压热-冷却循环工艺对淀粉理化特性及消化动力学的影响

以高直链玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉为原料,采用压热-冷却循环工艺分别制备糊化淀粉、老化淀粉及抗性淀粉,测定各淀粉样品的理化指标及消化动力学。研究结果表明,由普通玉米淀粉经过压热处理制备的糊化淀粉和老化淀粉具有最佳的溶胀度和冻融稳定性(P0.05);老化普通玉米淀粉和老化高直链玉米淀粉中的慢消化淀粉含量显著增加(P0.05);消化动力学分析表明抗性淀粉样品中的RS含量与平衡浓度、水解指数、血糖指数呈负相关,SDS在不影响平衡浓度的情况下,能够缓慢持续释放能量。压热循环处理不仅能够显著改变淀粉的理化性质,而且改性处理后的老化淀粉和抗性淀粉能够作为脂肪模拟物得以广泛应用。     

直链淀粉含量对抗性淀粉形成的影响

考察不同直链淀粉含量的高直链玉米淀粉形成抗性淀粉的能力。结果表明:随着直链淀粉含量的增加抗性淀粉含量增大,最高可达20.74%,普通玉米淀粉的抗性淀粉得率仅为9.09%。     

直链淀粉含量对淀粉-脂肪酸复合物形成及理化特性的影响

本研究以不同直支比的玉米淀粉和硬脂酸为原料制备了三种不同的淀粉-脂质复合物,并采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱等分析方法对淀粉-脂质复合物外部形态、晶体结构、抗消化性、缓释性等进行了表征与测定。结果表明:在扫描电镜下观察,与原淀粉相比,复合物的体积增大,同时表面凹凸不平。红外光谱证明淀粉-脂质复合物的形成,同时氢键的增加可能会导致抗性淀粉含量增加。复合物的形成使得晶体构象变为V型结构。普通玉米淀粉（normal）及高直链玉米淀粉（G60）在处理后快消化淀粉（RDS）含量减少,慢消化淀粉（SDS）含量增加,抗性淀粉（RS）含量增加,其中抗性淀粉含量分别达到52.0%和52.4%。硬脂酸在复合物内的释放分为两个阶段呈现先快后慢的趋势,并且直链淀粉含量的增加能够显著提高复合物对于硬脂酸的缓释能力。本文可为进一步提高直链淀粉的应用范围提供参考依据。     

大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝皎网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加，慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

山西谷子全粉淀粉指标间相关性及消化特性研究

本文主要研究了77个山西谷子全粉样品中淀粉组分的相关性以及淀粉消化特性。分别测定了谷子金粉中淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉(RS)含量。制备谷子淀粉并分析了淀粉中快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)、RS的含量以及淀粉消化指数(SDI)和持续消化淀粉(LS)。结果表明:各品种间RS含量差异性较大;全谷物以及制备得到的淀粉所测定的备指标间相关性较强。其中。谷子中RS与直链淀粉相关性最强(r=0.885),对谷子中RS聚类分析后发现。RS与直链淀粉近似呈线性相关(r=0.954)。对谷子淀粉体外消化研究表明:黄谷(2010)等品种中SDS舍量较高,晋谷21号(2010)等品种中RS含量较高,而陇谷10号(2012)等品种中LS含量相对较高,这些品种适用于糖尿病等人群食用或有助于开发相关降糖产品。     

大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝胶网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加。慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

直链淀粉和支链淀粉对抗性淀粉形成的影响

直链淀粉含量对抗性淀粉的形成有显著影响,直链淀粉含量与抗性淀粉产率明显呈正相关.脱支处理使直链淀粉含量明显提高,经压热处理后,抗性淀粉产率大幅度增加,实验结果表明,仅直链淀粉参与了抗性淀粉的形成.支链淀粉不利于抗性淀粉的形成.     

不同酶制备木薯抗性淀粉的性质比较

以木薯淀粉为原料,用耐高温α-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶分别制备了RS3型抗性淀粉,并对其直链淀粉含量、冻融稳定性、持水性进行测定与比较.结果表明,α-淀粉酶制备抗性淀粉含量在9.4％ ～ 12.4％之间,直链淀粉含量随着酶解作用降低,且直链淀粉含量高的抗性淀粉其冻融稳定性略低,持水性保持在3.7～5.8g/g之间波动不明显.普鲁兰酶制备抗性淀粉含量在4％～7.9％之间,直链淀粉含量不一定随着酶解作用而增加,且直链淀粉含量高的抗性淀粉其冻融稳定性和持水性高.耐高温α-淀粉酶制备的木薯抗性淀粉含量、冻融稳定性高于普鲁兰酶,对直链淀粉含量的影响较直观,但持水性低于普鲁兰酶.     

