis tools, and preserves dependencies between possibly competing building performance goals. A pilot application demonstrates how ATC functions in the context of building design. Relevance and benefits of this hierarchical optimization approach to multi-criteria building performance problems are also discussed.     

Decision-making and assessment tool for design and construction of high-rise building drainage systems

The drainage system is one of the most essential facilities in building service engineering. This paper introduces a decision-making framework and a performance evaluation method for drainage systems within high-rise buildings through an empirical observation and a basic understanding of the stack fluid mechanism. A schematic structure for high-rise building drainage systems is presented to clarify this vital facility. Results include a decision-making flow patch and assessment tool for performance evaluation of drainage system design in high-rise buildings. Case-studies obtained from investigations were used to confirm the practicality of this evaluation method. The results of this study can support the decision-making process and be used as an assessment tool for current design and automation in construction of high-rise building drainage systems.     

Automated performance measurement for 3D building modeling decisions

Building information modeling (BIM) is instrumental in documenting design, enhancing customer experience, and improving product functionality in capital projects. However, high-quality building models do not happen by accident, but rather because of a managed process that involves several participants from different disciplines and backgrounds. Throughout this process, the different priorities of design modelers often result in conflicts that can negatively impact project outcomes. To prevent such unwanted outcomes from occurring, the modeling process needs to be effectively managed. This effective management requires an ability to closely monitor the modeling process and correctly measure the modelers' performance. Nevertheless, existing methods of performance monitoring in building design practices lack an objective measurement system to quantify modeling progress. The widespread utilization of BIM tools presents a unique opportunity to retrieve granular design process data and conduct accurate performance measurements. This research improves upon previous efforts by presenting a novel application programming interface (API)-enabled approach to (a) automatically collect detailed model development data directly from BIM software packages in real-time, and (b) efficiently calculate several modeling performance measures during schematic and design development phases of building projects. These indicators can be used to properly arrange modeling teams in the quest for high-quality building models. The specific objectives of this study to examine the feasibility of a proposed automated design performance measurement framework, and to identify optimal modeling team configurations using empirical performance information. A passive data recording approach allows for the real-time capture of comprehensive user interface (UI) interaction and model element modification events. The proposed framework is implemented as an Autodesk Revit plugin. Next, an experiment is conducted to capture data using the developed Revit plugin. Experiment participants' individual production rates are estimated to establish the validity of the proposed approach to identify the optimal design team configuration. The presented approach uses the earliest due date (EDD) sequencing rule in combination with the critical path method (CPM) to calculate the maximum lateness for different design team arrangements.     

住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计研究

以中国5个典型城市的气候条件为例，提出住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计流程。基于Grasshopper参数化性能分析平台，和Ladybug/Honeybee环境分析插件，以热环境舒适度模型、建筑能耗模型和建筑生命周期成本模型为目标函数进行优化分析。发现哈尔滨和北京气候条件下，住宅建筑应选择nZEB'（权衡最优）设计参数，而上海、昆明和深圳气候条件下，C-O（成本效益最优）解决方案比nZEB（节能最优）解决方案的综合效益更好。基于参数化性能模拟的多目标优化可以有效辅助住宅建筑的气候适应性设计研究。     

Achieving informed decision-making for net zero energy buildings design using building performance simulation tools

Building performance simulation (BPS) is the basis for informed decision-making of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) design. This paper aims to investigate the use of building performance simulation tools as a method of informing the design decision of NZEBs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based decision aid, ZEBO, on informed decision-making using sensitivity analysis. The objective is to assess the effect of ZEBO and other building performance simulation tools on three specific outcomes: (i) knowledge and satisfaction when using simulation for NZEB design; (ii) users’ decision-making attitudes and patterns, and (iii) performance robustness based on an energy analysis. The paper utilizes three design case studies comprising a framework to test the use of BPS tools. The paper provides results that shed light on the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis as an approach for informing the design decisions of NZEBs.     

