制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形过程的应力应变分析

在大型CAD软件Pro/E中建立了汽车车轴制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形的凸凹模模型,运用大型商用有限元软件MSC.Marc,对其拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟.分析金属材料在拉深时的流动情况及挡尘盖在拉深后的应力应变分布规律,重点研究了压边力和凸凹模间隙对板材成形性能的影响,分析了起皱和破裂产生的原因、特点、影响因素以及预防措施等.模拟及试验结果表明,工件在拉深时,凸缘部分材料易产生失稳起皱现象;凸、凹模之间的间隙是影响盒形部分产生破裂的主要原因.当刚性压边圈与凹模之间的间隙减小到1.2倍的料厚时,能获得表面质量光滑的合格件;当凸凹模及浮动凸凹模之间的间隙大于料厚时,能确保拉深过程顺利进行.     

2198铝锂合金充液拉深成形模拟及试验研究

通过有限元模拟2198铝锂合金斜面筒形件的充液拉深过程,结合实验对其塑性变形规律进行研究。研究结果表明：在板料充液拉深过程中,合适的液池溢流压力是关系到充液拉深能否成功;压边间隙影响零件的减薄率;合适的预胀压力可减小零件厚度减薄率,能够获得壁厚相对均匀,成形质量较好的零件。     

Numerical and Experimental Study of the Efficient Parameters on Hydromechanical Deep Drawing of Square Parts

In hydromechanical deep drawing (HDD), a chamber of fluid replaces the matrix and the final form of part is determined based on the form of rigid punch. Allowable working zone in this process indicates the applicable range of chamber pressure versus drawing ratio to achieve a rupture-free drawing. In this article, the HDD of the square parts was studied using the finite element method (FEM) and the effect of different parameters of the process such as pre-bulging pressure, chamber pressure, and friction coefficient on the working zone was investigated. The results showed that increasing of the friction between blank and die or blank and blank-holder confines the working zone, while by increasing of the friction between blank and punch, the working zone becomes larger. A study was also carried out using experimental setup for verifying the FEM results. Finally, the numerical results were compared with experimental ones.     

盒形件无模充液拉深工艺参数研究

基于Dynaform平台对盒形件无模充液拉深工艺参数进行分析与研究,结果表明,合理地控制液体加载路径、预胀形压力以及成形时的液体压力可有效提高板料成形性能和成形件质量,通过与传统拉深工艺比较,无模充液拉深工艺在摩擦保持效应的作用下,拉深件壁厚更加均匀一致,盒形件一次拉深最大相对高度可达到4。     

Enhancing formability in hydromechanical deep drawing process adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder

In this paper, a new method was proposed in order to enhance the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of AA5754-O in the hydromechanical deep drawing process (HDD). In the proposed method, a shallow drawbead was added to the blank holder to increase LDR so as to provide strain hardening of a large region on the flange of the sheet material in addition to pre-bulging process which affects particularly only the initial stage but not the later ongoing process. So the LDR of the AA5754-O was increased from 2.65 to 2.787 by enlarging the region of strain hardening in the flange and partially reducing wrinkling tendency due to occurred tensile stresses using the convenient pressure and blank holder force profiles. The importance levels and their convenient values for height of drawbead, pre-bulge height and pressure, surface roughness of the punch were determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method. ANOVA analysis illustrated that adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder is the most effective factor between the investigated factors for the HDD process. While the effects of the pre-bulging pressure and pre-bulging height were determined as quite small, the surface roughness of the punch was found unimportant compared to the effect of the shallow drawbead. The highest LDR value was obtained with 1 mm drawbead height, 5 mm pre-bulging height, 10 MPa pre-bulging pressure and 2.8 μm surface roughness of the punch.     

液室压力对异形长法兰盒形件充液成形过程的影响

异形长法兰盒形件由于法兰面积大,拉深成形时法兰区的材料流动困难,易出现开裂缺陷。通过对比分析壁厚分布的试验与仿真结果,证明了仿真分析具有可靠的准确度。利用实验与仿真相结合的分析方法,分析异形长法兰盒形件充液成形过程中初始反胀与成形压力的影响机理,优化液室压力加载路径,建立关于初始反胀压力与初始反胀高度的工艺窗口,用于指导该类零件初始反胀参数选取。分析结果表明:异形长法兰盒形件充液成形过程中,初始反胀压力与初始反胀高度过小,导致异形长法兰盒形件凸模圆角处破裂,初始反胀压力与初始反胀高度过大,导致异形长法兰盒形件凹模圆角处破裂;最大减薄率随着成形压力的增加,先减小后增加。     

铝合金复杂曲面薄壁罩体充液拉深失稳控制技术

以某典型铝合金复杂曲面薄壁罩体为研究对象,采用数值模拟与工艺试验相结合的方法分析了凸模初始反胀位置与液室压力对成形失稳的影响规律,优化了成形工艺参数。结果表明,当凸模初始反胀位置低于凹模型面时,凸模进入凹模时悬空区板料没有液室压力的作用,悬空区板料处于一拉一压的应力状态,悬空区容易起皱;当凸模初始反胀位置在凹模型面上方时,凸模进入凹模时悬空区板料已经受到液室压力的作用,处于双向拉应力状态,因此可以抑制悬空区起皱;当液室压力较高时,悬空区板料承受较大的拉应力容易破裂。合理控制凸模初始反胀位置与液室压力可以消除悬空区起皱与破裂。     