生长和烘烤过程中烟叶抗性淀粉含量的变化

为降低烤后烟叶淀粉含量（质量分数）和调控烟叶抗性淀粉的合成,以云烟87为试验材料,分析了烟叶抗性淀粉含量的变化趋势、抗性淀粉含量与直链淀粉含量的相关性以及烟叶淀粉合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明：在烟草生长发育过程中,烟叶总淀粉、抗性淀粉含量整体呈上升趋势,其中烟草生长发育中后期是抗性淀粉积累的主要时期。烟叶抗性淀粉含量与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关（r=0.992**,P<0.01）;在烘烤过程中,变黄期是烟叶中抗性淀粉和非抗性淀粉降解的主要时期。烘烤过程中抗性淀粉的降解比例较低,烟叶抗性淀粉和直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关（r=0.918*,P<0.05）;在烟草生长发育过程中淀粉合成相关基因AGPS2、AGPS3、AGPL、SS2、SBE1、ISA3、GBSS和SBE2的表达量基本呈现稳定或持续增加的趋势,其中GBSS和SBE2基因的表达量变化趋势与直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量的变化趋势一致。GBSS1和SBE2可能是调控直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量的关键基因。     

紫山药淀粉与其抗性淀粉理化性质的比较

以紫山药淀粉为研究原料,采用不同方法分别制备压热、酶解-压热及双酶纯化抗性淀粉,分析比较了紫山药淀粉与其抗性淀粉的理化性质。试验结果表明:紫山药淀粉颗粒呈圆形或椭圆形且表面光滑;抗性淀粉颗粒破碎且呈不规则型。4种淀粉的化学结构相似,与原淀粉相比,抗性淀粉没有生成新的基团。抗性淀粉样品的凝沉速度随直链淀粉含量的增加而加快,冻融稳定性则降低;碘吸收曲线向支链淀粉吸收波长方向偏移。流变学分析表明与原淀粉相比抗性淀粉表观黏度均增大,剪切结构恢复力与抗性淀粉含量成反比。     

Physicochemical and digestion characteristics of flour and starch from eight Canadian red and green lentils

Physicochemical and nutritional properties of flour and isolated starch from eight Canadian lentil cultivars were assessed to identify unique samples and key factors affecting starch digestion. The results showed that nearly half of apparent amylose in lentil flours was underestimated because it was complexed and embedded within the flour matrix, which led to slower starch digestion of cooked flour. Cooked red lentil flours showed significantly higher resistant starch content (11.0%) than flours from green lentils (6.8%) (P < 0.05). Among green lentils, Asterix and Greenland were unique for their high slowly digestible starch content after cooking, possibly owing to their high phenolic content and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Long‐ and short‐range ordering in starch was more indicative of low starch digestion for raw or cooked lentil flour rather than for isolated starch. The results suggest the flour matrix protects the starch ordered structure from enzyme hydrolysis.     

高直链玉米淀粉添加对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响

制备挤压荞麦面条,研究不同添加量（10%、20%、25%、30%）的高直链玉米淀粉（m/m,基于全粉）对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响。结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,挤压面条直径减小,糊化度降低。X射线衍射结果表明添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条除了V型结晶峰外还存在未完全糊化的直链淀粉的典型B型峰。热力学性质结果也表明直链淀粉发生部分糊化。添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条色泽变浅变亮,最佳蒸煮时间缩短,蒸煮损失率由9.90%增加到12.43%。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为25%时,面条开始出现断条。面条硬度由2 105.709 g显著增加至3 680.401 g,弹性由0.961降低至0.866。扫描电镜结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,致密的面条结构逐渐出现裂纹,且面条截面有较多未完全糊化的淀粉颗粒。淀粉体外消化实验表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,淀粉水解率逐渐下降,预计血糖指数减小,抗性淀粉含量增加。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为30%时,挤压荞麦面条的预计血糖指数从74.28降至66.31,抗性淀粉含量从34.43%增加至47.86%。     

微波对高链玉米淀粉颗粒抗消化性能的影响

高链玉米淀粉颗粒通过微波改性,调节不同的水分质量分数、微波温度、微波时间和微波功率可以改变淀粉颗粒的抗消化性能。采用扫描电镜和生物体外(invitro)降解方法,对不同微波作用条件下的高链玉米淀粉的颗粒形貌和抗消化性能进行了研究。结果表明,高链玉米淀粉经微波改性后,颗粒形貌发生改变,表面出现凹凸、小孔,当抗消化淀粉质量分数达到22.0%时,大部分淀粉颗粒已经发生破损、崩裂。在微波场中,水分质量分数和微波温度对高链玉米淀粉抗消化性能的影响较大,而微波功率和时间对其影响较小。     

高链玉米淀粉改善面包的品质及消化性能

本文研究添加高链玉米淀粉对面包品质特性和消化性能的影响,以期为高链玉米淀粉等抗性淀粉在慢消化食品中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,添加高链玉米淀粉能显著性提高面包的持水性和表面亮度,有利于提高消费者的接受度。但面包比容随高链玉米淀粉添加量的增加而逐渐显著降低。弹性、粘附性和恢复性未受高链玉米淀粉的影响,但硬度明显增加,添加10%和20%高链玉米淀粉的面包硬度升高为未添加时的1.2和1.8倍。面包的胶黏性和咀嚼性在高链玉米淀粉添加量小于10%时没有明显变化,而添加量进一步增加时,其胶黏性和咀嚼性逐渐显著提高。高链玉米淀粉能显著降低面包的消化速率,添加量为20%时面包的消化速率降低了54%。说明添加高链玉米淀粉会对面包的品质产生一定的影响,但合理控制其添加量可在面包的品质没有大幅降低的同时显著降低淀粉的消化速率。     

