纳米氧化锌/二氧化硅杂化体的制备及其对天然橡胶复合材料性能的影响

采用3-氰基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（CTOS）对二氧化硅（SiO₂）进行了氰基化改性,并采用热溶剂法将纳米ZnO沉积于氰基官能化SiO₂（SiO₂-CN）表面,制备出纳米氧化锌/二氧化硅杂化体（ZnO@SiO₂）,并使用X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电镜等对杂化结构进行表征。将ZnO@SiO₂作为填料添加入天然橡胶中制备复合材料（NR/ZnO@SiO₂）,然后对ZnO@SiO₂与橡胶的界面关系进行了分析,并研究了ZnO@SiO₂对橡胶复合材料的硫化特性、力学性能的影响。结果表明,纳米ZnO成功沉积在SiO₂-CN表面,并且NR/ZnO@SiO₂复合材料表现出优异的机械性能和硫化特性。与天然橡胶相比,仅添加5份杂化体的NR/ZnO@SiO₂复合材料的拉伸强度、100%定伸及300%定伸强度分别增加了150.2%、86.2%和65.5%,并且正硫化时间缩短了38.5%。     

Evolution of the Morphology of Zinc Oxide/Silica Particles Made by Spray Combustion

Pure and mixed ZnO–SiO₂ particles were made by flame-spray pyrolysis of zinc acetate and hexamethyldisiloxane or SiO₂ sol dispersed in methanol or water-in-oil emulsion, respectively. The product particles were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, infrared absorption, and X-ray diffraction. The evolution of solid or hollow particle formation along the flame axis was unraveled by transmission electron microscopy after collection by thermophoretic sampling. The effects of silicon precursor and solvent on product particle characteristics were evaluated. The characteristics of the product particles were controlled by the Si precursor and solvent.     

均匀沉淀法制备纳米ZnO反应体系pH值的控制计算

尿素的水解产物能与ZnO的中间产物生成络合物,以尿素为沉淀剂均匀沉淀法制备纳米ZnO反应过程的pH值必须严格控制。根据同时平衡原理和质量平衡原理对Zn-NH3-H2O体系进行热力学分析和计算,并在此基础上绘制了Zn-NH3-H2O锌的平衡总浓度对数-pH图,研究了沉淀物的稳定存在区,为均匀沉淀法制备纳米ZnO提供了重要的理论参数。     

Effect of Polyelectrolyte Dispersants on the Preparation of Silica-Coated Zinc Oxide Particles in Aqueous Media

Sodium silicate was utilized to obtain a SiO₂ coating on ZnO particles to prevent a photocatalytic reaction between ZnO and phenol. During the coating process, pH control is important to avoid dissolution of the ZnO as well as to obtain a good dispersion. Two kinds of polyelectrolyte dispersants were used to control the surface charge of the ZnO particles in aqueous media. As a result, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) shifted the isoelectric point of ZnO from pH 9 to pH 10, whereas poly(ammonium acrylate) (PAA) made the surface charge of ZnO negative between pH 6 and pH 11. The change in the ZnO surface charge produced by adding polyelectrolyte dispersants makes it possible to obtain uniform silica–coated ZnO particle in aqueous media. UV–irradiation experiments showed that PEI, which can make the surface charge opposite to that of SiO₂, is more effective in obtaining a thick silica coating on ZnO.     

双极性膜电渗析技术在硅溶胶制备中的应用研究

研究了利用双极性膜电渗析法制备硅溶胶的工艺过程 ,对滴加浓硅酸钠溶液、恒电流密度操作过程中 ,膜单元电位降、膜电位的变化情况进行了探讨 ,并提出恒电位的操作方法。在恒电位操作过程中 ,控制体系的pH值为 9.5、膜单元电位降Vu=4.5V ,则最大操作电流密度可达 15 0mA·cm- 2 ,实验条件的平均电流效率在 78%～ 90 %之间。所制备的产品硅溶胶稳定性在半年以上 ,平均粒径为 5～ 16nm ,粘度在 1× 10 - 3～ 8× 10 - 3Pa·s之间     

纳米ZnO的制备及其光催化性能研究

本文以羟丙基纤维素（HPC）作为分散剂,运用沉淀法制备出了粒径均匀的ZnO颗粒.通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）,X射线衍射（XRD）,紫外可见光吸收光谱,光致发光谱（PL）对ZnO进行了性能表征,并探讨了其形成机理及制备中的影响因素.利用纳米ZnO作为光催化剂对有机染料罗丹明B进行了光降解实验,实验结果表明,此方法制备的ZnO具有良好的光催化性能,有望在治理环境污染等领域具有良好的应用.     

