基于3D激光雷达的SLAM算法研究现状与发展趋势

即时定位与地图构建(simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM)算法是移动机器人实现自主移动的关键环节。激光雷达(LiDAR)具有测距精度高、不易受外部干扰和地图构建直观方便等优点,广泛应用于大型复杂室内外场景地图的构建。随着3D激光器的应用与普及,国内外学者围绕基于3D激光雷达的SLAM算法的研究已取得丰硕的成果。梳理了3D激光SLAM算法在前端数据关联、后端优化等环节的国内外研究现状,分析总结了目前各种3D激光SLAM算法以及改进方案的原理和优缺点,阐述了深度学习和多传感器融合理论与技术在3D激光SLAM算法中的应用情况,指出多源信息融合、与深度学习结合、应用场景的鲁棒性、 SLAM算法通用框架及移动传感器和无线信号体制的技术渗透是3D激光SLAM算法的研究热点和发展趋势。研究成果对3D激光SLAM算法和未知环境中移动机器人即时定位和地图构建的研究具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

室内移动机器人的SLAM算法综述

SLAM(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping),即同时定位与地图构建,目前被广泛应用于机器人领域.SLAM算法使得机器人处于陌生环境时,能够通过自身搭载的传感器来感知环境信息并建立环境地图,并完成对自身位姿的计算,从而能够在未知环境中进行移动.随着研究者们对SLAM问题的深入研究,SLAM领域相关成果已非常丰富,但是有关室内场景SLAM的论述还不够系统.通过对现有的关于SLAM算法发展成果的总结和对比,对室内SLAM进行了综合性的阐述.首先介绍了SLAM的技术现状和室内场景SLAM在不同传感器下的分类问题;其次介绍了SLAM的经典框架;然后根据相关传感器种类的不同,简要介绍了不同传感器下常见的SLAM算法的原理,同时讨论了传统室内SLAM算法中存在的诸多局限性问题,引出了基于多传感器融合技术的SLAM和基于深度学习技术的SLAM两个研究方向;最后介绍了SLAM的未来发展趋势和应用领域.     

基于LiDAR-IMU松耦合的同时定位与建图方法

同时定位与建图(SLAM)是无人车自主导航的基础,基于单一传感器的SLAM算法易受数据关联错误而导致算法跟踪失败.本文提出了一种激光雷达—惯性测量单元(LiDAR-IMU)传感器松耦合的同时定位与建图方法.提出了基于关键帧和基于普通帧的局部地图匹配方法,引入M估计修正代价函数的形状减少错误数据关联的影响,避免了信息损失...     

一种改进的粒子滤波SLAM算法*

提出一种改进的粒子滤波SLAM（simultaneous localization and map building）同时定位和地图创建实现方法。改进方法让机器人大约行进10步完成基于局部已创建地图下的粒子滤波定位后,再利用激光传感器探测环境并更新创建的地图;同时在利用粒子滤波定位时,使粒子只分布在由航位推算法得出的机器人位姿附近,从而可有效地减少粒子的数量。实验结果表明,与标准的粒子滤波SLAM 算法比较,改进算法提高了机器人SLAM过程中定位和地图创建的精度和实时性,并为移动机器人在室外未知环境同时定位和地图创建提供了新方法。     

激光雷达SLAM算法综述

即时定位与地图构建（simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM）是自主移动机器人和自动驾驶的关键技术之一，而激光雷达则是支撑SLAM算法运行的重要传感器。基于激光雷达的SLAM算法，对激光雷达SLAM总体框架进行介绍，详细阐述前端里程计、后端优化、回环检测、地图构建模块的作用并总结所使用的算法；按由2D到3D，单传感器到多传感器融合的顺序，对经典的具有代表性的开源算法进行描述和梳理归纳；介绍常用的开源数据集，以及精度评价指标和测评工具；从深度学习、多传感器融合、多机协同和鲁棒性研究四个维度对激光雷达SLAM技术的发展趋势进行展望。     

