裂尖具线性分布约束应力的运动裂纹模型及其解析解

以恒定速度运动的Griffith裂纹解析解为著名的Yoffe解。静止裂纹的条状屈服模型即Dugdale模型,将其推广到运动裂纹模型时发现,当裂纹运动速度跨越Rayliegh波速时,裂纹张开位移COD趋于(∞,且表现为间断。通过在裂尖引入一个约束应力区及两个速度效应函数,假设约束应力为线性分布,采用复变函数方法,求得动态应力强度因子SIF与裂纹张开位移COD的解析解。新的结果,在Rayleigh波速下裂纹张开位移连续且为有限值。给出裂纹张开位移的一些数值结果,获得了一些有意义的结论。     

用应变片法确定混凝土动态起裂时间的研究

在混凝土等准脆性材料的动态起裂韧度K_(1d)测试中,准确确定试件裂尖的起裂时间是测试工作的关键。采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,对圆孔裂纹平台巴西圆盘混凝土试件进行动态径向冲击试验,通过在裂尖粘贴应变片的方法来确定起裂时间。讨论了应变片在裂纹尖端的粘贴位置、粘贴方向等因素对起裂时间测试值的影响,结果表明裂尖应变片的最佳粘贴方式是:在裂纹延长线上或在裂尖并与裂纹垂直的线上,都距离裂尖3 mm左右,且粘贴方向与裂纹延长线垂直。给出了考虑贴片位置和试件厚度的起裂时间计算公式。     

风力机叶片复合材料裂尖温度场及微观损伤研究

依据热力耦合建立含微缺陷叶片的裂尖温度场数值模型,并研究了微缺陷叶片断裂微观损伤方式。首先,建立裂尖温度场数学模型需要确定塑性区范围和塑性区内的内热流密度函数。基于正交各向异性复合材料裂纹尖端应力场和Tsai-Wu屈服准则理论推导,得到含微缺陷风电叶片Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹的塑性区范围;内热流密度函数按照裂纹扩散规律构造。其次,利用电子扫描电镜技术对叶片试件的断口失效微观结构进行检测。通过红外热像仪监测微缺陷叶片试件表面温度实验,验证了裂尖温度场计算模型的准确性;确定计算温度场模型中内热流密度函数幂数为2;通过显微技术发现含气泡缺陷的叶片试件有纤维断裂、基体开裂损伤方式。     

爆炸荷载作用下煤体裂纹扩展机理模型实验研究

为研究煤体在柱状装药爆炸荷载作用下裂纹扩展机理,以Froude比例法为指导,建立煤层预裂爆破的模型实验。得到爆炸波在模型介质中传播的压力波形及模型表面加速度、应变、位移波形。描述模型在爆炸荷载作用下的宏观破坏现象。研究结果表明:模型实验与现场试验结果基本一致;裂纹主要是由压缩波与卸载波共同作用形成的;裂纹扩展方向与炮孔轴线方向垂直。     

基于等效能量原理的延性材料J (δ)阻力曲线测试新方法研究

基于等效能量原理获取的I型裂纹试样弹塑性载荷-位移关系和J积分-载荷关系半解析统一表达式,借助半解析法实现了对多种裂纹试样J阻力曲线的有效测试;采用该方法,还可很容易实现C型外缺口压缩(C-shaped outside edge-notched compression,COEC)小试样的高温J阻力曲线测试。此外,借助半解析公式确定的锐裂纹试样的实时裂纹扩展长度,亦可实现延性材料的裂尖张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD,δ)阻力曲线测试。     

压电材料中渗透性周期共线反平面裂纹问题

本文利用复变函数方法,借助于Riemann-Schwarz延拓技术和保形映照方法,研究了渗透性边界条件下周期共线反平面裂纹问题,获得了解的表达式,得到了力学和电学强度因子。结果表明在裂纹尖端应力和电位移的奇异性都与远场作用的应力载荷和裂纹长度有关,其中应力的奇异性与材料无关,电位移的奇异性则与材料有关,电载荷对裂尖的奇异性没有影响。最后,运用数值算例,给出周期裂纹间的干涉效应和裂纹的尺度效应。     

