基于二维混合式位置编码的高精度测角

针对具有精密旋转轴系类的高端制造装备或精密测量仪器,其旋转角度采用传统圆光栅难以消除偏心误差对测量角度精度的影响,提出了一种基于二维混合式位置编码的旋转角度高精度测量方法。该测角系统由一个二维混合式位置编码盘、两个CCD相机和远心镜头组成,二维混合式位置编码盘被固定在精密旋转轴系上以获得其旋转角度。然后,建立了测角模型并从数学上证明了测角精度与安装偏心无关。利用多齿分度台对已提出测角系统精度进行检测,测量角度误差在±1″。最后,利用已提出测量方法对直驱转台的角度定位精度进行测量,角度定位误差在±5″内。与传统圆光栅测角相比,该方法不需要考虑安装偏心误差对测角精度的影响,具有稳定性好、使用简单等特点,可用于角度定位误差的检测。     

高陡度保形光学镜面的坐标测量

针对高陡度保形光学镜面的检测,提出了基于多段拼接的光学镜面坐标测量方法。该方法将保形光学镜面轮廓的测量分割为具有一定重叠区域的数段较短的面形轮廓的测量,通过测量系统与被测工件之间的相对旋转与平移运动调整被测工件的姿态实现分段轮廓的测量。然后使用拼接算法将各段面形轮廓拼接起来,重构出被测工件的面形误差。建立了该坐标测量法的数学模型,提出了基于最小二乘的迭代拼接算法,并在Matlab下对测量算法进行了仿真。开发了高精度的测量试验系统并分别在VC与Matlab下编写了测控软件与数据分析软件。对一口径为120mm,长径比为1.2的椭球形保形头罩进行了实测试验。仿真与测量试验表明,上述方法能够高精度地重构出面形轮廓,方法简单,实用。     

自准直仪功能扩展的测量平台设计

自准直仪是一种光学测角仪器,利用光学自准直原理来观测目标位置的变化,对零件的直线度和平面度进行测量。由于被测工件的高度、长度和宽度等尺寸动态范围大,对测量仪器主体的支承平台提出了高度调整、横向平移、对焦旋转等方面的姿态精密调整需求。本文通过分析自准直仪的使用过程和特点,从测量范围、测量精度、测量过程中保持同一基准等要求,确保自准直仪测量精度最优条件下实现高准确度的高效测量,为自准直仪设计了一款专用的高精度、高稳定性的功能扩展测量平台。为实验室提供了高精度、高稳定性的测量实验保障,为相关平台的研发提供了理论基础和设计参考。     

“高分二号”上相机和星敏感器相对安装姿态的测量

为了精确测量"高分二号"(GF-2)卫星上相机和星敏感器的相对安装姿态,建立了一套高精度自动化测量系统。针对该系统研究了基于多传感器数据融合的高精度测量算法、基于理论安装数据驱动的自动测量模型、以及基于图像识别的立方镜法线搜索算法。该测量系统主要由二维龙门导轨、精密转台和CCD成像辅助准直的自准直经纬仪构成,通过融合精密转台的转动角度、自准直经纬仪的俯仰角和偏航角等数据计算被测设备安装姿态角度。测量时需先对系统进行标定,制定自动测量规划,然后通过电机驱动使设备自动到达预定位置和角度进行测量。若星上设备安装偏差较大导致被测对象超出自准直经纬仪测量范围时,可启动CCD相机对被测对象局部区域进行搜索识别,并引导自准直经纬仪实现精确准直测量。对测量系统进行了实验验证,结果显示:该系统姿态测量精度可以达到5″,与标准值比对最大偏差为4.1″;该测量系统已用于GF-2卫星的相机和星敏器相对姿态测量中,重复标准差最大为3.5″,满足GF-2对机上设备安装姿态测量精度的需求。     