一种融合激光和深度视觉传感器的SLAM地图创建方法

针对移动机器人的不确定复杂环境,一般采用单一传感器进行同时定位和地图创建(SLAM)存在精度较低,并且易受干扰,可靠性不足等问题,本文提出一种基于Bayes方法的激光传感器和RGB-D传感器的信息融合SLAM方法,利用Bayes方法通过概率启发式模型提取光束投影到栅格地图单元,充分利用激光与视觉信息中的冗余信息,提取一致性特征信息,并进行特征级的信息融合;在地图更新阶段,本文提出一种融合激光传感器和视觉传感器的贝叶斯估计方法,对栅格地图进行更新。在使用ROS(移动机器人操作系统)的实验平台上实验表明,多传器信息融合可以有效提高SLAM的准确度和鲁棒性。     

基于多传感信息融合的语义词袋SLAM优化算法

针对室外大范围场景移动机器人建图中,激光雷达里程计位姿计算不准确导致SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping)算法精度下降的问题,提出一种基于多传感信息融合的SLAM语义词袋优化算法MSW-SLAM(multi-sensor information fusion SLAM based on semantic word bags)。采用视觉惯性系统引入激光雷达原始观测数据,并通过滑动窗口实现了IMU (inertia measurement unit)量测、视觉特征和激光点云特征的多源数据联合非线性优化;最后算法利用视觉与激光雷达的语义词袋互补特性进行闭环优化,进一步提升了多传感器融合SLAM系统的全局定位和建图精度。实验结果显示,相比于传统的紧耦合双目视觉惯性里程计和激光雷达里程计定位,MSW-SLAM算法能够有效探测轨迹中的闭环信息,并实现高精度的全局位姿图优化,闭环检测后的点云地图具有良好的分辨率和全局一致性。     

基于单目视觉的同时定位与建图算法研究综述*

与传统基于激光传感器的同时定位与建图（SLAM）方法相比,基于图像视觉传感器SLAM方法能廉价的获得更多环境信息,帮助移动机器人提高智能性。不同于用带深度信息的3D传感器研究SLAM问题,单目视觉SLAM算法用二维图像序列在线构建三维环境地图并实现实时定位。针对多种单目视觉SLAM算法进行对比研究,分析了近10年来流行的单目视觉定位算法的主要思路及其分类,指出基于优化方法正取代滤波器方法成为主流方法。从初始化、位姿估计、地图创建、闭环检测等功能组件的角度分别总结了当下流行的各种单目视觉 SLAM 或Odometry系统的工作原理和关键技术,阐述它们的工作过程和性能特点。总结了近年最新单目视觉定位算法的设计思路,最后概括指出本领域的研究热点与发展趋势。     

激光雷达运动畸变去除的算法设计

近年来,激光雷达的同时定位和地图构建(SLAM)算法发展相对成熟.然而,移动底盘与激光雷达作为激光SLAM系统的主要传感器,当传感器的精度降低时,将会影响机器人定位的准确度与构建地图的效果.因此,针对精度低的激光雷达快速运动时而产生的畸变,论述了轮式里程计的辅助算法.由于轮式里程计的辅助方法是位置线性假设,因此导致该算...     

多机器人同步定位与地图构建的地图融合算法的改进

本文主要研究了多机器人同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)的地图实时融合问题.在本文中提出一种混合的SLAM算法(HybridSLAM)算法,可以同时观测和更新多个路标,并根据FastSLAM2.0思想利用选取的最准确的路标观测值来修正机器人位姿.然后,在改进HybridSLAM算法基础上,进一步提出一种改进的多机器人HybridSLAM算法(MR–IHybridSLAM).每个机器人在不同初始位置运行IHybridSLAM算法构建子地图,并将子地图信息实时发送到同一工作站中.根据卡尔曼滤波(KF)原理将每个机器人构建的子地图融合成全局地图.最后,通过仿真实验构建多机器人融合的特征地图并与单一机器人快速的SLAM算法(FastSLAM)和HybridSLAM算法构建的地图进行误差对比,进一步来验证该算法的准确性、快速性和可行性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。