甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇催化剂的研究进展

由于生物柴油产业的蓬勃发展而造成副产物甘油的大量过剩,迫使人们努力寻求甘油转化为高附加价值产物的有效途径。本文综述了国内外甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇催化剂以及机理研究的新进展。指出催化剂是甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇的关键因素,目前甘油氢解反应中以Cu、Ni、Ru、Pt、Rh基催化剂使用较多,其中Cu基催化剂的研究最为广泛,载体、助剂、制备方法、反应溶剂、甘油氢解条件等对Cu基催化剂的活性、选择性、寿命、产物分离难度等具有较大影响。为进一步改善催化剂的综合性能,需要加强对甘油氢解机理和催化剂制备技术的基础性研究。多金属催化剂、复合多功能催化剂和甘油原位氢解反应因其自身优势颇受关注,而催化剂的失活机理及再生性能考察是值得深入研究的新课题。     

负载型CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂结构与催化甘油氢解性能

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,通过BET、XRD、XPS和TPR方法表征催化剂上CuO的分布与化学形态,结合固定床催化甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇试验.结果表明,催化剂表面高度分散缺电子状态的Cu物种是甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇的活性中心.采用浸渍法制备的铜基催化剂具有较好的甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇性能...     

甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇催化剂研究进展

随着生物质甘油下游综合利用研究的兴起,甘油氢解反应已成为研究热点。甘油氢解反应工艺的关键技术是氢解催化剂,对近年来甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的催化剂研究进展进行综述。通过分析甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇催化剂的组成和工业应用情况,对未来可能实现工业化的催化剂体系前景进行展望。     

Cu基催化剂催化甘油氢解制备丙二醇

在间歇釜式反应器中考察Cu基催化剂在不同酸性条件下的甘油催化氢解反应性能,采用γ-Al₂O₃、SiO₂和SiC酸碱性不同的载体研究催化剂催化活性和选择性的影响,结果表明,3种载体的Cu基催化剂均对1,2-丙二醇的生成有较高的催化活性和选择性,但只有弱酸性SiO₂为载体时生成1,3-丙二醇。研究在底物中添加H₂SO₄（B酸）对甘油氢解反应性能的影响,发现质子酸的存在有利于1,3-丙二醇的生成,但易导致副反应发生,使1,2-丙二醇选择性大幅降低。研究用磷钨酸改性的Cu/SiO₂催化剂对甘油氢解反应的催化活性的影响,发现磷钨酸的加入有利于甘油氢解为1,3-丙二醇,且酸性越强,越容易发生副反应。随着Cu/HWP/SiO₂催化剂焙烧温度的升高,酸性减弱,丙二醇选择性提高,推测出质子酸作用下Cu基催化剂的甘油氢解反应机理。     

甘油氢解制备丙二醇催化剂研究进展

综述了国内外甘油氢解制备丙二醇催化剂的最新研究进展。指出催化剂是甘油氢解制备丙二醇工艺的关键因素,而目前研究中使用较多的有Cu、Ru、Rh、Pt、Ni、Co基催化剂,这些催化剂的类型、组成、载体、制备方法和工艺条件等直接影响催化剂的活性、选择性、稳定性、产物分离难易度和环境污染等。总结指出,甘油氢解制备1,3-丙二醇工艺需要加强高活性和选择性催化剂的基础性研究,而甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇工艺在现有比较成熟的催化剂基础上应进一步改进催化体系和催化剂的制备技术,为尽早实现工业化打下基础。     

甘油催化氢解制备丙二醇的研究现状

随着生物柴油产业的快速发展,作为生物柴油副产物的甘油逐渐过剩,合理有效地利用甘油能促进生物柴油产业的良性发展。丙二醇(1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇)是重要的化工中间体,具有较高的经济价值,利用可再生的甘油催化氢解制备丙二醇替代传统的石化路线符合绿色化学的要求,因而具有广阔的应用前景。简述了利用甘油催化氢解制备丙二醇的研究背景,详细分析了甘油催化氢解的机理(包括脱水-加氢机理、脱氢-加氢机理、直接氢解机理和螯合机理),从催化剂的角度综述了甘油催化氢解制备丙二醇的研究现状和取得的研究成果,并提出了未来甘油氢解的研究方向。     

