3D Printing-Directed Synergistic Design of High-Performance Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors and Nanogenerators for All-In-One Self-Powered Energy Wristband

Advanced wearable self-powered energy systems that simultaneously achieve energy harvesting and energy storage offer exciting opportunities for flexible electronics, information communication, and even intelligent environmental monitoring. However, building and integrating synergistic energy storage from energy harvester unit into a single power source is highly challenging. Herein, a unique 3D printing-directed synergistic design of high-performance zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is proposed for the all-in-one self-powered wearable energy wristband. With advanced ink design, high-performance flexible ZIHCs are built up as the excellent energy storage unit with remarkable electrochemical behaviors and synergistic matching from TENGs. An exceptional device capacitance of 239.0 mF cm⁻², moderate potential window, high-rate capability, robust cycling stability, and excellent flexibility are achieved. Intrinsic charge storage process is also revealed, further demonstrating the outstanding electrochemical stability of the in-plane flexible ZIHCs. Moreover, using 3D printing-directed synergistic design, an advanced all-in-one self-powered energy wristband is developed, where an efficient harvesting of body vibration/movement energy and a reliable storage of harvested energy are simultaneously realized, representing a substantial step toward future practical applications in portable and wearable electronics.     

Flexible High-Resolution Triboelectric Sensor Array Based on Patterned Laser-Induced Graphene for Self-Powered Real-Time Tactile Sensing

Flexible tactile sensors are garnering substantial interest for various promising applications, including artificial intelligence, prosthetics, healthcare monitoring, and human–machine interactions (HMI). However, it still remains a critical challenge in developing high-resolution tactile sensors without involving high-cost and complicated manufacturing processes. Herein, a flexible high-resolution triboelectric sensing array (TSA) for self-powered real-time tactile sensing is developed through a facile, mask-free, high-efficient, and environmentally friendly laser direct writing technique. A 16 × 16 pixelated TSA with a resolution of 8 dpi based on patterned laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes (7 Ω sq⁻¹) is fabricated by the complementary intersection overlapping between upper and lower aligned semicircular electrode arrays. With the especially patterning design, the complexity of TSA and the number of data channels is reduced. Meanwhile, the TSA platform exhibits excellent durability and synchronicity and enables the achievement of real-time visualization of multipoint touch, sliding, and tracking motion trajectory without power consumption. Furthermore, a smart wireless controlled HMI system, composed of a 9-digital arrayed touch panel based on a LIG-patterned triboelectric nanogenerator, is constructed to control personal electronics wirelessly. Consequently, the self-powered TSA as a promising platform demonstrates great potential for an active real-time tactile sensing system, wireless controlled HMI, security identification and, many others.     

Triboelectricity Based Self-Powered Digital Displacement Sensor for Aircraft Flight Actuation

The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is on the rise across various industries. In such a scenario, the issue of flight safety for these UAVs becomes increasingly paramount. Currently, UAVs exhibit shortcomings in flight attitude perception compared to more mature manned aircraft, especially concerning the position sensing of flight actuation, which poses significant safety risks. Mature position monitoring solutions for flight actuation used in manned aircraft cannot be directly integrated into systems of UAV due to compatibility issues. This necessitates the development of new position sensing technologies to address this challenge. Triboelectric nanogenerators, with their advantages of miniaturization, self-powering capabilities, and the ability to generate voltage-level electrical signals, are chosen to form a part of the position detection system for sensors in UAVs. In this study, a self-powered displacement sensor is developed that utilizes frictional charge separation signals. This sensor is specifically designed to monitor the position status of the flight actuators in UAV. With a compact volume of <11.1 cm³ and a weight of <9.5 g, this sensor is lightweight efficient and adaptable for practical applications.     

A Flexible Multifunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on MXene/PVA Hydrogel

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) represent an emerging technology in energy harvesting, medical treatment, and information technology. Flexible, portable, and self-powered electronic devices based on TENGs are much desired, whereas the complex preparation processes and high cost of traditional flexible electrodes hinder their practical applications. Here, an MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel TENG (MH-TENG) is presented with simple fabrication, high output performance, and versatile applications. The doping of MXene nanosheets promotes the crosslinking of the PVA hydrogel and improves the stretchability of the composite hydrogel. The MXene nanosheets also form microchannels on surfaces, which not only enhances the conductivity of the hydrogel by improving the transport of ions but also generates an extra triboelectric output via a streaming vibration potential mechanism. The measured open-circuit voltage of the MH-TENG reaches up to 230 V even in a single-electrode mode. The MH-TENG can be stretched up to 200% of the original length and demonstrates a monotonical increasing relationship between the stretchable length and the short-circuit voltage. By utilizing the MH-TENG's outstanding stretchable property and ultrahigh sensitivity to mechanical stimuli, applications in wearable movement monitoring, high-precision written stroke recognition, and low-frequency mechanical energy harvesting are demonstrated.     