基于内聚力模型的复合裂纹耦合扩展多尺度数值模拟研究与实验验证

在外载荷作用下,材料的破坏与失效问题是一个涵盖从微观到宏观、从时间到空间等多个尺度相互耦合与关联的系统性科学问题.本研究以α-Ti材料为例,首先运用微观观测实验手段分析了α-Ti的显微组织结构和相结构,采用蒙特卡洛方法对微结构(晶粒大小、形状及分布)进行随机抽样处理,确定了其微结构的分布规律.通过与实验测得的材料强度做对比分析,并结合图像处理的方法获得微结构的定量化信息,探明了微结构对材料宏细观性能的影响,为微观尺度的分子动力学模型提供了可靠的基础.然后建立了三组包含复合微观缺陷的α-Ti拉伸微观计算模型,分别获得了界面层粘结力与其上下表面的相对位移之间的定量关系(T-S曲线).由于T-S曲线中包含了与裂纹尖端演化相关的微观信息(如位错发射和运动、裂尖钝化、裂纹偏折、孔洞成核和长大、孪晶等),再将T-S曲线与曲线中关键转折点所对应的原子构型相结合,从原子尺度观察并解释了α-Ti材料中不同复合微观缺陷扩展的现象、规律和机理.最后,采用基于原子模拟的内聚力模型对单调拉伸条件下CT试件的裂纹扩展做多尺度分析,研究了不同微观缺陷对材料宏观断裂参数的影响程度.     

基于水平集算法的扩展比例边界有限元法研究

扩展比例边界有限元法在裂纹贯穿单元采用Heaviside阶跃函数描述裂纹面两侧的不连续位移,在裂尖则采用半解析的比例边界有限元描述奇异应力场。该方法具有无需预先知道裂尖渐进场的形式,无需采用特殊的数值积分技术直接生成裂尖刚度阵,对多种应力奇异类型可根据定义直接求解广义应力强度因子的特点。该文将扩展比例边界有限元法与水平集方法相结合,进一步发展了扩展比例边界有限元法,并将其应用于解决裂纹扩展的问题。在数值算例中,通过编写完整的MATLAB分析计算程序,求解了单边缺口的三点弯曲梁和四点剪切梁的裂纹扩展问题,计算结果显示扩展比例边界有限元法能有效地预测裂纹轨迹和荷载-位移曲线。通过参数敏感性分析,还可得出该方法具有较低的网格依赖性,且对裂纹扩展步长不敏感。     

轻薄型金属反平面撕裂机理研究

#x0201c;轻薄型金属(厚度#x02264;10mm)反平面撕裂机理研究#x0201d;旨在为报废汽车及家用电器的破碎回收处理提供理论依据。通过对轻薄型金属破碎过程分析及试验研究,发现#x02162;型裂纹起到了主要破坏作用;根据拉伸试验应力-应变关系曲线变化趋势与理想弹塑性材料基本一致的现象,将材料简化为理想弹塑性模型;裤形撕裂试验所获得的载荷-位移曲线变化趋势表明试样起裂前后所需载荷较大,扩展过程中载荷逐渐减小;对反平面撕裂过程研究可知,在载荷作用下裂尖塑性区逐渐向外扩展,当其达到最大尺寸后,随着载荷继续增加,裂纹则开始扩展,而塑性区也逐渐向前推移直至试样断裂。裂纹尖端场的解表明起裂前及扩展过程中尖端应力-应变场均存在奇异性,且扩展过程中尖端场奇异性比起裂前弱,即起裂前裂尖的应力-应变集中程度比扩展过程中要大,这表明裂纹在起裂阶段比扩展阶段所需载荷更大。     

