干燥方法对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究干燥方式、工艺参数对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响,采用热风干燥、热风-红外联合干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术,比较其对番石榴总酚、黄酮、抗坏血酸含量、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力、清除2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基能力和铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP ）以及抑制亚油酸过氧化能力的影响。结果表明,与鲜果相比,干燥后番石榴总酚含量显著增加,黄酮和抗坏血酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,抗氧化能力显著降低。真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥得到的总酚、抗坏血酸含量较高,清除自由基及FRAP较高。热风干燥得到的番石榴干制品抑制亚油酸过氧化能力较高。随干燥温度升高,热风和热风-红外联合干燥后的黄酮保留量增加,抗坏血酸含量、清除自由基及FRAP降低。综合来看,真空冷冻干燥和中低温热风干燥（60 ℃和75 ℃）得到的番石榴干制品抗氧化能力较高。Spearman相关性分析表明,DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法测定的抗氧化能力及抗氧化效能综合指数分别与总酚含量的相关系数较高,且DPPH自由基清除能力、抗氧化效能综合指数与总酚含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,说明多酚可能是番石榴干制品主要抗氧化物质。     

干燥方式对睡莲花茶多酚及其抗氧化性的影响

探讨不同干燥方式对睡莲花茶总酚、黄酮含量及抗氧化活性的影响,为睡莲花茶的加工与应用提供参考依据。以睡莲花朵为试验材料,设置不同温度的热风干燥、不同功率的微波干燥以及真空冷冻干燥处理,采用FolinCiocalteus法、NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH法检测各样品的总酚、黄酮含量,采用清除自由基法(DPPH·、ABTS+·)与铁离子还原法(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)评价其抗氧化活性,分析样品总酚、黄酮含量与抗氧化能力的关系。结果表明:不同干燥方法处理睡莲花,干燥速度为微波干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥。400 W微波干燥的样品总酚含量、DPPH·与ABTS+·抗氧化能力最高,分别为187.72 mg GAE/g DW、386.92 mg BE/g DW和162.37 mg BE/g DW,70℃热风干燥的样品黄酮含量最高,为65.58 mg RE/g DW,不同干燥处理的样品抗氧化活性与总酚含量显著相关(P0.05),与其黄酮含量无显著相关(P0.05)。与热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥相比,400 W微波干燥效率高,能较好的保留睡莲花茶中酚类物质,使其具备较强的抗氧化活性。     

干燥方式对无核紫葡萄品质及抗氧化活性的影响

采用自然晒干、热风干燥、荫干和真空冷冻干燥4种常见方法对新鲜无核紫葡萄进行干燥,测定葡萄干的总糖、还原糖、果糖、葡萄糖、总酸、V_C、总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、花青素以及感官指标、抗氧化能力。结果表明:不同干燥方式的无核紫葡萄干品质及抗氧化性差异明显。其中真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥速率最快,分别为3.5,3.0d;荫干速率最慢,为35d。真空冷冻干燥的无核紫葡萄干的总酸、V_C、总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、花青素含量被最大程度保留,分别为34.6%、6.34mg/100g、8.28mg/100g、71.5mg/100g、182.3mg/100g、3.61mg/100g。真空冷冻干燥抗氧化能力强。相关性分析表明酚类物质含量与抗氧化能力有一定的关系。综合分析,真空冷冻干燥适合用于无核紫葡萄的干燥,能较好地保留其营养成分及抗氧化物质含量,抗氧化性强,可作为无核紫葡萄适宜的干燥方法。     

干燥方式对梨枣粉品质特性的影响

研究热风干燥、微波干燥、真空干燥及真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式对梨枣粉理化特性及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:对维生素C含量的影响依次为真空冷冻干燥微波干燥真空干燥热风干燥,对总糖含量的影响无显著性差异,使可滴定酸含量降低。不同干燥方式对梨枣粉中总酚、总黄酮含量有显著性影响。真空冷冻干燥梨枣粉的抗氧化活性明显优于热风干燥及真空干燥。热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥及真空冷冻干燥梨枣粉中酚酸类物质总和分别为39.91,87.46,92.56,110.82 mg/kg。综合来看,真空冷冻干燥技术不仅保留梨枣粉的理化特性,而且利于保持梨枣粉的抗氧化活性。     