A conceptual framework to support solar PV simulation using an open-BIM data exchange standard

With the construction industry moving rapidly towards Building Information Modelling (BIM), it is essential that various analysis tools used in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) domain are interoperable with a non-proprietary open BIM schema such as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The UK government will be requiring fully-collaborative BIM in all public sector projects by 2016 and is also chasing the target of achieving zero-carbon buildings by 2019. This dual target will require the use of renewable energy analysis tools in the early stages of the building design process and establish the need for these tools to be IFC-compliant. This paper presents a conceptual framework for developing IFC-compliant renewable energy simulation tools using a multi-model concept in which the IFC data model provides partial input data required to run simulation models. A prototype has been developed as a ‘proof-of-concept’ for an IFC-compliant solar PV simulation tool. The prototype has been validated against other solar PV simulation tools such as PV*Sol, RETScreen® and HOMER to provide credibility to the simulation model. The developed conceptual framework is applicable not only to solar PV simulation but other renewable energy simulation models as well, thereby making an IFC-compliant renewable energy modelling tool capable of conducting, energy, carbon emissions and financial analysis.     

Framework for Performance-Based Design of Building Structures

Abstract:   This article proposes a new framework for performance-based design (PBD) of building structures. This framework was proposed under the 3-year Japanese Government Comprehensive Research and Development Project on "Development of a New Engineering Framework for Building Structures" launched in the fiscal year of 1995. The primary objective of the project is to create a system in which the performance of buildings is clearly stated, and consumers, that is, occupants, are well informed of how their buildings will perform and how much it will cost to maintain their performance. The framework emphasizes the establishment of target performance, the performance evaluation, and the performance statement as the main three elements. It also stresses that an institutional framework and support systems need to be provided to enable PBD to be practiced efficiently. The implementation of the proposed framework is also expected to promote engineering innovation, progress in building engineering, and globalization. The new framework will also bring other benefits, such as improved design techniques, greater design flexibility, and international harmonization. It is also important for building structural performance to become one of the most important indexes for consumers to define a building's value. The Japanese building code was changed to the performance-based code, based in the clear and comprehensive manner proposed in this article. In the United States, "Vision 2000" ( SEAOC, 1995 ) was published, then many research activities were conducted simultaneously.     

Hybrid modelling framework for synthesizing virtual structures

Erecting a structure in a construction project involves the use of a number of complex, interacting processes. Systematic analysis of these processes is essential for ensuring that they are executed in the most efficient way possible. However, traditional tools like CPM and PERT and other analytical and mathematical approaches cannot capture the dynamics of construction processes. These problems could be overcome by conducting experiments on the real-world processes themselves but such experiments can be prohibitively expensive. Thus, a more feasible approach that can overcome these drawbacks is required. This paper presents a framework-based approach for facilitating the analyses of the operations required for the construction of a structure with a specific configuration by building the structure virtually in a digital computer using discrete-event simulation. The approach utilizes a hybrid framework that combines the flexibility and simplicity of semantic networks with the power of object-orientation to facilitate discrete-event simulation. A predominantly product-centric modelling approach is used in the development of the framework. A sample application is given illustrating the application of the framework-based approach for the analyses of the operations required for the construction of the structure.     

Effort and effectiveness considerations in computational design evaluation: a case study

Computational building evaluation tools have the potential to provide an effective means to support informed design decision making. Computational modeling, however, comes with a cost. Thereby, the most important cost factor is not software acquisition, but the time needed for learning and using the software. The extent of required time and effort is believed to be one of the main hindrances toward the pervasive use of computational building performance assessment tools by designers: Currently, modeling applications are mostly used, if at all, in the later stages of design and by specialists, rather than architects. However, few studies have explicitly dealt with the ascertainment and quantification of the actual effort needed to understand, master, and apply computational building evaluation tools. Thus, little factual information is available as to the cost and burden of computational building evaluation and its effectiveness in building design support. In this context, the present paper describes a case study, whose motivation was to estimate the time and effort needed by novice designers to computationally evaluate the performance of building designs. A group of senior architecture students participated in the study, learning and using a software application to assess the energy performance of six project submissions for a school building design competition. The outcome of this study (time investment ranges for various components of the modeling activity) was evaluated and further extrapolated to estimate the effort needed for a more comprehensive computational assessment of the environmental performance of these designs.     

