3D Printing of Salt as a Template for Magnesium with Structured Porosity

Porosity is an essential feature in a wide range of applications that combine light weight with high surface area and tunable density. Porous materials can be easily prepared with a vast variety of chemistries using the salt‐leaching technique. However, this templating approach has so far been limited to the fabrication of structures with random porosity and relatively simple macroscopic shapes. Here, a technique is reported that combines the ease of salt leaching with the complex shaping possibilities given by additive manufacturing (AM). By tuning the composition of surfactant and solvent, the salt‐based paste is rheologically engineered and printed via direct ink writing into grid‐like structures displaying structured pores that span from the sub‐millimeter to the macroscopic scale. As a proof of concept, dried and sintered NaCl templates are infiltrated with magnesium (Mg), which is typically highly challenging to process by conventional AM techniques due to its highly oxidative nature and high vapor pressure. Mg scaffolds with well‐controlled, ordered porosity are obtained after salt removal. The tunable mechanical properties and the potential to be predictably bioresorbed by the human body make these Mg scaffolds attractive for biomedical implants and demonstrate the great potential of this additive technique.     

高分子3D打印材料和打印工艺

3D打印技术亦称为增材制造,是基于三维数学模型数据,通过连续的物理层叠加,逐层增加材料来生成三维实体的技术。3D打印技术与传统材料加工技术相比有许多突出的优势,吸引了国内外工业界、投资界、学术界、新闻媒体和社会公众的热切关注。目前制约3D打印技术发展的因素主要有两个:打印工艺和打印材料。高分子聚合物在3D打印材料中占据主要地位。介绍了当前3D打印常用的高分子材料(热塑性高分子和光敏树脂)和与之相适应的打印工艺(FDM、SLS、SLA、Polyjet等),并对它们的特性和优缺点进行了评述,讨论了这些3D打印材料和工艺的开发面临的问题和挑战。     

Low-Temperature Resistant Stretchable Micro-Supercapacitor Based on 3D Printed Octet-Truss Design

Recently, stretchable micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) that can be easily integrated into electronic devices have attracted research and industrial attentions. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) stretchable MSCs with an octet-truss electrode (OTE) design have been demonstrated by a rapid digital light processing (DLP) process. The 3D-printed electrode structure is beneficial for electrode-electrolyte interface formation and consequently increases the number of ions adsorbed on the electrode surface. The designed MSCs can achieve a high capacitance as ≈74.76 mF cm⁻³ under 1 mA cm⁻³ at room temperature even under a high mechanical deformation, and can achieve 19.53 mF cm⁻³ under 0.1 mA cm⁻³ at a low temperature (−30 °C). Moreover, finite element analysis (FEA) reveals the OTE structure provides 8 times more contact area per unit volume at the electrode-electrolyte interface compared to the traditional interdigital electrode (IDE). This work combines structural design and 3D printing techniques, which provides new insights into highly stretchable MSCs for next-generation electronic devices.     

3D Printing of Customized Drug Delivery Systems with Controlled Architecture via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

3D printing via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been recently developed to expand the scope of 3D printing technologies. A potentially high-impact but relatively unexplored opportunity that can be provided by RAFT-mediated 3D printing is a pathway toward personalized medicine through manufacturing bespoke drug delivery systems (DDSs). Herein, 3D printing of drug-eluting systems with precise geometry, size, drug dosage, and release duration/profiles is reported. This is achieved through engineering a range of 3D models with precise interconnected channel-pore structure and geometric proportions in architectural patterns. Notably, the application of the RAFT process is crucial in manufacturing materials with highly resolved macroscale features by confining curing to exposure precincts. This approach also allows spatiotemporal control of the drug loading and compositions within different layers of the scaffolds. The ratio between the polyethylene glycol units and the acrylate units in the crosslinkers is found to be a critical factor, with a higher ratio increasing swelling capacity, and thus enhancing the drug release profile, from the drug-eluting systems. This proof-of-concept research demonstrates that RAFT-mediated 3D printing enables the production of personalized drug delivery materials, providing a pathway to replace the “one-size-fits-all” approach in traditional health care.     

Rapid Open‐Air Digital Light 3D Printing of Thermoplastic Polymer

3D printing has witnessed a new era in which highly complexed customized products become reality. Realizing its ultimate potential requires simultaneous attainment of both printing speed and product versatility. Among various printing techniques, digital light processing (DLP) stands out in its high speed but is limited to intractable light curable thermosets. Thermoplastic polymers, despite their reprocessibility that allows more options for further manipulation, are restricted to intrinsically slow printing methods such as fused deposition modeling. Extending DLP to thermoplastics is highly desirable, but is challenging due to the need to reach rapid liquid–solid separation during the printing process. Here, a successful attempt at DLP printing of thermoplastic polymers is reported, realized by controlling two competing kinetic processes (polymerization and polymer dissolution) simultaneously occurring during printing. With a selected monomer, 4‐acryloylmorpholine (ACMO), printing of thermoplastic 3D scaffolds is demonstrated, which can be further converted into various materials/devices utilizing its unique water‐soluble characteristic. The ultralow viscosity of ACMO, along with surface oxygen inhibition, allows rapid liquid flow toward high‐speed open‐air printing. The process simplicity, enabling mechanism, and material versatility broaden the scope of 3D printing in constructing functional 3D devices including reconfigurable antenna, shape‐shifting structures, and microfluidics.     

