Type-2 Fuzzistics for Symmetric Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets: Part 2, Inverse Problems

In Part 1 of this two-part paper, we bounded the centroid of a symmetric interval type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS), and consequently its uncertainty, using geometric properties of its footprint of uncertainty (FOU). We then used these bounds to solve forward problems, i.e., to go from parametric interval T2 FS models to data. The main purpose of the present paper is to formulate and solve inverse problems, i.e., to go from uncertain data to parametric interval T2 FS models, which we call type-2 fuzzistics. Given interval data collected from people about a phrase, and the inherent uncertainties associated with that data, which can be described statistically using the first- and second-order statistics about the end-point data, we establish parametric FOUs such that their uncertainty bounds are directly connected to statistical uncertainty bounds. These results should find applicability in computing with words     

Type-2 Fuzzistics for Nonsymmetric Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets: Forward Problems

Interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FS) play a central role in fuzzy sets as models for words and in engineering applications of T2 FSs. These fuzzy sets are characterized by their footprints of uncertainty (FOU), which in turn are characterized by their boundaries-upper and lower membership functions (MF). The centroid of an IT2 FS, which is an IT1 FS, provides a measure of the uncertainty in the IT2 FS. The main purpose of this paper is to quantify the centroid of a non-symmetric IT2 FS with respect to geometric properties of its FOU. This is very important because interval data collected from subjects about words suggests that the FOUs of most words are non-symmetrical. Using the results in this paper, it is possible to formulate and solve forward problems, i.e., to go from parametric non-symmetric IT2 FS models to data with associated uncertainty bounds. We provide some solutions to such problems for non-symmetrical triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian and shoulder FOUs.     

区间二型模糊集和模糊系统: 综述与展望

一型模糊集可以建模单个用户的语义概念中的不确定性, 即个体内不确定性. 一型模糊系统在控制和机器学习中得到了大量成功应用. 区间二型模糊集能同时建模个体内不确定性和个体间不确定性, 因而在很多应用中显示了比一型模糊系统更好的性能, 是近年来的研究热点. 本文首先介绍了区间二型模糊集的重要概念和理论研究进展, 总结了其在决策和机器学习中的成功应用, 然后介绍了区间二型模糊系统的基本操作和理论研究进展, 并回顾了其在控制和机器学习中的典型应用. 最后, 对区间二型模糊集和模糊系统未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

基于包含度的区间二型模糊粗糙集

基于区间二型模糊包含度的公理化定义,给出了新的区间二型模糊包含度计算公式.进一步,通过包含度定义了区间二型模糊粗糙集,并讨论了它的一些基本性质.最后,利用区间二型模糊粗糙集研究了连续域决策信息系统的属性约简,给出了新的约简方法.实例说明了该约简方法的具体计算步骤,并且通过实验验证了该算法的有效性和可行性.     

广义区间二型模糊集合的词计算

普通的模糊集合是点值为二维的一型模糊集合,二型模糊集合(Type-2 fuzzy sets, T2 FS)是点值为三维的模糊集合, T2 FS比相应的一型难以理解和计算. 为了让人们更好地理解T2 FS并推广其应用, 本文提出了广义区间二型模糊集合(Generalized interval type-2 fuzzy sets, GIT2 FS)的定义, 并将其分成三类:离散型、半离散型及连续型,分别给出相应的数学表达式与扩展原理公式,并得到了GIT2 FS在两种不同的模糊逻辑算子下的词计算.     

基于区间二型模糊集合的语言动力系统稳定性

运用区间二型模糊集合(Interval type-2 fuzzy sets, IT2 FSs) 的扩展原理将常规的数值函数转化为对应的区间二型模糊函数, 并给出了相应的词计算(Computing with words, CW)方法与算法,最后分析了严格单调情况下基于区间二型模糊集合的单输入单输出系统的语言动力系统(Linguistic dynamic systems, LDS)稳定性.     

