乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇在活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂上缩合反应

表面活性剂处理的活性炭(C)过量浸渍负载磷钨杂多酸(PW)制备活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂(PW/C);氨气程序升温脱咐对催化剂酸性质表征,结果显示,负载质量分数为30%,催化剂30%PW/C具有最大酸量。反应测试表明,磷钨酸负载量为30%时催化剂具有最大活性,苹果酯收率为87.5%,适宜的原料配比n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,最佳反应温度80℃,最佳反应时间30 m in,表面活性剂处理过的催化剂连续使用9次,苹果酯的收率保持在85%以上。     

乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇在活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂上合反应

表面活性剂处理的活性炭（C）过量浸渍负载磷钨杂多酸（PW）制备活性炭负载磷钨酸催化剂（PW／c）；氨气程序升温脱咐对催化剂酸性质表征，结果显示，负载质量分数为30％，催化剂30％PW／C具有最大酸量。反应测试表明，磷钨酸负载量为30％时催化剂具有最大活性，苹果酯收率为87．5％，适宜的原料配比。（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（乙二醇）=1：1.5，最佳反应温度80℃，最佳反应时间30min，表面活性剂处理过的催化剂连续使用9次，苹果酯的收率保持在85％以上。     

H3PW6Mo6O40/SiO2催化合成苹果酯

以自制二氧化硅负载磷钨钼酸作催化剂,以乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为原料合成苹果酯,探讨二氧化硅负载磷钨钼酸对该反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酯醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响.实验表明:H3PW6Mo6O40/SiO2是合成苹果酯的良好催化剂,在n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.4,催化剂用量...     

磷钨酸掺杂聚苯胺催化剂催化合成苹果酯

自制了磷钨酸(H3PW12O40)掺杂聚苯胺(PAn)催化剂H3PW12O40/PAn。以乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为原料合成苹果酯,较系统地研究了原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明,合成苹果酯的适宜反应条件为n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1 5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1 0%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间50min。上述条件下,苹果酯的收率为81 0%。     

苯磺酸酮催化合成苹果酯

以苯磺酸酮为催化剂,对乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二醇为原料合成苹果酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明苯磺酸酮是合成苹果酯的良好催化剂,最佳反应条件为:n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)为1∶1.5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.5%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间1.0h,苹果酯收率达82.7%。     

光固化环氧丙烯酸酯涂料的改性进展

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸(H3PW12O40/SiO2)为催化剂,苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。探讨H3PW12O40/SiO2对缩醛反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/SiO2是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂;在n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量占反应物量总质量的0.8%,环己烷为带水剂8mL,反应时间45min的最佳条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达60.6%。     

H3PW12O40/SiO2催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以二氧化硅负载磷钨酸(H3PW12O40/SiO2)为催化剂,苯甲醛和乙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛。探讨H3PW12O40/SiO2对缩醛反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/SiO2是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂;在n(苯甲醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量占反应物量总质量的0.8%,环己烷为带水剂8mL,反应时间45min的最佳条件下,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的收率可达60.6%。     

苹果酯的合成工艺研究

以酸化的凹凸棒石黏土为载体,用浸渍法制备了凹凸棒石负载磷钨酸催化剂,并采用XRD、IR和紫外可见分光光度法等手段对催化剂进行了表征。将此用做合成苹果酯的催化剂,考察了反应物的摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等各种因素对苹果酯收率的影响。实验结果表明,凹凸棒石负载磷钨酸催化剂催化活性良好,结构稳定且能够重复使用,并得到较佳工艺条件:n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇)=1.0∶1.5,催化剂用量为2 g,带水剂苯为50 mL,110℃下反应180 min,苹果酯收率可达89.7%。     

H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/ZrO_2-WO_3催化合成己酸丙酯

以H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3为催化剂,己酸和正丙醇为原料合成了己酸丙酯。探讨了H3PW12-O40/ZrO2-WO3对酯化反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酸醇的摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3是合成己酸丙酯的良好催化剂;在n(正丙醇)∶n(己酸)=1.1∶1,催化剂用量占反应物总质量的0.5%,以环己烷为带水剂,用量6mL,反应时间75 min的条件下,己酸丙酯的收率可达64.6%。     

碘掺杂聚苯胺催化剂催化合成苹果酯-B的研究

以I2/PAn为催化剂,对以乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成苹果酯-B的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明:I2/PAn是合成苹果酯-B的良好催化剂,较系统地研究了原料物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。最佳反应条件为:n乙酰乙酸乙酯∶n1,2-丙二醇=1∶1.6,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.6%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间0.75h。上述条件下,苹果酯-B的收率可达80.9%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.