外加磁场改性PVDF膜的研制

本实验通过添加纳米无机材料(纳米氧化铁)到PVDF铸膜液中,同时添加外加磁场使膜中的电荷进行重新排列,并通过相转化法制备了纳米氧化铁/PVDF复合超滤膜。本实验亦探讨了外加磁场对膜结构和性能的影响,并采用现代仪器分析方法和过滤操作对改性膜的表面形貌结构,过滤性以及膜结晶程度进行了研究和分析。     

利用连续式膜气液接触器制备纳米CaCO3:粒子形貌和膜污染（英文）

Nanosized calcium carbonate particles were prepared with a continuous gas-liquid membrane contactor. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration, CO2 pressure and liquid flow velocity on the particles morphology, pressure drop and membrane fouling were studied. With rising Ca(OH)2 concentrations, the average size of the particles increased. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration and CO2 pressure on particles were not apparent under the experimental conditions. When the Ca(OH)2 concentration and liquid flow velocity were high, or the CO2 pressure was low, the fouling on the membrane external surface at the contactor entrance was serious due to liquid leakage, whereas the fouling was slight at exit. The fouling on the membrane inner-surface at entrance was apparent due to adsorption of raw materials. The membrane can be recovered by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and reused for at least 6 times without performance deterioration.     

Influence of zinc oxide during different stages of sulfur vulcanization. Elucidated by model compound studies

The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an activator for the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers enhances the vulcanization efficiency and vulcanizate properties and reduces the vulcanization time. The first part of this article deals with the reduction and optimization of the amount of ZnO. Two different rubbers, solution‐styrene‐butadiene rubber and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber, have been selected for this study. The results demonstrate that the curing and physical properties can be retained when the level of ZnO (Red Seal) is reduced to 1 or 2 phr, respectively. Of particular interest is nano‐ZnO, characterized by a nanoscale particle distribution. The cure characteristics indicate that with nano‐ZnO, a reduction of zinc by a factor of 10 can be obtained. In the second part, model compound vulcanization is introduced to investigate the effects of ZnO during the different stages of vulcanization. Experiments are described with two models, squalene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene, both with benzothiazolesulfenamide‐accelerated vulcanization systems. The results demonstrate the influence of ZnO during the different stages of the vulcanization. With ZnO present, a marked decrease can be observed in the sulfur concentration during an early stage of vulcanization, along with a slight delay in the disappearance of the crosslink precursor. The crosslinked product distribution is influenced as well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1388–1404, 2005     

Development and Screening of a Series of Antibody‐Conjugated and Silica‐Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeting the Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen

The prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an established target for the delivery of cancer therapeutic and imaging agents due to its high expression on the surface of prostate cancer cells and within the neovasculature of other solid tumors. Here, we describe the synthesis and screening of antibody‐conjugated silica‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles for PSMA‐specific cell targeting. The humanized anti‐PSMA antibody, HuJ591, was conjugated to a series of nanoparticles with varying densities of polyethylene glycol and primary amine groups. Customized assays utilizing iron spectral absorbance and enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) were developed to screen microgram quantities of nanoparticle formulations for immunoreactivity and cell targeting ability. Antibody and PSMA‐specific targeting of the optimized nanoparticle was evaluated using an isogenic PSMA‐positive and PSMA‐negative cell line pair. Specific nanoparticle targeting was confirmed by iron quantification with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). These methods and nanoparticles support the promise of targeted theranostic agents for future treatment of prostate and other cancers.     