一一映射下区间二型模糊集合的语言动力学轨迹

给出区间二型模糊扩展原理,并将常规的一一映射抽象成与之对应的区间二型模糊映射。介绍基于区间二型模糊扩展原理的词计算方法。最后分析区间二型模糊集合的语言动力学轨迹。     

基于区间二型模糊集合的人工交通系统可信度评估

提出了一种基于区间二型模糊集合理论的人工交通系统可信度评估方法.该方法以二型模糊集合算法为核心数据处理方法,构建了人工交通系统的评估体系.利用置信区间方法提取实际交通数据和人工交通数据的统计特征,同时为二型模糊集合提供了输入数据.利用二型模糊集合处理不确定性、随机性和噪声数据的能力,得到刻画实际交通系统和人工交通系统特性的输出数据集.并基于Jaccard算法对两个系统二型模糊集合的输出集进行了相似度运算,以Cronbach系数值为依据,实现了人工交通系统的可信度评估.与传统可信度评估方法相比,该评估方法具有较强的数据处理能力,有效地实现了基于数据驱动方法理念下人工系统与实际系统之间的比较.本文基于面向对象编程语言搭建开发的基于Agent的人工交通系统模型,对其进行了可信度评估验证,评估结果说明了所提出方法的合理性和有效性.     

二型模糊粗糙集

基于二型模糊关系,研究二型模糊粗糙集.首先,在二型模糊近似空间中定义了二型模糊集的上近似和下近似;然后,研究二型模糊粗糙上下近似算子的基本性质,讨论二型模糊关系与二型模糊粗糙近似算子的特征联系;最后,给出二型模糊粗糙近似算子的公理化描述.     

Aggregation Using the Linguistic Weighted Average and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The focus of this paper is the linguistic weighted average (LWA), where the weights are always words modeled as interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FSs), and the attributes may also (but do not have to) be words modeled as IT2 FSs; consequently, the output of the LWA is an IT2 FS. The LWA can be viewed as a generalization of the fuzzy weighted average (FWA) where the type-1 fuzzy inputs are replaced by IT2 FSs. This paper presents the theory, algorithms, and an application of the LWA. It is shown that finding the LWA can be decomposed into finding two FWAs. Since the LWA can model more uncertainties, it should have wide applications in distributed and hierarchical decision-making.     

Traffic Flow Data Forecasting Based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets Theory

This paper proposes a long-term forecasting scheme and implementation method based on the interval type-2 fuzzy sets theory for traffic flow data. The type-2 fuzzy sets have advantages in modeling uncertainties because their membership functions are fuzzy. The scheme includes traffic flow data preprocessing module, type-2 fuzzification operation module and long-term traffic flow data forecasting output module, in which the Interval Approach acts as the core algorithm. The central limit theorem is adopted to convert point data of mass traffic flow in some time range into interval data of the same time range (also called confidence interval data) which is being used as the input of interval approach. The confidence interval data retain the uncertainty and randomness of traffic flow, meanwhile reduce the influence of noise from the detection data. The proposed scheme gets not only the traffic flow forecasting result but also can show the possible range of traffic flow variation with high precision using upper and lower limit forecasting result. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified using the actual sample application.      

区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法

针对区间数模糊c均值聚类算法存在模糊度指数m无法准确描述数据簇划分情况的问题,对点数据集合的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法进行拓展,将其扩展到区间型不确定数据的聚类中。同时,分析了区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法的收敛性,以确定模糊度指数m1和m2的取值原则。基于合成数据和实测数据的仿真实验结果表明：区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法比区间数的模糊c均值聚类算法的聚类效果好。     

Long-term Traffic Volume Prediction Based on K-means Gaussian Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

This paper uses Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy set theory on historical traffic volume data processing to obtain a 24- hour prediction of traffic volume with high precision. A K-means clustering method is used in this paper to get 5 minutes traffic volume variation as input data for the Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets which can reflect the distribution of historical traffic volume in one statistical period. Moreover, the cluster with the largest collection of data obtained by K-means clustering method is calculated to get the key parameters of type-2 fuzzy sets, mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian membership function. Using the range of data as the input of Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets leads to the range of traffic volume forecasting output with the ability of describing the possible range of the traffic volume as well as the traffic volume prediction data with high accuracy. The simulation results show that the average relative error is reduced to 8% based on the combined K-means Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets forecasting method. The fluctuation range in terms of an upper and a lower forecasting traffic volume completely envelopes the actual traffic volume and reproduces the fluctuation range of traffic flow.      