半空间中椭圆夹杂与裂纹对SH波的散射

采用Green函数、复变函数和多极坐标方法求解弹性半空间中椭圆形弹性夹杂与任意方位的裂纹对SH波的散射问题。利用“保角映射”技术求解椭圆夹杂对SH波的散射位移场,并构造适合本问题的Green函数,即含椭圆形弹性夹杂的弹性半空间内任意一点承受时间谐和的反平面荷载作用时的位移基本解,结合裂纹“切割”法构造裂纹,进而得到椭圆夹杂和裂纹同时存在条件下的位移场与应力场。最后,通过具体算例,讨论了不同参数对地表位移、弹性夹杂周边动应力集中系数和裂纹尖端动应力强度因子的影响规律。     

SiCw/MB15复合材料断裂行为研究

扫描电镜下采用动态拉伸法,原位观察SiCw/MB15复合材料复合材料在动态受载条件下裂纹形成、扩展至断裂的全过程,并对断口进行了分析。结果表明,裂纹主要在折断的晶须处萌生,在主裂纹前端应力集中区内长大、连结,在与主应力垂直方向上形成宏观裂纹。     

Higher order asymptotic solutions of V-notch tip fields for damaged nonlinear materials under antiplane shear loading

The higher order solutions of stress and deformation fields near the tip of a sharp V-notch in a power-law hardening material with continuous damage formation are analytically investigated under antiplane shear loading condition. The interaction between a macroscopic sharp notch and distributed microscopic damage is considered by describing the effect of damage in terms of a damage variable in the framework of damage mechanics. A deformation plasticity theory coupled with damage and a damage evolution law are formulated. A hodograph transformation is employed to determine the solution of damaged nonlinear notch problem in the stress plane. Then, inversion of the stress plane solution to the physical plane is performed. Consequently, higher order terms in the asymptotic solutions of the notch tip fields are obtained. Analytical expressions of the dominant and second order singularity exponents and associated angular distribution functions of notch tip stress and strain are presented. Effects of damage and strain hardening exponents and notch angle on the singular behavior of the notch tip quantities are discussed detailly. It is found that damage can lead to a weaker singularity of the dominant term of stress on one hand, but to stronger singularities of the second order term of stress and the dominant and second order terms of strain compared to that for undamaged case on the other. Also, both hardening exponent and notch angle have important effects on the notch tip quantities. Moreover, reduction of the notch tip solutions to a damaged nonlinear crack problem is carried out, and higher order solutions of the crack tip fields are obtained. Effects of damage and hardening exponents on the dominant and second order terms in the crack tip solutions are detailly discussed. Discussions on some other special cases are also presented, which shows that if damage exponent equals to zero, then the present solutions can be easily reduced to the solutions for undamaged cases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同聚能爆破模式应力波传播及裂纹扩展规律研究

为研究双向聚能拉伸爆破应力波传播及裂纹演化规律,采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法,研究单孔爆破、连孔爆破、间隔爆破爆炸应力波的传播形式和裂纹扩展规律。结果表明,连孔聚能爆破和间隔聚能爆破的裂纹扩展长度都在水平径向上达到了900 mm,而单孔聚能爆破仅600 mm,说明连孔聚能爆破时应力波的叠加使切向拉应力增大,聚能方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,裂纹开裂延伸,直至贯通。间隔爆破时随着应力波的传播,裂纹尖端张拉应力区也不断向前推移,促使裂纹继续发展,直至贯通。该项研究在岩石成型爆破中提供了有效真实的参考依据,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Analysis of temperature distribution near the crack tip under constant amplitude loading

An analytical/numerical method has been developed to find the temperature rise near the crack tip under fatigue loading. The cyclic plastic zone ahead of the crack tip is assumed to be the shape of the source of heat generation and some fraction of plastic work done in cyclic plastic zone as heat generation. Plastic work during fatigue load was found by obtaining stress and strain distribution within the plastic zone by Hutchinson, Rice and Rosengren (HRR) crack tip singularity fields applied to small scale yielding on the cyclic stress strain curve. A two‐dimensional conduction heat transfer equation, in moving co‐ordinates, was used to obtain temperature distribution around the crack tip. Temperature rise was found to be a function of frequency of loading, applied stress intensity factor and thermal properties of the material. A power–law relation was found between the rise in temperature at a fixed point near the crack tip and range of stress intensity factor.     