反胀压力对铝合金球底筒形件充液拉深过程的影响

充液拉深工艺是一种先进的板材柔性成形方法。结合航天部件的实际需求,通过数值模拟的方法,对5A06铝合金球底筒形零件的初始反胀充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。应用基于LS-DYNA3D内核的动力显示分析软件eta/Dynaform5.5,分析了液室初始反胀压力与液室压力对零件壁厚分布以及起皱、拉裂等缺陷的影响规律,讨论了反胀压力与液室压力的匹配关系,得到了合理的加载区间。结果表明,采用优化的初始反胀压力和液室压力耦合加载条件,可以有效的抑制零件球底部的过度减薄,控制悬空区的内皱,提高零件成形质量。     

基于Dynaform的印涂铝盖冲压拉深摩擦条件的数字化设计技术

以非线性有限元软件Dynaform为平台,保持凸模与坯料间的摩擦系数不变,分别将凹模与坯料间的摩擦系数取值为0.01,0.02,0.04,0.08和0.1,研究凹模与坯料间的摩擦系数对1716印涂铝盖冲压拉深过程中壁厚分布的影响;再将凹模与坯料间的摩擦系数保持不变,分别将凸模与坯料间的摩擦系数取值为0.1,0.125,0.15,0.17和0.18,研究凸模与坯料间的摩擦系数对1716印涂铝盖冲压拉深过程中壁厚分布的影响。结果表明:1716印涂铝盖末次拉深的相对合理摩擦条件是凸模与坯料间静摩擦系数取0.17,凹模与坯料间动摩擦系数取0.020。同时,生产试验表明,采用静摩擦系数为0.17、动摩擦系数为0.020的摩擦条件可以生产出质量合格的产品。     

Investigation into the effect of pre-bulging during hydromechanical deep drawing with uniform pressure onto the blank

Many parameters influence the process of sheet hydroforming, but the key one is the pre-bulging. Pre-bulging includes two parameters: pre-bulging height and pre-bulging pressure, which influence the forming process significantly. In this paper, based on the proposed hydromechanical deep drawing with uniform pressure onto the blank, the effect of pre-bulging on the forming is investigated experimentally and the needed process windows for the pre-bulging pressure and the pre-bulging height are built by using pure aluminum and aluminum alloy. Finally, FEM is used to analyze the forming process to explain some results which were found in the experiment.     

Improvement of deep drawability by radially pressurized fluid

Developments in the automobile and other sheet metal industries demand continuous improvements in the deep drawing processes. The areas of improving deep drawing processes include higher forming limits so that much deeper products can be obtained with less power consumption. In this paper, the idea of applying hydraulic pressure in the radial direction on the periphery of the blank is theoretically analyzed. This radial pressure is generated due to the punch movement within the fluid chamber and is directed through a by-pass to the blank periphery. The problem is solved for a work hardening material using the finite difference method. The stress and strain distributions in the flange of the shell are determined and the limiting drawing ratio is calculated at the instant when the strain in the thickness direction reaches a critical value. This critical value is assumed to be the strain hardening exponent of the drawn material. The results show significant increase in the limiting drawing ratio as the radial pressure increases.     

Development of incremental deep drawing process

This paper deals with development of an incremental deep drawing process. On a newly developed incremental deep drawing set-up, the aluminium sheets are formed; the forming is carried out by deep-drawing the blank as in the conventional method but incrementally. Fractures at the punch or die corner in the blank may or may not occur depending on the conditions; the process parameters involved are punch size, punch corner radius, increment in punch displacement, blank holding force or pressure, etc. It is thus shown that different shapes are formed by one set of common tools. It is thereby confirmed that incremental deep drawing is possible without using a particular tool set for a particular shape.     

Hydromechanical deep drawing of cups with stepped geometries

This paper deals with the hydromechanical deep drawing of metal cups with complex stepped geometries. Two materials, a low-carbon steel (DC04) and stainless steel (DIN 1.4301), have been researched. A die set with a maximum possible deep drawing ratio β_0,max = 3.0 for a punch diameter 100 mm has been designed and constructed. The die set is designed to withstand fluid counter pressures up to 200 MPa. Pressure control is achieved using a micro-metering pressure control valve. The process is initially simulated using the FEM solver LS-DYNA. Experiments have been conducted with two punch geometries. The punch geometries consist of cylindrical and conical wall segments. Complex positive and negative features are manufactured in the punch bottom face. The ability of transferring complex features from the punch onto the blank surface with high deep drawing ratios is investigated. Extended limiting deep drawing ratios of β_0,max = 3.0 for DC04 and β_0,max = 2.875 for DIN 1.4301 have been achieved.     

