板料成形极限应变与极限应力的转换关系

因极限应变构成的FLD受应变路径的影响很大 ,在研究复杂应变路径的成形极限问题时带来极大不便。而以极限应力构成的成形极限应力图FLSD由于不依赖加载应变路径 ,已成为目前研究的热点。本文在分析板料极限应变与极限应力的基础上 ,得出了相互转换的公式 ,针对分散性失稳、凹槽失稳和平面应变漂移失稳等准则 ,进行了不同加载应变路径FLD转换FLSD。结果表明 ,对于同一失稳准则 ,在不同加载应变路径下FLSD几乎为同一条曲线 ,FLSD作为复杂加载路径板料成形极限判据更加方便。     

工业AA1200铝合金薄板拉伸成形模拟和实验研究(英文)

对工业AA1200铝合金薄板拉伸成形的模拟和实验结果进行比较和评估。采用单向拉伸试验得到模拟所需输入参数。根据von Mises和Hill-1948屈服准则,采用Abaqus/Explicit有限元软件分析成形过程。将冲压力和应变分布的模拟结果与实验结果进行比较和验证。结果表明:在这两种情况下,使用各向异性屈服准则模拟的结果与实验结果更吻合。     

流动应力-应变关系对5754O铝合金板成形极限的影响(英文)

为了合理描述单向拉伸试验曲线,给出了一种修正的Swift型流动应力—应变关系。基于两种流动应力—应变关系,采用Yld2000-2d屈服准则计算5754O铝合金板的成形极限应变图(FLD-strain)。通过对比理论和实验结果,发现基于修正的Swift型的应力—应变关系所计算的FLD-strain能够合理地描述实验结果。虽然常用的Voce型应力—应变关系能够精确地描述均匀变形阶段的变形行为,但基于该应力—应变关系计算的FLD-strain明显低于实验结果。结果表明,板料的强化率越高则相应的成形极限也越高。为了描述板料在非均匀变形阶段的变形行为和成形极限,建议了一种用于确定合理的流动应力—应变关系的方法。     

基于Lemaitre韧性断裂准则的1060铝板成形极限研究

针对成形极限曲线的测定需建立在大量实验基础上,耗时耗材,且需要特定的成形实验机才能完成的不足,采用韧性断裂准则与数值模拟相结合来预测。建立测定成形极限曲线的有限元分析模型,对不同尺寸1060铝板试样成形过程进行数值模拟与分析,并采用Lemaitre韧性断裂准则作为板料破裂与否的判据,找出破裂极限应变值,拟合成形极限曲线;为验证提出方法的正确性,采用实验方法制作1060铝板成形极限曲线,并将其与模拟得到的曲线进行对比,两曲线走向基本一致,有较好的吻合度,表明该方法能够应用于成形极限曲线的预测。     

1060铝板渐进成形极限及影响因素

目前,渐进成形极限曲线(FLC)主要采用实验方法获得,耗时、耗材,且无统一的制作标准。针对理论预测方法较少的问题,借助少量实验,采用Lemaitre韧性断裂准则,预测1060铝板渐进成形极限曲线,进而将预测曲线与实验曲线进行对比,研究工艺参数对渐进成形极限曲线的影响。结果表明,Lemaitre韧性断裂准则能较好地预测1060铝板渐进成形极限曲线,该方法可运用于渐进成形极限曲线的预测。渐进成形中,层间距越小,工具头转速越高或进给速度越低,板料成形极限曲线越高,板料越不容易开裂,成形性能越好。工具头半径在一定条件下,对成形极限曲线的高度影响并不明显。     

各向异性屈服准则对铝合金板成形预测精度的影响

基于板料成形过程的数值模拟 ,研究了不同的各向异性屈服准则 (Hill194 8,BarlatYLD89,BarlatYLD91和BarlatYLD96 )对铝合金板成形过程的影响 ,模拟结果和实验结果进行比较 ,结果表明 ,采用屈服准则 (YLD96 )模拟结果和实验吻合较好 ,而Hill屈服准则的模拟结果和实验差别较大 ,故不适宜用于铝合金板的成形模拟。采用不同屈服准则模拟的应变分布有所不同 ,采用YLD89,YLD91和YLD 96屈服准则预测的起皱和断裂的趋势比Hill屈服准则预测的要高。     

2B06铝合金板成形极限图的实验测定与理论预测(英文)

通过实验确定和理论计算得到2B06铝合金板的成形极限图(FLC)。在凸模胀形实验中通过改变试件的宽度得到完整的FLC。理论预测的FLC是基于不同失稳理论和不同的屈服准则计算得到的。通过对比可知,基于同一失稳理论和不同屈服准则的预测曲线区别不大,所以不同屈服准则对理论预测的影响并不大。而基于不同失稳理论的理论曲线之间差距很大。基于SWIFT分散性失稳理论的FLC曲线比试验测定的曲线要高。基于HILL集中性失稳理论的FLC右半边曲线不可用。应用MK理论的FLC预测曲线与试验结果最为接近,所以MK可以作为理论计算预测成形极限图的有效方式。     

流动法则和屈服准则对板料成形极限预测的影响

基于前期研究所建立的非关联流动模型,进一步结合MMFC和M-K成形极限预测理论,计算了铝合金和先进高强钢的成形极限.针对AA5754-O、AA5182-O、DP600和TRIP780这4种材料,基于Hill48和Gotoh屈服准则计算了成形极限图,并引入了关联和非关联两种流动法则进行对比.结果表明,基于MMFC理论计算...     

基于韧性断裂准则的铝合金板材成形极限预测

为了准确地预测铝合金板材成形极限，将韧性断裂准则引入到数值模拟中。在数值模拟获得的应力应变值基础上，采用简单拉伸试验和数值模拟相结合的方法确定了韧性断裂准则中的材料常数，并应用该韧性断裂准则预测了铝合金LYl2(M)的圆筒件拉深和半球形凸模胀形的成形极限。预测结果与实验值吻合较好，该韧性断裂准则能够预测铝合金板材成形极限。     

一种建立板料成形极限应力图的新方法

基于塑性理论建立了比例加载条件下双向拉伸应力应变关系,结合Swift分散性失稳准则,提出了一种建立板料成形极限应力图的方法。分别应用Hill 48和Hosford屈服准则以及单向拉伸性能参数,建立了铝合金板(r<1)和薄钢板(r>1)两种材料的成形极限应力图(FLSD),分析表明,不同的屈服准则的选取对于成形极限应力曲线有不同的影响,对于不同类型的材料屈服准则的影响程度也不同。与由通常的成形极限图(FLD)转换所得到的成形极限应力图(FLSD)进行了对比分析,结果表明,所提出的方法计算过程更为简便,并能较为准确地建立成形极限应力图,可以作为复杂加载路径下的成形极限破裂判据。     

The development of a forming limit surface for 5083 aluminum alloy sheet

A custom mechanical stretching setup based on the Nakazima method was designed and built for testing sheet metals at elevated temperatures. Specimens from a fine-grained 5083 aluminum alloy sheet were deformed at various temperatures, spanning between those associated with warm forming (250°C) and hot forming (550°C). Circle grid analysis of the deformed specimens produced the forming limit curves at each of the covered temperatures, hence revealing the great influences of forming temperature on the material’s formability limits. Finally, all the curves were combined to construct a unique three-dimensional forming limit surface, which we present here as a more comprehensive map for describing material formability limits at wide-ranging temperatures.     

7075-T6铝合金板温热成形极限图实验

研究7075-T6铝合金板在温热状态下成形性能,采用电化学腐蚀网格法,利用热力耦合条件下的通用板材成形性能实验机和网格应变自动测量分析系统,获得了7075-T6铝合金板在温热状态下(室温~200℃)的成形极限图(FLD)。实验表明,7075-T6铝合金板的成形极限曲线受温度影响显著,并随温度的升高而上升。基于实验数据,建立了不同温度下7075-T6铝合金板成形极限图的计算模型。     

Effect of void nucleation and growth on forming limit diagrams of textured aluminum alloy sheets

A numerical code has been developed to calculate Forming Limit Diagrams (FLDs) of textured aluminum alloy sheets. This code is based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) model, but allows for void nucleation and growth so that limit strains and fracture strains can be predicted. The strain induced void nucleation model was employed together with the Cocks and Ashby’s void growth model. The influences of initial texture, texture evolution, and void nucleation and growth during deformation on the FLDs of an Al-Mg alloy were all investigated. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the predictions and measured data, It was also shown that the introduction of void damage into the old M-K model can lead to more reasonable and accurate predictions.     