基于分形理论不同装药量的爆破动焦散线实验研究

为研究装药量对爆生裂纹扩展行为的影响。采用透射式数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,分析了不同装药量的爆生裂纹扩展规律,并基于计盒维数的计算原理,编写MATLAB程序计算爆生裂纹的分形维数。结果表明:①起爆后裂纹扩展分2阶段,Ⅰ阶段(0～114.3μs)为爆炸应力波与爆生气体对裂纹尖端的作用,在裂纹的起裂时刻扩展速度达到峰值,随即迅速降低;Ⅱ阶段(114.3μs～裂纹止裂)在反射应力波对裂纹尖端的作用下,裂纹扩展速度继续提升;②裂纹扩展速度峰值、动态应力强度因子峰值、粉碎区面积、爆生裂纹分形维数与装药量正相关;③采用回归分析与线性拟合的方法,得到了裂纹扩展速度与裂纹扩展轨迹分形维数的线性关系,同一裂纹扩展速度的变化符合分形规律。     

Energy release rate and bifurcation angles of piezoelectric materials with antiplane moving crack

The dynamic fracture problems of the piezoelectric materials with antiplane moving crack are analysed by using function of complex variable in the paper. The results show that the coupled elastic and electric fields inside piezoelectric media depend on the speed of the crack propagation, and have singularity at the crack tip. The stress intensity factor is independent of the speed of the crack propagation, which is identical to the conclusion of purely elasticity. Moreover, independent of the electric loading, the dynamic energy release rate can be expressed by the stress intensity factor and enlarge with the increase of crack speed. High speed of the crack moving could impede the crack growth. At the same time, the crack can be propagated into either curve or bifurcation if the crack speed is higher than the critical speed.     

Mesoscopic mechanisms in fatigue crack initiation in an aluminium alloy

The mechanistic aspects of process of initiation of a mode‐I fatigue crack in an aluminium alloy (AA 2219‐T87) are studied in detail, both computationally as well as experimentally. Simulations are carried out under plane strain conditions with fatigue process zone modelled as stress‐state–dependent cohesive elements along the expected mode‐I failure path. An irreversible damage parameter that accounts for the progressive microstructural damage due to fatigue is employed to degrade cohesive properties. The simulations predict the location of initiation of the fatigue crack to be subsurface where the triaxiality and the opening tensile stresses are higher in comparison with that at the notch surface. Examination of the fracture surface profile of fracture test specimens near notch tip reveals a few types of regions and existence of a mesoscopic length scale that is the distance of the location of highest roughness from the notch root. A discussion is developed on the physical significance of the experimentally observed length scale.     

The transition from ductile to slow crack growth failure in a copolymer of polyethylene

The failures of ethylene-hexene copolymer single-edge notch tensile specimens were observed under a constant tensile load. The notch opening was measured against time over a range of stress. Three failure modes were observed: ductile, brittle and transitional. The microscopic changes at the notch tip were correlated with each of the modes of failure. Early in the test the ultimate mode of failure can be predicted from the microstructural changes in the notch. In the transition region, the lifetime increases as the stress increases because the blunting of the notch offsets the effect of the applied stress-stress field. The ductile failure is controlled by the macroscopic creep behaviour and the brittle failure occurs by slow crack growth that starts at a craze.     

The effect of T-stress on plane strain dynamic crack growth in elastic–plastic materials

In this paper, the effects of T‐stress on steady, dynamic crack growth in an elastic–plastic material are examined using a modified boundary layer formulation. The analyses are carried out under mode I, plane strain conditions by employing a special finite element procedure based on moving crack tip coordinates. The material is assumed to obey the J₂ flow theory of plasticity with isotropic power law hardening. The results show that the crack opening profile as well as the opening stress at a finite distance from the tip are strongly affected by the magnitude and sign of the T‐stress at any given crack speed. Further, it is found that the fracture toughness predicted by the analyses enhances significantly with negative T‐stress for both ductile and cleavage mode of crack growth.