圆筒形件充液拉深成形精度

本文系统地研究了平底和球面圆筒形件充液拉深成形精度。充液拉深成形中，由于高压液体紧紧将毛坯贴向凸模表面，因而零件具有良好的贴模性并能获得很高的内径精度。同样，由于液压的施加在凸模圆角和压边圈之间产生与凸模运动方向相反的局部胀形，减小了凸模圆角处的弹复，提高了侧壁及球面件底部的形状冻结性。但是，平底零件的底面形状因液压的施加而使形状冻结性不好，平面度降低。     

切角板坯对纯铜薄板矩形盒拉深影响的试验及数值分析

在大量纯铜薄板矩形盒拉深试验的基础上,结合有限元计算,分析了矩形盒的拉深特性。指出,矩形切角板坯使法兰曲边变形分布得以改善,非拉深变形抵抗弱化,提高了拉深成形性。有限元模拟结果显示矩形板坯拉深断裂点产生在凸模肩部转角附近,且始终承受两向不等拉伸,应变计算值与实际拉深测定值相符;切角板坯的拉深断裂点则转移至接近凹模口的侧壁处,且始终处于压剪组合变形状态,断裂时板厚应变相当小,认为倾向于剪切断裂。切角板坯断裂点的拉、压应力组合效应使该点板厚几乎不变,是提高拉深极限的重要因素之一。     

铝合金曲面斜法兰罩盖成形工艺的数值模拟与试验研究

研究了铝合金罩盖刚性模拉深预成形-新淬火-充液拉深终成形的多道次成形工艺。通过分析零件的几何特征,确定预成形中间构型的几何形状以及确定合理的冲压方向。基于有限元分析软件Dynaform对成形工艺进行模拟分析,优化成形过程的关键工艺参数,并进行试验验证与优化。研究表明:液室压力及加载路径对充液拉深成形零件质量影响较大,成形所需最大液室压力为15 MPa,充液拉深终成形后的零件壁厚最大减薄率为11.424%,侧壁与法兰没有明显的起皱趋势。试验证明对于该铝合金罩盖零件,采用刚性模拉深预成形-新淬火-充液拉深终成形的多道次成形工艺较传统多道次拉深工艺有明显的优势,可得到表面质量良好的合格零件。     

基于载荷下降法的双相钢DP590拉深减薄率研究

采用载荷下降法研究了双相钢DP590在不同压边力下拉深成形的减薄率。采用BCS-50AR通用板材成形性试验机进行有无润滑条件的对比拉深试验,获得成形力-凸模位移关系曲线。试验结果发现,拉深件凸缘部位和凹模圆角处的润滑有利于拉深成形,而无润滑条件下的拉深容易破裂。拉深件凸缘部位增厚,凹模圆角处和筒壁部位均有不同程度的减薄。危险断面处的减薄率最大,破裂情况下的最小减薄率为28.6%,无破裂情况下的最大减薄率为19.3%,达到实际生产要求。     

AZ31B镁合金板径向推力充液拉深试验

镁合金板冷成形性能差,采用液压成形的方法可提高其冷成形性能。对AZ31B镁合金板进行径向推力充液拉深试验,分析液压力大小、模具尺寸和坯料尺寸对最大拉深高度的影响规律,并对液压拉深件破裂位置、裂纹走向及裂纹形态进行分析。研究结果表明,当凸模圆角半径较大时,随着液压力的增大,得到的最大拉深高度也大;凸模圆角半径较小时,仅有当液压力大小合适时,才能改善其成形性能;板坯直径越大,最大拉深高度就越小。破裂位置一般在拉深试件的底部圆角、凸缘和侧壁处,且裂纹走向、裂纹断面呈现不同的形态。     

Numerical simulation and analysis on the deep drawing of LPG bottles

Deep drawing is one of the most used sheet metal forming processes in the production of automotive components, LPG bottles and household goods, among others. The formability of a blank depends on the process parameters such as blank holder force, lubrication, punch and die radii, die-punch clearance, in addition to material properties and thickness of the sheet metal. This paper presents a numerical study made on the deep drawing of LPG bottles. In particular, the application of both variable blank holder forces and contact friction conditions at specific location during deep drawing are considered. The numerical simulations were carried out with DD3IMP FE code. A variable blank holder force strategy was applied and the numerical results were compared with results from other blank holder force schemes. It is evident that the proposed variable blank holder force scheme reduces the blank thinning when compared to other schemes; the friction coefficient also has a significant influence on the stress–strain distribution.     

细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺研究

通过实验研究了拉深凹模温度、拉深速度、压边间隙及润滑条件对细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺的影响。实验结果表明:细晶5083铝合金板料在凹模温度为250℃以上具有良好的拉深成形能力。当凹模温度为275℃时,极限拉深比达到2.9;当在较佳的凹模温度不同的拉深速度下进行拉深时,得出细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺在一定的拉深速度范围内对应变速率不敏感,在压头速度≤2mm/min时均能拉深成功。考虑了润滑层厚度和材料在升温过程中的热膨胀性能,通过实验得出的最佳压边间隙为1.9mm。选用水基石墨作为润滑剂,润滑层厚度达到0.3mm左右时拉深能够成功进行。