Evaluating diverse patterns of occupant behavior regarding control-based activities in energy performance simulation

Simulation is recognized as an effective tool for building energy performance assessment during design orretrofit processes. Nevertheless, simulation models yield deviating outcomes from the actual building performance and a significant portion of this deviation originates from the dynamic nature of occupant behavior. Literature on occupant behavior indicates that occupant behavior is not integrated into building energy performance assessment procedures with appropriate resolution, instead they are acceptedas as sumedand fixed data sets that usually represent the presence of occupants. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of diverse patterns of occupant behavior on energy performance simulation for office buildings. Diverse levels of sensitivity of occupant behavior on control-based activities such as using lighting apparatus, adjusting thermostat settings, and presence in space are employed through three diverse occupant behavior patterns. These occupancy patterns are correlated with three identical office spaces simulated within a conceptual office building. EDSL Tas is used to run building energy performance simulations. Effects of occupant behavior patterns on simulation outcomes are compared for five sample winter and summer workdays, with respect to heating and cooling loads. Results present findings on how diversity of occupancy profiles influences the consumption outcomes.     

方案设计阶段建筑性能模拟方法综述

从模拟辅助设计的过程分析、建筑群性能模拟、建筑单体性能模拟和建筑性能评价方法四个方面回顾了建筑方案设计阶段节能设计的研究成果,分析了现有研究方法的不足,指出解决现有问题应首先研究方案设计阶段的特点,其次分析模拟输入参数的可获得性,并在模拟中引入不确定性分析。     

Geometry-based graphical methods for solar control in architecture: A digital framework

The form of a building is among the most critical design aspects concerning building energy consumption. Form-based passive design strategies, like solar control, can significantly reduce heating and cooling demands if implemented early in the design process. In this sense, there is an evident need for tools that can adequately support designers in their decisions. This paper aims to illustrate how geometry-based graphical methods (GGM) can provide effective support in the conceptual design stage. The paper introduces a novel digital framework for designing and analysing shading devices that leverages geometrical models and graphical methods. The digital implementation of GGM allows extending their applicability to three-dimensional and non-planar geometries. A comprehensive review of existing methods and tools for the design of shading devices lays the ground for the proposed digital framework, which is then demonstrated through two case studies. The results show that the diagrammatic nature of GGM facilitates a better and more direct understanding of the relationship between form and performance.     

Assessment of the Fire Dynamics Simulator for Modeling Fire Suppression in Engine Rooms of Ships with Low-Pressure Water Mist

Water mist-based fire-extinguishing systems are gaining acceptance for the protection of ship machinery spaces. The use of simulation tools presents a great potential for taking a performance-based design (PBD) approach to these fire scenarios. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is the most frequently used and validated fire modeling software; however, studies of low-pressure water mist fire suppression modeling in ship engine rooms are rare. This paper contributes to the current literature by using the FDS to model a series of fire suppression scenarios defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Circulars, including spray and pool fires with heptane and diesel oil, as well as exposed and obstructed fires. The simulation results are compared to data from full-scale tests conducted at recognized fire testing laboratories. Furthermore, an analysis of both the experimental and model uncertainties is carried out to assess the simulations performance. In general, a good agreement in compartment temperature evolution and fire extinguishing time is found for the modeled fire scenarios. The results support the application of FDS in a PBD approach for the design of water mist fire extinguishing systems for machinery spaces in ships. In this way, designers and engineers could model different machinery volumes and nozzles spacings that differ from those prescribed for a one story square engine room of the IMO, and, thus, predict the evolution of temperatures and extinguishing times for get the authorities approval.