Antifungal Effect of Nanoparticles against COVID-19 Linked Black Fungus: A Perspective on Biomedical Applications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has caused a ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19) pandemic in multiple waves, which threatens human health and public safety. During this pandemic, some patients with COVID-19 acquired secondary infections, such as mucormycosis, also known as black fungus disease. Mucormycosis is a serious, acute, and deadly fungal infection caused by Mucorales-related fungal species, and it spreads rapidly. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid high mortality and morbidity rates. Major risk factors for this disease include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression that can also facilitate increases in mucormycosis infections. The extensive use of steroids to prevent the worsening of COVID-19 can lead to black fungus infection. Generally, antifungal agents dedicated to medical applications must be biocompatible, non-toxic, easily soluble, efficient, and hypoallergenic. They should also provide long-term protection against fungal growth. COVID-19-related black fungus infection causes a severe increase in fatalities. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of novel and efficient antimicrobial agents. Recently, nanoparticle-containing products available in the market have been used as antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial growth, but little is known about their efficacy with respect to preventing fungal growth, especially black fungus. The present review focuses on the effect of various types of metal nanoparticles, specifically those containing silver, zinc oxide, gold, copper, titanium, magnetic, iron, and carbon, on the growth of various types of fungi. We particularly focused on how these nanoparticles can impact the growth of black fungus. We also discussed black fungus co-infection in the context of the global COVID-19 outbreak, and management and guidelines to help control COVID-19-associated black fungus infection. Finally, this review aimed to elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 and mucormycosis.     

制备条件对钴掺杂二氧化硅溶胶胶粒粒径和膜孔结构的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,六水合硝酸钴(Co(NO_3)_3·6H_2O)为钴源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,通过溶胶-凝胶-模板技术制备了不同条件下的微孔钴掺杂二氧化硅膜。研究了酸量、水量、钴掺杂量、焙烧温度对溶胶胶粒粒径及膜材料孔结构的影响。结果表明:酸和水添加量以及焙烧温度相对于钴掺杂量是主要的影响因素。溶胶胶粒粒径随着酸量的增多先减小后增大,在HNO_3/TEOS摩尔比为0.055时溶胶胶粒粒径达到最小值;随着水量的增大而粒径增大,且粒径分布变宽,在H_2O/TEOS摩尔比为10时最明显;随着酸量和焙烧温度的增大,膜材料的比表面积和微孔孔容先增大后降低,在HNO_3/TEOS摩尔比为0.085时,450℃焙烧的膜材料的比表面积和微孔孔容达到最大值。     

Preparation of Anti-Fouling Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane by an External High Voltage Electric Enhancing Method

In this article, a novel method of applying high voltage (1–5 kV) to the conventional immersion precipitation phase inversion process was used to prepare polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes when PVP (30 K) was used as an additive. The effects of the external electric field on the structure, surface functional groups, membrane potential, and surface hydrophilicity of the membranes were researched. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption amounts on the membranes and the separation performances of the membranes were measured. It was found that the external electric field influenced the surface carbonyl groups, surface hydrophilicity, and potential of the membranes. With the increase of the external voltage, the surface hydrophilicity and the membrane potential decreased. It seemed that the external voltage had no influence on the cross-section structure of the membranes, but the surface porosity density slightly reduced when the external voltage increased. In basic BSA solution, the protein adsorption amount on the electric enhanced membranes was distinctly reduced when compared with an un-enhanced membrane, and the rejection was also improved. Consequently, the prepared electric enhanced PES membranes had distinctive anti-fouling properties.     

Electrophoretic deposition of ZnO–CeO2 mixed oxide nanoparticles

ZnO–CeO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by microwave combustion and deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The effect of using two different alcohols, ethanol and methanol, was investigated on EPD behavior and morphology of deposited film. Moreover, the effect of concentration of nanoparticles and applied voltage on the mass of deposit and the variation in the current density were investigated. With a change in the alcohol type, the surface morphology of deposition changed and some voids were observed on the deposition surface in ethanol. In all cases, with increasing concentration of nanoparticles in suspension, the number of developed cracks increased. Besides, a rise in voltage led to an increase in the number of cracks. The EPD processes in ethanol and methanol suspension were simulated over time using different zero boundary conditions. Hemi‐spherical morphology was seen for the nanoparticles deposited in ethanol. This kind of growth was simulated based on the changes in electrical field.     