数字图像相关法在薄板成形极限测定中的应用

成形极限曲线可展现板料在塑性失稳前所能达到的最大变形程度,是板料成形分析中的重要判据。为获得准确的试验成形极限曲线,该文通过刚性半球凸模胀形试验、采用数字散斑图像相关方法对AA6061铝板的成形极限曲线进行测定,得出了成形极限试验测定和极限应变提取的方法;通过对AA6061铝板进行盒形件拉深试验,建立拉深过程的有限元模型,比较了数值模拟和试验测定的极限拉深深度。比较结果表明,数字图像相关方法能够有效获取变形过程中的全场应变信息、搜索临界破裂状态,且能采用曲线拟合方式计算极限应变,避免了人为误差,提高了测量精度。拉深试验表明,所测成形极限曲线对拉深极限具有较高的预测精度。     

Evaluation of forming limit in viscous pressure forming of automotive aluminum alloy 6k21-T4 sheet

A ductile fracture criterion is introduced into numerical simulation to predict viscous pressure forming limit of the automotive body aluminum alloy 6k2 l-T4. The material constant in the ductile fracture criterion is determined by the combination of the viscous pressure bulging （VPB） test with numerical simulation. VPB tests of the aluminum alloy sheet are carried out by using various elliptical dies with different ratios of major axis to minor axis（β）, and the bugling processes are simulated by the aid of the finite element method software LS-DYNA3D. On the basis of the stress and strain calculated from numerical simulations, the forming limits of bulging specimens obtained are predicted by the ductile fracture criterion, and compared with experimental results. The fracture initiation site and the minimal thickness predicted by the ductile fracture criterion are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

铝合金板温成形过程中拉深筋处摩擦的测量

在温成形过程中铝合金板与模具表面的接触和摩擦行为十分复杂,不同的接触区域摩擦状况不尽相同.分析了板料成形中摩擦测量的国内外发展状况,采用自行设计的新型摩擦测量装置完成了铝合金板温成形过程中拉深筋处摩擦系数的测量.该测量装置的特点是可以模拟板料的真实变形过程,采用楔形铝合金板试件,通过楔形槽产生周向挤压,来模拟法兰区板料成形时的增厚趋势,添加了加温和温控装置来模拟温成形时的温度环境,从而获得更为准确的测量结果.     

Logistic regression analysis for experimental determination of forming limit diagrams

The forming limit diagram (FLD) is probably the most common representation of sheet metal formability and can be defined as the locus of the principal planar strains where failure is most likely to occur. Experimental determination of the FLD consists in performing a set of formability tests on a sheet metal blank, where a regular grid has been previously etched. After each test, the deformation of the grid is measured and the relative strains computed. Strains observed closely at the fracture location are related to as ‘failed’ points, while strains observed on the sound areas of the specimens are labelled as ‘safe’ points. Starting from a set of experimental tests, the FLD should be empirically determined through a statistical analysis of collected data. In fact, statistical approaches (such as linear regression) are required to properly account for the internal randomness of failure occurrence. Linear regression, as well as most of the other empirical approaches in the scientific literature, takes into account only information related to the safe points.This paper proposes a different approach, the logistic regression, for the empirical determination of FLDs. Logistic regression allows to directly derive the probability of an event (e.g. the failure) as a function of different predictor variables (both the principal planar strains). Therefore, by using logistic regression, the process designer can directly associate the failure probability to the scrapping costs, in order to economically evaluate a new sheet metal forming operation.Logistic regression allows the determination of the FLD by including information concerning both safe and failed points.     

Yield and strain rate potentials for aluminum alloy sheet forming design

In this paper, potentials that analytically describe the plastic behavior of orthotropic metals are reviewed. These potentials, yield functions or strain rate potentials were expressed in six-dimensional stress or strain rate spaces, respectively. Some of the recently developed potentials that are consistent with polycrystal plasticity models are briefly discussed and applied to computational analysis and design of sheet metal forming processes.