Refreshable Braille Display System Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Dielectric Elastomer

The blind mainly relies on Braille books to obtain text information. However, Braille books with invariable content are ponderous and inconvenient to read. Hence, it is essential to find a safe, simple and effective method to develop new Braille devices. This advanced method promises to be the next generation Braille book that is refreshable, flexible, and portable. Therefore, a safe dielectric elastomer Braille device actuated by a triboelectric nanogenerator is designed. It is easy to fabricate, inexpensive, and safe without any potential hazard for blind people. For triboelectric nanogenerators, the friction between two thin films can generate a voltage over 3 kV with a current of just 2 µA to deliver a shape change of the dielectric elastomer membrane. In the meantime, with the support of the pressor air in the chamber, the membrane will be raised up to be a touchable Braille dot. In addition, a programmed switch matrix is designed to control the Braille device with multiple dielectric elastomer dots to realize complicated refreshable display, providing a possibility of a page-size and portable braille e-book for the blind in the near future.     

A Universal Power Management Strategy Based on Novel Sound-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Its Fully Self-Powered Wireless System Applications

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the power supply to trillions of IoT nodes has become a serious challenge. It is of significant importance to propose a rational power management scheme for constructing fully self-powered systems using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this study, as inspired by an embroidery hoop, a new type of TENG without the Helmholtz resonant cavity is developed for collecting sound energy, which can generate the V_oc and I_sc up to 500 V and 124 µA, respectively at a resonance frequency of 170 Hz and sound pressure of 110 dB. Furthermore, the sound-driven TENG integrated with a specially designed power management circuit derived from the universal power management strategy (PMS) can successfully drive a commercial narrow band-IoT wireless node, which realizes periodic temperature and humidity data acquisition and transmission. With the same strategy, an electric switch and a temperature and humidity acquisition system based on Bluetooth technology can also be powered by a contact-separated TENG and a wind-driven TENG, demonstrating excellent versatility, adaptability, and universality of the PMS. This study provides a novel solution for the application of TENG in the field of low-frequency IoT in local and wide areas.     

Stretchable Electrode Based on Laterally Combed Carbon Nanotubes for Wearable Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for use as a flexible electrode in wearable energy devices due to their electrical conductivity, soft mechanical properties, electrochemical activity, and large surface area. However, their electrical resistance is higher than that of metals, and deformations such as stretching can lead to deterioration of electrical performances. To address these issues, here a novel stretchable electrode based on laterally combed CNT networks is presented. The increased percolation between combed CNTs provides a high electrical conductivity even under mechanical deformations. Additional nickel electroplating and serpentine electrode designs increase conductivity and deformability further. The resulting stretchable electrode exhibits an excellent sheet resistance, which is comparable to conventional metal film electrodes. The resistance change is minimal even when stretched by ≈100%. Such high conductivity and deformability in addition to intrinsic electrochemically active property of CNTs enable high performance stretchable energy harvesting (wireless charging coil and triboelectric generator) and storage (lithium ion battery and supercapacitor) devices. Monolithic integration of these devices forms a wearable energy supply system, successfully demonstrating its potential as a novel soft power supply module for wearable electronics.     

Self-Powered Syringe Pump for Insulin Pump Therapy Based on High-Voltage Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Dielectric Elastomer Actuator

Insulin pump therapy (IPT) is commonly utilized for treating type 1 diabetes. However, the insulin pump is generally rigid, and its prolonged use can cause discomfort to patients. Additionally, the device suffers from other drawbacks such as limited battery life. Herein, an IPT system consisting of a dielectric elastomer-based soft syringe pump (DE-SSP) and a high-voltage triboelectric nanogenerator (H-TENG) is introduced, which can achieve stable and adjustable liquid output depending on real-time blood glucose. The maximum pump volume of this IPT can reach 262.4 or 303.7 µL when powered by a DC source or H-TENG, respectively, which is generally sufficient to meet the requirements of the therapy. H-TENG possesses a sensitive self-protection mechanism that minimizes the risk of electrical damage and it can be easily fabricated or repaired and flexibly designed according to the application environment. The proposed IPT system is compatible with different placement angles and utilizes compliant electrodes with good biocompatibility that ensure its safety. It also overcomes common issues including rigidness, relatively fixed bolus delivery options, and short battery life associated with traditional insulin pumps. This study not only demonstrates a combination of H-TENG and DE-based actuators but also opens new avenues for microelectromechanical systems micropumps.     