干燥方式对百香果皮理化、功能及抗氧化特性的影响

目的：探讨干燥方式对百香果皮的影响。方法：分别采用微波真空冷冻干燥、真空冷冻干燥、热泵干燥和远红外辐射干燥处理百香果皮,并分别测定其干燥特性、复水比、色差、膳食纤维、功能特性、微观结构、总酚含量、总黄酮含量及抗氧化性等指标。结果：热泵干燥百香果皮复水比、功能特性等较差;与远红外辐射干燥相比,微波真空冷冻干燥缩短了53%的干燥时间,且微波真空冷冻干燥处理的百香果皮具有较高的复水比（7.45）、总酚含量（13.45 mg GAE/g DW）和抗氧化活性（DPPH自由基清除率为38.53%,FRAP为1.14 mmol/L）;真空冷冻干燥处理的百香果皮获得了较高的持水力[（21.64±0.21） g/g]、持油力[（6.09±0.71） g/g]、溶胀性[（25.00±1.00） g/g],以及更高的总黄酮含量（7.84 mg RT/g DW）;经不同方式干燥后果皮的复水比、膳食纤维、功能特性、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、抗氧化活性等存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论：干燥方式对百香果皮品质具有显著影响,其中微波真空冷冻干燥是较佳干燥方式。     

紫皮百香果精粉酚类物质剖析及抗氧化活性评价

本研究采用紫皮百香果果肉、果皮及整果为原料,经真空微波提取、浓缩及干燥后制备成3种百香果精粉,分别剖析其总酚、总黄酮、花青素、酚类化合物组成,并采用DPPH、ABTS+和FRAP方法测定其抗氧化能力。结果表明：百香果果肉、果皮和整果精粉中总酚含量依次为126.37、230.34、497.82 mg GAE/100 g DW,总黄酮含量分别为10.06、168.74、426.48 mg RE/100 g DW;果皮和整果精粉花青素单体有矢车菊素、锦葵素、芍药素和飞燕草素4种,其中矢车菊素含量最高,分别为106.82、77.15 mg/100 g DW;3种精粉中酚类物质主要有儿茶素、异荭草素、芦丁和槲皮素等14种;果肉、果皮及整果精粉皆具抗氧化能力,且它们的抗氧化活性与酚类化合物含量呈正相关。     

3种干燥方式对猴头菇活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响

目的研究不同干燥方式对猴头菇品质的影响。方法采用真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥、真空干燥3种不同干燥方式测定猴头菇干品活性成分含量及抗氧化活性,通过DPPH清除能力、还原力、ABTS+清除能力3种抗氧化体系进行综合评价。结果 50℃真空干燥组猴头菇干制品总酚和三萜类活性成分含量最高,分别为17.56 mg/g和2.83 mg/g,随加热温度升高而降低, 70℃真空干燥组的总酚和三萜类含量仅为50℃真空干燥组的53.5%和71.7%;真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥组2种成分含量相差不大,总酚和三萜含量最高的皆为60℃热风干燥组,分别为7.28 mg/g和2.17 mg/g,含量最低的分别是70℃热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥,总酚含量为4.06 mg/g,三萜含量为1.77 mg/g。发现真空干燥组醇提物抗氧化能力好于另外2种干燥方式,且抗氧化能力均随提取液浓度增加变大。结论 50℃真空干燥组猴头菇活性成分含量较高、抗氧化能力相对较强,可更好的应用于干燥和后续加工产品品质提升。     

不同干燥方式对甘薯叶理化特性和抗氧化能力的影响

目的 探究三种不同干燥方式(微波干燥、热风干燥、冷冻干燥)对甘薯叶物化特性的影响。方法 以新鲜甘薯叶为原料,探究三种不同干燥方式对甘薯叶基本成分(水分、蛋白质、总膳食纤维、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、总酚、总黄酮和绿原酸含量)、物化特性(色度、微观结构、胆固醇吸附能力、持水力、持油力和葡萄糖吸附能力)和抗氧化活性(DPPH.清除率、ABTS法自由基抑制率、总还原力和.OH清除能力)以及酚类物质的组成等影响。结果 不同干燥方式对甘薯叶基本成分的影响中,利用热风干燥的甘薯叶水分含量最高,为7.96 g/100 g;冷冻干燥含水量最低,为7.29 g/100 g;冷冻干燥的蛋白质含量、粗脂肪、总酚、总黄酮以及绿原酸含量最高,分别为31.39 g/100 g、3.43 g/100 g、50.73 mg CAE/g DW、18.49 mg RE/g DW、7.05 mg/g DW;热风干燥的总纤维含量最高,为28.8 g/100 g。不同干燥方式对甘薯叶理化指标的影响中,利用冷冻干燥的甘薯叶色泽品质明显优于热风干燥和微波干燥;热风干燥的胆固醇吸附能力和持油力最强,分别为0.23 mg/mL,1.54 g/g;冷冻干燥的持水力和葡萄糖吸附能力最优,分别为7.33 g/g和12.00 mmol/g。抗氧化性上,不同方法测定的抗氧化能力都表现为冷冻干燥＞微波干燥＞热风干燥,冷冻干燥的总还原力、DPPH.清除能力、.OH清除能力、ABTS+^{清除率分别高达}83.34、41.28、9.17、27.21 mg Vc/g。结论 冷冻干燥最适合用来对甘薯叶进行干燥处理。     

不同干燥方式影响雪莲果品质特性的研究

针对雪莲果的干燥,以去皮新鲜雪莲果切分后在相同护色液处理的条件下,开展热风、微波、真空、真空冷冻等不同干燥方式对雪莲果的色差、总黄酮、总糖、花青素、总酚的影响研究。实验结果表明,在热风干燥的条件下,以柠檬酸0.8%+氯化钙0.2%+羧甲基纤维素钠0.01%的复合护色液护色效果最佳;真空冷冻干燥对雪莲果的品质影响最小,总黄酮、总糖、花青素、总酚的含量分别为200.36 mg/100 g、29.03 g/100 g、8.31 mg/g、251.32 mg/100 g;其次是微波干燥,因真空干燥和热风干燥的时间长,所以其对应的含量最低。     

不同干燥方式下紫薯全粉的物性品质及花青素含量

采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥和微波辅助真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式制备紫薯全粉,研究了4种不同干燥方式对紫薯全粉持水力、堆积密度、冻融析水力、微观结构、花青素含量和细胞破损程度等指标的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对紫薯全粉的物性品质及花青素含量影响显著(P<0.05)。真空冷冻干燥制备的紫薯全粉花青素含量(24.61 mg/100 g)、持水性(9.45 g/g)、冻融析水力(0.10 g/g)均优于其他3种干燥方式。其次是微波辅助真空冷冻干燥,紫薯全粉的花青素含量、持水性、冻融析水力分别为19.69 mg/100 g、9.00 g/g、0.25 g/g,其紫薯全粉的碘蓝值最小为2.74。热风干燥与热泵干燥制备的紫薯全粉色泽明亮但花青素含量低,所得的花青素含量分别为9.91和11.72 mg/100 g,仅为微波辅助真空冷冻的50%左右。扫描电镜结果表明,真空冷冻干燥与微波辅助真空冷冻干燥的紫薯全粉颗粒完整光滑。微波辅助真空冷冻干燥在制备块茎薯类全粉各方面表现仅次于真空冷冻干燥,研究为微波辅助真空冷冻干燥技术在块茎薯类全粉制备及其他农产品干燥领域的应用提供了参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the