Uncertain Fuzzy Clustering: Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Approach to C-Means

In many pattern recognition applications, it may be impossible in most cases to obtain perfect knowledge or information for a given pattern set. Uncertain information can create imperfect expressions for pattern sets in various pattern recognition algorithms. Therefore, various types of uncertainty may be taken into account when performing several pattern recognition methods. When one performs clustering with fuzzy sets, fuzzy membership values express assignment availability of patterns for clusters. However, when one assigns fuzzy memberships to a pattern set, imperfect information for a pattern set involves uncertainty which exist in the various parameters that are used in fuzzy membership assignment. When one encounters fuzzy clustering, fuzzy membership design includes various uncertainties (e.g., distance measure, fuzzifier, prototypes, etc.). In this paper, we focus on the uncertainty associated with the fuzzifier parameter m that controls the amount of fuzziness of the final C-partition in the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm. To design and manage uncertainty for fuzzifier m, we extend a pattern set to interval type-2 fuzzy sets using two fuzzifiers m₁ and m₂ which creates a footprint of uncertainty (FOU) for the fuzzifier m. Then, we incorporate this interval type-2 fuzzy set into FCM to observe the effect of managing uncertainty from the two fuzzifiers. We also provide some solutions to type-reduction and defuzzification (i.e., cluster center updating and hard-partitioning) in FCM. Several experimental results are given to show the validity of our method     

Linguistic Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Psychological Health State Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The study of psychological health state is helpful to build appropriate models and take effective intervention strategies, and the results benefit the intervened released from psychological distress within the shortest possible time. In this paper, interval type-2 fuzzy sets and fuzzy comprehension evaluation are applied in the analysis of mental health status and crisis intervention. A closed-loop linguistic dynamic intervention model for psychological health state is built. Linguistic dynamic systems based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets are used to describe and analyze the evolutionary process of psychological health status.      

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems Made Simple

To date, because of the computational complexity of using a general type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS) in a T2 fuzzy logic system (FLS), most people only use an interval T2 FS, the result being an interval T2 FLS (IT2 FLS). Unfortunately, there is a heavy educational burden even to using an IT2 FLS. This burden has to do with first having to learn general T2 FS mathematics, and then specializing it to an IT2 FSs. In retrospect, we believe that requiring a person to use T2 FS mathematics represents a barrier to the use of an IT2 FLS. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is unnecessary to take the route from general T2 FS to IT2 FS, and that all of the results that are needed to implement an IT2 FLS can be obtained using T1 FS mathematics. As such, this paper is a novel tutorial that makes an IT2 FLS much more accessible to all readers of this journal. We can now develop an IT2 FLS in a much more straightforward way     

区间二型模糊子空间0阶TSK系统

人们倾向于使用少量的有代表性的特征来描述一条规则,而忽略极为次要的冗余的信息。经典的区间二型TSK(Takagi-Sugeno-Kang)模糊系统,在规则前件和后件部分会使用完整的数据特征空间,对于高维数据而言,易导致系统的复杂度增加和可解释性的损失。针对于此,提出了区间二型模糊子空间0阶TSK系统。在规则前件部分,使用模糊子空间聚类和网格划分相结合的方法生成稀疏的规整的规则中心,在规则后件部分,使用简化的0阶形式,从而得到规则语义更为简洁的区间二型模糊系统。在模拟和真实数据上的实验结果表明该方法分类效果良好,可解释性更好。     

关于二型模糊集合的一些基本问题

采用集合论的方法给出了单位模糊集合和二型模糊集合及其在一点的限制等定义,使得二型模糊集合更易于理解.通过定义嵌入单位模糊集合来描述一般二型模糊集合,并给出离散、半连通二型模糊集合的表达式.根据论域、主隶属度及隶属函数的特性将二型模糊集合分为四种类型：离散、半连通、连通及复合型,并根据连通的特点将连通二型模糊集合分为单连通及多连通两类.利用支集的闭包（Closure of support,CoS）划分法表述主隶属度及区间二型模糊集合.提出了CoS二、三次划分法分别来表述单、复连通二型模糊集合,并使每一个子区域的上下边界及次隶属函数在该子区域上的限制分别具有相同的解析表述式.最后,探讨了二型模糊集合在一点的限制、主隶属度、支集、嵌入单位模糊集合之间的关系.