非临氢条件下甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇的研究

综述了非临氢条件下甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇的研究进展,介绍了目前甘油原位加氢的2种途径(甘油液相重整加氢和甘油催化转移氢化反应)及优缺点,并对可能的甘油氢解机理进行了阐述。目前采用贵金属催化剂Pt/HT和Pd/Fe_2O_3以及非贵金属Cu/ZrO_2、复合金属Cu-Ni/Al_2O_3均能获得较高的1,2-丙二醇选择性(80%)。最后对非临氢条件下甘油原位加氢的研究工作进行了总结,并对未来研究方向做出展望。     

甘油氢解Cu/Cr催化剂制备方法对性能的影响

Cu/Cr催化剂由于Cu对C—C键氢解活性很低,对C—O键氢解活性很高而成为甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇效果最好的固体催化剂。采用5种方法制备了Cu/Cr催化剂,并用于甘油的催化氢解反应,发现Cu/Cr催化剂的制备方式极大地影响着其对甘油的催化氢解性能。以5种方法制备的Cu/Cr催化剂中,对甘油的催化氢解性能依次是:铜氨络合沉淀法Adkins法碳酸钠沉淀法硅藻土浸渍法干混法。运用XRD、TG、BET、FTIR、TPR等表征手段对制备的催化剂结构进行了表征,详细分析了不同方式制备的催化剂的结构差异,将催化剂的结构表征结果与催化反应性能进行关联分析和讨论,并从理论上解释了催化剂结构差异和催化氢解性能的关系。     

复合分子筛对甘油催化氢解反应的研究

本文主要采用共沉淀法制备了多种类型的铜基催化剂,并考察了甘油催化氢解制备1,2-丙二醇的反应性能。介绍了复合分子筛的铜基催化剂对甘油氢解催化氢解反应的影响。将MCM58-Beta型分子筛进行改性,磷钨酸改性后对反应效果最佳,此时甘油转化率为91.8%、1,2-丙二醇选择性为41.1%。     

负载型铜铬催化剂催化甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇

采用浸渍法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的铜铬催化剂,并考察了其在甘油氢解制备1,2-丙二醇反应中的性能。研究发现,Cu/Cr原子比对催化剂性能有很大影响,当Cu/Cr=2.35时,1,2-丙二醇收率达到最大。对失活催化剂的差热-热重(TG-DTA)分析显示,催化剂存在较严重的结焦。采用BaO、MgO等碱性氧化物对γ-Al2O3载体进行改性,通过NH3-TPD表征发现,改性载体酸性有所降低。从评价结果看,改性催化剂的活性有所降低,但稳定性未见改善,说明甘油氢解反应需要酸性位的参与,而酸性并不是引起催化剂的失活的主要原因。     

Deactivation of CuZn Catalysts Used in Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Obtain 1,2-Propanediol

Different CuZn catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method with Cu/Zn atomic ratio of 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, 2.5 and 6.0. Monometallic Zn and Cu catalysts and a bimetallic catalyst (Cu/Zn?=?2.5) prepared by physical mixture of the precursors were also studied. These catalysts were tested in the glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction and the higher yields to 1,2-propanediol were achieved for Cu/Zn atomic ratio?≥?1 samples. The deactivation of a representative catalyst (Cu/Zn?=?1) was evaluated and its yield to 1,2 propanediol decreases until ca 40% after five runs. To explain this behavior, fresh and used catalysts were characterized by different techniques. Chemical analysis of solid catalysts and liquid reaction medium confirmed the leaching of Zn species under our reaction conditions. This process promotes Cu sintering which is proposed as the actual reason of the observed deactivation in the glycerol hydrogenolysis for this catalytic system.     

Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1, 2 Propanediol Over Cu–ZnO Catalysts

A series of Cu–ZnO catalysts with varying Cu to Zn weight ratio are prepared by co-precipitation method. The catalysts were characterized by surface area, XRD, TPR and N₂O chemisorption to measure Cu metal area. These catalysts were evaluated for hydrogenolysis of glycerol. The catalyst with Cu to Zn ratio of 50:50 is highly active under relatively low H₂ pressure. The catalysts are highly selective towards 1,2 propanediol (>93%). The glycerol conversion depends upon the bifunctional nature of catalyst where it requires both acidic sites and metal surface. The presence of sufficient amount with small particle size of ZnO and Cu are required for high conversion of glycerol and selectivity to 1,2 propanediol. Different reaction parameters are studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions.     

ZnO对CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂催化甘油氢解性能的影响

以氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备了负载型CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂,通过XRD、XPS、TPR手段表征催化剂上CuO和ZnO的分布和化学形态。结果表明,CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂催化甘油氢解反应中,CuO是活性组分,ZnO的引入可以降低CuO与载体氧化铝的相互作用强度,有利于CuO的还原,提高催化剂甘油氢解活性;催化剂表面呈缺电子状态的Cu物种是甘油氢解的活性中心。当活性组分CuO质量分数为12%,n(Cu)∶n(Zn)=1∶1.5时,CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂催化甘油氢解活性最高,甘油转化率可达97.82%,对1,2-丙二醇选择性达94%。     

高活性Cu/SiO2催化剂上甘油氢解制1,2-丙二醇

采用蒸氨法制备了不同Cu负载量的Cu/SiO₂催化剂,并在连续固定床上催化甘油氢解。通过氮气物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、氧化亚氮-氢气滴定等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明制备过程中形成的层状硅酸铜使催化剂具有大比表面积、较高的铜分散度以及较强的金属载体相互作用,因而在甘油氢解反应中表现出较好的时空收率和稳定性。此外,研究发现水对催化剂稳定性具有负面作用,而低转化率的情况下催化剂表面冗余的甘油可能是导致催化活性降低的一个重要因素。     

Continuous production of 1,2‐propanediol by the selective hydrogenolysis of solvent‐free glycerol under mild conditions

BACKGROUND: The conversion of glycerol to value‐added derivatives is now critical, owing to the large surplus of glycerol from biodiesel production. The main objective of this work is to develop a novel process for converting solvent‐free glycerol to 1,2‐propanediol. RESULTS: Several catalysts were screened for aqueous‐phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol in an autoclave. The most effective catalysts (Ni/Al₂O₃, Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃) were further tested for vapor phase hydrogenolysis in a fixed‐bed. Ni/Al₂O₃ did not prove as effective for the production of 1,2‐propanediol because of the high selectivity to CH₄ and CO. Over Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃, glycerol was mainly converted to the desired 1,2‐propanediol and the reaction intermediate acetol. The production of 1,2‐propanediol was favoured at higher hydrogen pressure. At 190 °C and 0.64 MPa, near complete conversion of glycerol was achieved with 1,2‐propanediol selectivity up to 92%. In addition, a higher concentration (between 43.4% and 0.8%) of acetol was detected and an approximately stoichiometric relationship was found between acetol and 1,2‐propanediol. CONCLUSION: 1,2‐propanediol can be produced with high yields via the vapor phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol over Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃. Furthermore, the mechanism of 1,2‐propanediol formation is suggested to proceed mainly through an acetol route over Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Production of Biomass-Derived Chemicals and Energy: Chemocatalytic Conversions of Glycerol

The growing production of biodiesel as a renewable source-based fuel leads to an increased amount of glycerol. Thus, it is a favorable starting material to obtain highly functionalized products. From a variety of catalytic reactions three examples, namely glycerol oxidation, glycerol hydrogenolysis and aqueous-phase reforming, were chosen for detailed studies in our group. The experimental focus for the oxidation of glycerol was set on preparation and detailed examination of supported Pt–Bi catalysts in batch reactions as well as in continuous experiments using a trickle bed reactor. For aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol to hydrogen the addition of tin to supported platinum catalysts was investigated. Ruthenium and copper based catalysts could be successfully applied in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol.