渠道潜冰底面水压力分布特性的数值模拟研究

潜入冰盖底面的冰凌称为潜冰,潜冰的停滞和堆积可能形成冰塞、冰坝等严重的冰情现象。潜冰的运动形式与其底面的水压力密切相关。本文采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型,对潜冰底面的压力分布进行了三维数值模拟研究。通过与Larsen的试验数据对比,验证了该数值模型的可靠性与正确性。潜冰底面的水压力是前缘分流效应与文丘里效应共同作用的结果。模拟结果表明:潜冰底面前缘效应与文丘里效应不仅与冰盖下平均流速V,相对水深t/h密切相关,而且随相对宽度b/B而变化:文丘里效应与b/B呈正比,前缘效应与b/B呈幂相关。通过对数值模拟结果进行分析,得到了考虑潜冰宽度影响的潜冰底面文丘里效应压强和前缘效应压强的计算公式,并在此基础上提出了潜冰底面水压力的估算公式。     

高淹没度下平底宽顶堰流量计算问题探讨

对高淹没度平底宽顶堰流量计算存在的问题进行研究,说明现有的2个基本计算公式之间存在较大的计算误差,通过分析大量的实测资料和试验资料,提出高淹没度下的淹没系数计算公式,并将计算值与实测资料进行比较,得出该公式计算的流量平均计算精度比现有的2个基本计算公式计算精度提高了8%~13%的结论。     

Wave interaction with a floating rectangular box near a vertical wall with step type bottom topography

Diffraction of water waves by a floating structure near a wall with step type bottom topography is investigated under the two-dimensional small amplitude wave theory. Full solution of the problem under the potential flow approach is obtained by using the matched eigenfunction expansion method. The wave-induced forces on the structure and on the wall are studied for different water depth ratios, dimension of the structure and the distance of the wall from the structure.

     

A semi-analytical solution for characteristics of a dam-reservoir system with absorptive reservoir bottom

In this study, a semi-analytical formulation based on the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method （SBFEM） was proposed and used to obtain the solution for the characteristics of a two-dimensional dam-reservoir system with absorptive reservoir bottom in the frequency domain. For simplicity, the dam with arbitrary upstream faces was assumed to be rigid and was subjected to a horizontal ground acceleration, while the reservoir with absorptive bottom was assumed to be semi-infinite. The reservoir was divided into two sub-domains： a near-field sub-domain and a far-field sub-domain. The near-field sub-domain with arbitrary geometry was modelled by the Finite Element Method （FEM）, while the effects of the far-field sub-domain which was assumed to be horizontal were described by a semi-analytical formation. The semi-analytical formulation involved the effect of absorptive reservoir bottom, as well as the radiation damping effect of a semi-infinite reservoir. A FEM/SBFEM coupling formulation was presented to solve dam-reservoir coupled problems. The accuracy and efficiency of the coupling formulation were demonstrated by computing some benchmark examples. Highly accurate results are produced even if the near-field sub-domain is very small.     

Hydraulic characteristics of bottom underlay-type pier for water-wing control

The pier, placed at the outlet of the pressure flow section, is an effective design to deal with the problems of the manufacture and operation of the gates fbr a discharge tunnel with high water head. It is crucial to control the water-wing, induced by this type of the pier. Through observing the phenomena of the water-wing, the reason of the water-wing inception, i.e., the concave of the flow surface, was presented, and a type of the new pier with bottom underlay was designed. The hydraulic characteristics of the pier, including the variations of the water-wing features, both length and height, with the water head, as well as with the concave depth, and with the height of the bottom underlay, and the variations of the concave depth with the height of the bottom underlay, were investigated by physical model experiments. The results show that the approach of the modification of the concave through the structures with the bottom underlay-type pier is remarkably effective in the water-wing control.     

护岸不护底水垫塘底板冲刷特性试验研究

针对乌东德水电站下游水垫深厚的特点,坝后水垫塘拟采用护岸不护底布置型式。通过1∶100水工整体模型试验,观测分析了坝后水垫塘底板基岩的冲刷特性。不同型式泄水孔对底板冲刷影响的比较研究表明:在边表孔挑角、中间表孔俯角的布置格局下,较大泄量工况时,底板基岩均受到不同程度的冲刷;表孔挑坎段增设齿坎不能有效减轻底板基岩的冲刷;在边表孔俯角、中间表孔挑角的布置下,底板基岩冲刷较轻微。     

透空潜坝附近水流特性的数值模拟

透空式潜坝是一种兼顾生态和环境的新型整治建筑物。为深入了解透空潜坝附近水流特性,基于N-S方程和不可压缩气液两相流理论建立三维数值水槽,对梯形透空式潜坝附近水流特性进行数值模拟,研究了透空率、水深和流速对潜坝附近流场、紊动能和涡量等水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同水流条件下,随着透空率的增大,坝后回流流速减小,坝后根部紊动强度逐渐增大,而坝后1~4倍坝高范围内紊动强度逐渐减小,涡量先增大后减小。透空率不变情况下,在相同断面平均流速条件下随着水深增大,透水率逐渐减小,潜坝附近紊动强度整体减小,但紊动范围变化不大,坝顶强涡量区面积减小。在相同水深条件下随着断面平均流速增大,涡旋回流强度逐渐增大,潜坝附近高紊动区紊动强度整体也增大, 坝体顶侧和透水圆孔附近正负涡量间隔分布,强度逐渐增大。     

含沉水植物河道水流流速特性研究

在梯形平底水槽中,用塑料草模拟了沉水植物对水流的影响。结果表明:(1)流速不同、相对植物高度不同的情况下,植物对流速的影响是不同的;(2)含沉水植物的水流垂向流速分布曲线存在一条流速分界线,在其上部流速变大,下部流速变小,流速分界线在植物冠层以上,在相对水深h/H=0.3附近;(3)两株植物叶片之间是否有交叉重叠对水流的阻碍作用是有区别的;有交叉重叠时会额外增加水流阻力;在流速分界线以下,叶片有交叉重叠时流速减小幅度较大。     

Generation and evolution characteristics of the mushroom-like vortex generated by a submerged round laminar jet

This paper studies the formation mechanism and the evolution characteristics of the mushroom-like vortex generated by a submerged laminar round jet based on experiments, CFD simulation and a theoretica...     