Neuro-Receptor Mediated Synapse Device Based on Crumpled MXene Ti3C2Tx Nanosheets

Artificial synapse devices can simulate the neuro-transmission in a completely electronic way, but the neuro-biochemical responses are still a challenge for them. Here, a novel three-terminal (3T) neuro-receptor-mediated (acetylcholine receptor (AChR) as a proof-of-concept) synapse device (NR-S) based on the solution–MXene interface is presented. It is demonstrated that the synaptic plasticity behavior triggered by neuro-transmitter (ACh) and the pathogenic autoantibody (AChR-ab) induced neuronal damage that can be detected and recorded. The improved sensitivities, including the linear responses to ACh in an extremely wide range (1 am to 1 µm ) and ultra-low (1 am ) limit of detection, are obtained using crumpled MXene. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed NR-S to determine the tiny neuronal injury caused by only 10 ng mL⁻¹ AChR-ab is conceptually proven. Collectively, the novel 3T NR-S has good application prospects in the field of the neuromorphic chip for not only realizing the bionic simulation of the chemically modulated or injured neuro-transmission but also offering an efficient experimental platform for neuro-biochemistry studies.     

A Multi-Layer Stacked Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on a Rotation-to-Translation Mechanism for Fluid Energy Harvesting and Environmental Protection

Energy shortage and environmental degradation are two important challenges facing humanity. Here, a multi-layer stacked triboelectric nanogenerator (MLS-TENG) based on a rotation-to-translation mechanism is reported for fluid energy harvesting and environmental protection. The mechanism transforms fluid-induced rotation into a reciprocal translation of the MLS-TENG, enabling the conversion of fluid energy into electrical energy. In addition, benefiting from a multi-layer stacked structural design, the open-circuit voltage is increased from 860 to 2410 V and an efficient energy harvesting rate of 2 mJ min⁻¹ is obtained in an actual river. Furthermore, with the assistance of the MLS-TENG, a self-powered wireless temperature and humidity monitoring system and a metal anticorrosion system are successfully established. Ambient monitoring data can be transmitted continuously at an interval of 49.7 s, and the corrosion rate of steel is significantly slowed down. This study provides guidance for efficient harvesting of ambient fluid energy, with promising applications in environmental monitoring and protection.     

基于GIS的态势显示系统设计

近几年来,地理信息系统（GIS）技术在全球得到了迅猛的发展．作为一种最为直观方便的信息显示方式,以GIS系统技术为基础建立起来的各种态势显示系统已经应用到各种领域。介绍采用GIS技术的二维态势显示系统的原理与功能设计。     

利用数字全息和相位恢复算法实现信息加密

提出了一种基于数字全息技术和相位恢复算法的信息加密方法。运用相位恢复算法得到数字全息图的纯相位频谱分布,实现了对全息图的加密;对纯相位频谱分布实施逆傅里叶变换(IFT)则可以得到解密后的全息图。利用菲涅耳近似法和卷积法对解密后的全息图进行数字重构得到了再现像。该加密方法区别于常用的随机相位加密方法,不再需要制作随机相位板。实验结果表明,该加密方法既适用于对二维图像加密,也适用于对三维物体进行加密。     

A Sensing and Stretchable Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device Based on Spiderweb-Inspired Silver Nanowires-Micromesh Transparent Electrode

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices are truly promising optical modulators for information display, smart window as well as intelligent photoelectronic applications due to their fast switching, large optical modulation as well as cost-effectiveness. However, realizing highly soft PDLC devices with sensing function remains a grand challenge because of the intrinsic brittleness of traditional transparent conductive electrodes. Here, inspired by spiderweb configuration, a novel type of silver nanowires (AgNWs) micromesh-based stretchable transparent conductive electrodes (STCEs) is developed to support the realization of soft PDLC device. Benefiting from the embedding design of AgNWs micromesh in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the STCEs can maintain excellent electrical conductivity and transparency even in various extreme conditions such as bending, folding, twisting, stretching as well as multiple chemical corrosion. Further, STCEs with the embedded AgNWs micromesh endow the assembled PDLC device with excellent photoelectrical properties including rapid switching speed (<1 s), large optical modulation (69% at 600 nm), as well as robust mechanical stability (bending over 1000 cycles and stretching to 40%). Moreover, the device displays the pressure sensing function with high sensitivity in response to pressure stimulus. It is conceivable that AgNWs micromesh transparent electrodes will shape the next generation of related soft smart electronics.     