二氧化硅对纳米氧化锌热稳定性的影响

为了抑制纳米氧化锌的光催化活性,通过硅酸钠水解生成二氧化硅对氧化锌进行表面包覆。对包覆二氧化硅的纳米氧化锌进行热处理,研究了二氧化硅对纳米氧化锌热稳定性的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、氮吸附仪和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对所得样品进行表征,并对纳米氧化锌的光稳定性进行评价。结果表明,合适的热处理温度为600℃,适当的热处理有助于提高包覆层的均匀性和致密性,而且在热处理过程中纳米氧化锌的晶粒生长得到了有效抑制。     

乳化液膜法制备草酸锌微细颗粒

采用乳化液膜法制备出草酸锌微细颗粒,乳化液膜体系以煤油为油相,以含量高于95%的二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯为载体,选取丁二酰亚胺类表面活性剂T155为膜相稳定剂,内、外水相分别为草酸和硝酸锌溶液,外水相Zn2 透过膜相与内水相草酸结合生成草酸锌微细颗粒。反应在40min时基本平衡,Zn2 萃取率达到90%。实验考察了反应条件对产物粒径的影响,研究表明,粒径随表面活性剂用量的增加、油水比(O/A)的增大而减小,外水相Zn2 浓度的降低可以有效地减小颗粒的粒径。TG、SEM和XRD分析证明合成产物是含两个结晶水的均匀草酸锌颗粒。将制得样品在500℃下煅烧2 h得到粒径均匀的六方纤锌矿晶系ZnO颗粒。     

Contribution of Main Pollutants in Oilfield Polymer-Flooding Wastewater to the Total Membrane Fouling Resistance

Polymer flooding technology has been used in the oilfield, but huge amounts of polymer-flooding wastewater are produced with oil extraction. Therefore, the treatment and recycle of this wastewater become very significant. In this study, the membrane technology was used to treat synthetic oilfield polymer-flooding wastewater in laboratory-scale dead-end/cross-flow test unit with flat polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (MW 100 kDa). We systematically inspected the membrane fouling mechanism, the variety of total fouling resistance, the dominant resistance, and the filtration proceeds in the filtration process. The orthogonal method and multivariate linear regression method were applied to analyze the influencing degree of main pollutants concentration which contains partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), oil and suspended solid on the total membrane fouling resistance. According to a comparison of the average rates of change of total membrane fouling resistance for the HPAM concentration, oil concentration, and suspended solid (SS) concentration in single solute solution, double solute solution, synthetic oilfield polymer-flooding wastewater, and the value of pH, HPAM can decrease the average rate of change of total membrane fouling resistance for other two solutes and has the crucial effect on the total membrane fouling resistance. The sequence of influence degree on the total membrane fouling resistance is the HPAM concentration > oil concentration > suspended solid concentration. Moreover, the membrane cleaning effect was studied by using SEM images and the pure water flux.     

聚砜/纳米TiO2有机-无机复合超滤膜的制备与表征

用阴离子表面活性剂改性的纳米TiO2,加入到聚砜铸膜液中,采用相转化法制备了分散均匀的聚砜/ TiO2复合超滤膜.通过测定纯水通量、对牛血清蛋白的截留率、水接触角、粘度、抗污染性、机械强度等实验,研究了不同TiO2加入量对膜的超滤性能和力学性能的影响.并在扫描电镜下观察了膜的表面与断面形态,测定了膜的孔密度、孔隙率、孔径及其分布,从而考察了添加纳米TiO2对膜微观结构的影响.结果表明,当纳米TiO2的加入量为2%(wt)时,膜的孔隙率增大,平均孔径减小;同时膜的性能得到了明显的改善,纯水通量提高了69%,同时膜的抗压强度和断裂强度也分别提高了50%和26.7%,并且膜的亲水性也明显增强,水接触角由72.1度降低到41.4度,从而使膜的抗污染性明显改善.但进一步增加TiO2的浓度(3%(wt)以上),膜的机械强度、亲水性和超滤性能反而下降.因此在聚砜膜中适量地添加纳米TiO2粒子,可明显改善膜的亲水性和力学性能,提高膜的通量,增强膜的抗污染能力,从而拓宽了膜的应用领域.     

膜分离法处理低浓度含锌废水的实验研究

通过考察膜分离过程中各操作条件对分离效果的影响,特别是低压操作条件下RO和强化UF膜分离过程中,添加剂种类和含量、重金属浓度、膜操作压力、反应时间对膜分离过程的截留率、渗透通量等的影响,为该技术的应用和推广提供理论支持。