Solution Mask Liquid Lithography (SMaLL) for One‐Step,Multimaterial 3D Printing

A novel methodology for printing 3D objects with spatially resolved mechanical and chemical properties is reported. Photochromic molecules are used to control polymerization through coherent bleaching fronts, providing large depths of cure and rapid build rates without the need for moving parts. The coupling of these photoswitches with resin mixtures containing orthogonal photo‐crosslinking systems allows simultaneous and selective curing of multiple networks, providing access to 3D objects with chemically and mechanically distinct domains. The power of this approach is showcased through the one‐step fabrication of bioinspired soft joints and mechanically reinforced “brick‐and‐mortar” structures.     

数字印刷技术的发展及现状

随着计算机技术、喷墨打印技术、高精度喷涂装置、超细染料制备等技术、装备和原料的不断发展、更新,明显地加速了数字印刷的工业化和实用化。在2008年德鲁巴国际印展会（Drupa）上,数字印刷成为最大的亮点,而喷墨数字印刷更成为亮点中的亮点。本文较全面地阐述了数字印刷和数字印刷技术,重点介绍了喷墨数字印刷技术和各种品牌的数字印刷机,并对数字印刷技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

Liquid-Crystal-Elastomer-Based Dissipative Structures by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing

Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing enables the creation of hierarchical complex structures with specific micro- and macroscopic architectures that are impossible to achieve through traditional manufacturing methods. Here, this hierarchy is extended to the mesoscopic length scale for optimized devices that dissipate mechanical energy. A photocurable, thus DLP-printable main-chain liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) resin is reported and used to print a variety of complex, high-resolution energy-dissipative devices. Using compressive mechanical testing, the stress–strain responses of 3D-printed LCE lattice structures are shown to have 12 times greater rate-dependence and up to 27 times greater strain–energy dissipation compared to those printed from a commercially available photocurable elastomer resin. The reported behaviors of these structures provide further insight into the much-overlooked energy-dissipation properties of LCEs and can inspire the development of high-energy-absorbing device applications.     

金属3D打印技术及其专用粉末特征与应用

3D打印技术提供了一种先进的制造方法,实现了从3D计算机模型出发直接制造复杂形状的工件。其中,金属3D打印技术在生物医疗、航空航天、自动化、汽车零部件、军工等领域的有效应用得到了印证。介绍了金属3D打印技术的基本情况和金属3D打印专用金属粉末特征,简述了金属粉末的分类及应用,并对金属3D打印技术存在的问题和面临的挑战与机遇进行了分析。     

3D Printing of Textiles: Potential Roadmap to Printing with Fibers

3D printing (3DP) has transformed engineering, manufacturing, and the use of advanced materials due to its ability to produce objects from a variety of materials, ranging from soft polymers to rigid ceramics. 3DP offers the advantage of being able to print at a variety of lengths scales; from a few micrometers to many meters. 3DP has the unique ability to produce customized small lots, efficiently. Yet, one crucial industry that has not been able to adequately explore its potential is textile manufacturing. The research in 3DP of textiles has lagged behind other areas primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining some of the unique characteristics of strength, flexibility, etc., of textiles, utilizing a fundamentally different manufacturing technology. Textiles are their own class of materials due to the specific structural developments that occur during the various stages of textile manufacturing: from fiber extrusion to assembly of the fibers to fabrics. Here, the current 3DP technologies are reviewed with emphasis on soft and anisotropic structures, as well as the efforts toward 3DP of textiles. Finally, a potential pathway to 3DP of textiles, dubbed as printing with fibers to create textile structures is proposed for further exploration.     

3D打印技术研究现状和关键技术EI北大核心CSCD

本文首先简要介绍了3D打印技术的基本原理及分类,然后重点介绍了有关金属材料3D打印的几种方法:电子束熔化成形(EBM)、激光选区熔化成形(SLM)、激光快速成形技术(LDMD)。简述了金属材料3D打印的应用领域及国内外发展情况及研究现状。文章最后结合国内外金属材料3D打印的研究现状,指出金属材料3D打印需要在打印用粉末、金属3D打印设备、3D打印零件无损检测方法、3D打印零件的失效行为和寿命预测等方面进行重点研究,并建立3D打印零件的无损检测标准规范以及3D打印材料全面力学性能数据库。