Highly Stretchable and Wearable Thermotherapy Pad with Micropatterned Thermochromic Display Based on Ag Nanowire–Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite

Due to the increasing interest in wearable devices, flexible and stretchable film heaters have been widely studied, as alternatives to heaters with conventional rigid shapes. Herein, a highly stretchable film heater (SFH) based on the silver nanowire (Ag NW)–single‐walled carbon nanotube composite with a thermochromic display on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is successfully fabricated. The SFH shows excellent electrical conductivity, high mechanical stretchability, and outstanding reliability, with no significant degradation after 10 000 stretching cycles under tensile strain. The SFH can be heated to the target temperature (≈60 °C) within 30 s at a low applied voltage. In addition, a thermochromic display is fabricated to help prevent the risk of low‐temperature burns. Red (R), green (G), and blue (B) thermochromic microparticles (TMPs) are synthesized using drop‐based microfluidic technology. The TMPs show RGB colors at room temperature but change to a white color above a certain temperature. The TMPs are arrayed into a PDMS stencil on the basis of their particle sizes using the rubbing technique. The micropatterned thermochromic display, which functions as a visual alarm, combined with the SFH can pave the way for the development of thermotherapy pads for next‐generation wearable devices in the medical field.     

基于LPC1300通用串行总线(设备)的LED显示屏控制卡设计

设计了基于LPC1300通用串行总线(USB)及USB设备的发光二极管(LED)显示屏控制卡。通过上位机对将要显示的内容(包括图像和文字)提取位图信息,经过适当的算法对提取到的信息进行变换,从而得到点阵信息。而且,上位机可以设置控制卡的相关参数,例如字体大小、字体类型以及动态效果等。此后,上位机通过USB将相关信息发送给控制卡,控制卡读取缓冲区的内容,进行适当处理后,驱动LED屏显示内容。     

Multifunctional and Wearable Patches Based on Flexible Piezoelectric Acoustics for Integrated Sensing,Localization, and Underwater Communication

Flexible and wearable sensors are highly desired for health monitoring, agriculture, sport, and indoor positioning systems applications. However, the currently developed wireless wearable sensors, which are communicated through radio signals, can only provide limited positioning accuracy and are often ineffective in underwater conditions. In this paper, a wireless platform based on flexible piezoelectric acoustics is developed with multiple functions of sensing, communication, and positioning. Under a high frequency (≈13 MHz) stimulation, Lamb waves are generated for respiratory monitoring. Whereas under low-frequency stimulation (≈20 kHz), this device is agitated as a vibrating membrane, which can be implemented for communication and positioning applications. Indoor communication is demonstrated within 2.8 m at 200 bps or 4.2 m at 25 bps. In combination with the sensing function, real-time respiratory monitoring and wireless communication are achieved simultaneously. The distance measurement is achieved based on the phase differences of transmitted and received acoustic signals within a range of 100 cm, with a maximum error of 3 cm. This study offers new insights into the communication and positioning applications using flexible acoustic wave devices, which are promising for wireless and wearable sensor networks.     

基于自适应信息融合的导航系统构成与算法研究

由于组合导航系统应用环境的不确定性,给噪声统计特性的准确描述带来困难,这将造成Kalman滤波器不稳定甚至发散,目前常用的解决办法是直接估计系统噪声与量测噪声的方差阵 Q及R ,进行自适应滤波.但方程的增加将使计算量加大、实时性不能保证.本文在对基于信息融合的INS/GPS组合导航系统进行分析和设计的基础上,探讨了通过ARMA模型自适应参数辨识求解可变增益K,从而求出状态估计值的方法,并对辨识误差协方差的防饱和算法进行了研究.计算机仿真结果表明:该算法对提高导航精度和运算速度是行之有效的,所得结论有一定的工程实用价值.