梯形透水潜坝三维水流特性的数值模拟

基于OpenFOAM开源程序包,对4种透空率(0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4)潜坝的三维流场进行数值模拟,研究了透空率和流量对透水潜坝周围三维水流特性的影响规律。结果表明:相同流量条件下,随着透空率增大,坝后回流减弱,上升流高度降低,缓流区范围减小,涡量减小,坝体腔内及坝后透水圆孔附近紊动能增大;相同透空率条件下,随着流量增大,坝后缓流区范围增大,回流逐渐减弱,掺混紊动作用加剧,涡量及紊动能的大小和影响范围也逐渐增大。     

Wave radiation and diffraction by a floating rectangular structure with an opening at its bottom in oblique seas

The radiation and the diffraction of linear waves by a rectangular structure with an opening at its bottom floating in oblique seas of finite depth are investigated. Analytical expressions for the radiated potentials and the diffracted potential are obtained by use of the method of separation of variables and the eigenfunction expansion method, with the unknown coefficients being determined by the boundary conditions and the matching requirement on the interface. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the wave excitation forces are verified using the symmetry properties of coupled hydrodynamic coefficients and one specific example investigated previously. By use of the present analytical-numerical solution, the influences of the angle of incidence, the width of the opening on the wave forces and the hydrodynamic coefficients are investigated. It is also found that in the oblique sea the external excitation frequency that can lead to the resonance of a rectangular tank depends on the wave direction and the wave number of the incident wave.     

防射水式门楣对潜孔事故闸门闭门特性影响研究

为降低大型水电站泄洪中孔（或底孔）事故闸门闭门过程中的门体振动,减小门槽及门槽附近区域的脉动压力强度,改善中孔流道流态,以乌东德水电站5号泄洪中孔作为研究对象,建立1〖DK(〗∶〖DK)〗25水工试验模型,研究了事故闸门动水关闭过程中中孔内水流流态、沿程压力及闸门压力等特性,分析了设置通气管、设置防射水式门楣以及常规门楣加高3种方案对闸门闭门动力特性的影响。结果表明：增设防射水式门楣结构可以有效阻断高速水流冲击门体,降低闸门振动,改善中孔流道及闸门受力条件,确保闸门安全、可靠完成动水闭门。相关经验可供类似工程借鉴。     

河闸泄流特性及对应洪水淹没范围模拟试验研究

为验证数值模拟与物理模型试验在河流水动力、河闸泄流特性及洪水淹没模拟方面的适用性,以盘锦市辽河口段双台子河感潮河段为研究对象进行了物理模型试验,随后基于MIKE系列软件(MIKE11/21/FLOOD)构建了河流水动力及洪水淹没数值模型,并与物理模形试验相互对比验证。结果表明:数值模型与物理模型模拟结果相近,两者在实际应用中各具特点与优势。     

含柔性沉水植物明渠水流运动特性试验研究

采用激光多普勒流速仪(LDV)试验研究含柔性沉水植物的水流运动。试验结果表明:流速沿垂线分布呈S形,分为3个区域,即植物内部区、过渡区和上部区。植物密度对过渡区内流速影响显著,在该区内,植物密度越大则流速梯度越大。含植物水流的紊动强度和雷诺应力都明显增大,它们在垂线分布上有相似之处,都是在植物顶层的位置上达到最大值,说明在此区域内存在较强的能量交换和剪切作用;二者在植物顶层上部区域随着水深的增加而减小,在植物内部区随着水深的增加而增大。     

航行体有攻角出水全过程数值模拟

水下航行体高速出水时,空泡溃灭会产生较大的弯矩载荷,是其结构强度的主要设计依据.本文基于计算流体方法与结构动力学方法的单向耦合,建立了航行体有攻角出水全过程数值模拟方法,并针对抽象的典型工况进行了较大规模的并行计算,最终得到了航行体关键截面的全时程载荷响应.进一步通过分析航行体空泡形状和表面压力的演化特征,解释了航行体出水载荷的直接形成原因.     

不同入射角浅俯淹没射流水力特性试验研究

该文设计不同入射角的浅俯淹没射流,对水垫塘中轴面二维流场的水力特性开展试验研究,得到了不同入射角的底板动水压强分布规律和淹没射流区及贴壁射流区的最大流速沿程分布,滞点及其最大底板动水压强和最大近底流速与入射角间的关系式。研究结果表明,不同入射角的浅俯淹没射流作用在底板上的动水压强,尤其在冲击区半扩展长度范围,具有相似的分布规律。入射角大于25°时,淹没射流沿入射角直线扩散;入射角小于25°时,淹没射流主体段在下游漩滚挤压作用下向上游偏转,动水压强最大的冲击滞点偏向上游。     

不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响

自然河道中植被呈现多种多样的分布状态,为探究不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响,利用室内水槽模拟含刚性淹没植被的明渠进行试验研究。结果表明:刚性淹没植被的布置形态对明渠流水流特性影响显著。在本文研究的植被布置形态下的水深、植被阻力系数与植被粗糙系数均增大,表现为交错型布置斑块型布置线性布置;流速与雷诺数均减小,表现为线性布置斑块型布置交错型布置;糙率n随着平均流速与水力半径之积VR的增大而减小。