两种抗性淀粉的结构特征及体外消化性研究

本实验对小麦抗性淀粉和马铃薯抗性淀粉结构特征及体外消化性进行研究。结果表明,与小麦抗性淀粉相比,马铃薯抗性淀粉直链淀粉含量更高,分子质量分布更集中,热稳定性更高。两种抗性淀粉粒径相差不大,均为C型结构,化学结构相似,没有基团差异。小麦抗性淀粉分子颗粒完整,表面光滑,呈不规则的椭圆形,马铃薯抗性淀粉分子为不规则多面体,分子表面粗糙,有凹陷,且有少量的层状起伏。体外消化试验表明:马铃薯抗性淀粉具有更强的抗消化能力,血糖指数分别为40.62、40.50（GI<55）,属于低GI食品。相关性分析结果为抗性淀粉体外消化率与其直链淀粉含量、碘吸收峰负相关,与其结晶度、热焓值显著负相关,与比表面积正相关。     

Enzyme Resistant Dextrins from High Amylose Corn Mutant Starches

This work was undertaken to investigate the effects of amylose content and chemical modification on enzyme resistant dextrin content of high amylose corn mutant dextrins. Dextrins made from high amylose corn mutant starches, including dull sugary 2 (du su2), amylomaize V, amylose extender dull (ae du), amylomaize VII, and chemically modified amylomaize V and VII, were characterized for moisture, solubility, reducing sugars, and enzyme resistant dextrin contents after dextrinization. Moisture content decreased, whereas soluble and reducing sugar contents rose rapidly in the first 60 min of conversion. Reducing sugar content began to decrease after 60 min of reaction, which corresponded to the onset of a rapid increase in enzyme resistant dextrin content. The enzyme resistant component in dextrin was not detected until fragments of low molecular‐weight saccharides were produced by hydrolysis. These fragments recombined into randomly branched molecules that were resistant to enzymatic digestion. One proposed mechanism contributing to the lower enzyme resistant dextrin content of chemically modified high amylose corn dextrins is that the introduction of modifying groups to starch presented a steric hindrance for transglucosidation and repolymerization reactions during dextrinization, consequently resulting in lower enzyme resistant dextrin content.     

Resistant Starch Derived from Extruded Corn Starch and Guar Gum as Affected by Acid and Surfactants: Structural Characterization

Corn starches with and without guar gum [10% (w/w)] and 2% (w/w) of diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyceride, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate or citric acid, respectively, were extrusion‐cooked in a twin‐screw extruder at 18% moisture, 150 °C and 180 rpm screw speed. The content of resistant starch was determined by sequential enzymatic digestion. The formation of resistant starch in extruded corn starch was strongly affected by the addition of gum and the different food additives. X‐ray diffraction of the extruded starches gave a V diffraction pattern indicating the effect of extrusion cooking and amylose‐lipid complexes. Enzymatic digestion did not affect the V‐structure, which could apparently be attributed to extrusion cooking. Similarly, differential scanning calorimetric thermograms indicated that all isolated resistant starches exhibited endothermic transitions between 71—178 °C signifying a complex formation between amylose and the emulsifiers and possibly the melting of amylose crystallites in the resistant starch. Purification of the isolated resistant starches by size exclusion‐high performance liquid chromatography showed a dependence of molecular weight on the added additives. Results of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction suggest that amylose‐lipid complexes could also be involved in the formation of resistant starch in extruded cornstarch.     

Effect of maize type and extrusion‐cooking conditions on starch digestibility profiles

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of screw speed (250–600 rpm), barrel temperature (100–160 °C) and water content (16.4–22.5%) on rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant (RS) starch levels of waxy, normal and high‐amylose maize starches. In native starches, an increase in amylose content was correlated with lower SDS content. After extrusion, this trend was reversed. Both waxy and normal maize starches became rapidly digested. However, for normal maize starch, some SDS fraction remained. In contrast, the high‐amylose maize starch showed a significant increase in digestibility and an increase in SDS content from 20.4% in the native starch up to 27.5% after extrusion. This high level of SDS may be attributed to the presence of some remaining granular structures and formation of crystalline orders, which have slow digestion properties.     

食物中抗性淀粉的含量分析

对我国常见食品中可消化淀粉(DS)和抗性淀粉(RS)的含量进行分析,初步评价食品来源和加工方法对RS的影响。文中选择80种食物样品,依照AOAC 2002.2方法分析食物中DS和RS含量分析;并分析了不同直链淀粉比例、常规烹调加工方法下RS的含量。结果食物RS受来源和加工方法影响较大,豆类、生的薯类、饼干食品、含直链50%淀粉的玉米RS含量相对较高;淀粉中直链淀粉比例为50%时,RS含量较高;碾磨、蒸煮、膨化使RS含量降低,特殊工业加工的高RS产品蒸煮后RS不被破坏。