球面绝对检测及误差控制

高精度检测技术是促进光学加工技术发展的必备条件.ZYGO干涉仪检测光学表面面形代表着国际先进水平,常规检测精度取决于仪器配备的标准镜头(通常标准镜头精度为λ/10,最高精度可达λ/20),λ/20测量精度不能满足更高精度面形检测的需求.本文探讨了表面绝对检测技术及误差控制,通过用ZYGO干涉仪及两种精度等级的参考镜头对f/1.07的球面镜进行常规GPI干涉和双球面实时绝对检测比对,证明了表面绝对检测的有效性.实验及分析表明在超净实验室、高精度防振平台、高精密可旋转5维调整架及精密导轨的测量条件下,采用表面绝对测量技术,严格控制基准定位和共焦位置旋转角度定位,多次重复测量,λ/10标准镜头同样能够达到λ/30 PV的高精度检测目的.     

中频波面的旋转平移法干涉绝对检验

基于Zernike多项式拟合的传统干涉绝对检验方法由于平滑了波面和丢失了中频成分,仅可以实现面形误差的绝对检验.本文提出利用旋转平移法来实现中频波面的干涉绝对检验.将被测波面分解成旋转对称成分和旋转非对称成分,通过N次旋转被测件,求解波面中的旋转非对称成分;通过平移被测件实现伪剪切,求解波面中的旋转对称成分.与传统绝对检验方法相比,该方法既能够恢复整个波面,又不需要对整个波面进行Zernike多项式拟合;由于仅对旋转对称成分用偶次多项式进行提取,提升了计算速度,降低了拟合误差,保留了中频成分,数值仿真显示其比传统方法优越,测量精度可达到1 nm rms.在ZYGO干涉仪上完成了平面元件的干涉绝对检验测量.采用改变伪剪切比和更换标准镜两种方案,分别实现了实验数据的自比对;将测试结果与经典三面互检法得到的水平和垂直方向的一维轮廓数据进行比对,验证了旋转平移法的准确性.     

塔式太阳能定日镜子镜面形精度和聚光性能评价的新方法

应用自行研制的基于法线测量原理的定日镜子镜面形检测系统,检测了用于100m2定日镜的1.5625 m2的正方形子镜,并基于能流分布仿真分析方法对子镜面形精度和聚光性能进行了评价.这种评价方法是采用激光束偏转测角法获取被测子镜的法线数据,用计算机仿真方法,对入射阳光进行光线追击,可以分析出子镜在任意时空位置的聚光性能.经与实际聚光光斑能流测量数据比对,检测分析数据与对实际日光跟踪聚光数据实测数据一致,可应用于子镜面形的在线调整.     

非球面补偿板三维面形检测方法的研究

本文对准直激光束检测非球面方法进行了研究。它不用接触被检件表面,同时也无须处理干涉条纹。测量时只要保证激光细束保持一致的入射方向扫描被检表面,用CCD光电探测器检出面形的斜率变化,而后在扫描范围内积分便能获得面形高度。本文以测量光学系统中用于波面补偿目的的旋转对称镜面为例对测量系统进行分析。该系统不仅可以进行一维测量,通过转台旋转亦可进行二维测量,通过面形重构获得三维的被测体面形。给出了三维面形重构方法,并编制数据处理软件,可以把测量数据处理成高度曲线或三维面形。     

非球面补偿板三维面形检测方法的研究

本文对准直激光束检测非球面方法进行了研究。它不用接触被检件表面,同时也无须处理干涉条纹。测量时只要保证激光细束保持一致的入射方向扫描被检表面,用CCD光电探测器检出面形的斜率变化,而后在扫描范围内积分便能获得面形高度。本文以测量光学系统中用于波面补偿目的的旋转对称镜面为例对测量系统进行分析。该系统不仅可以进行一维测量,通过转台旋转亦可进行二维测量,通过面形重构获得三维的被测体面形。给出了三维面形重构方法,并编制数据处理软件,可以把测量数据处理成高度曲线或三维面形。     

基于偏心抑制的激光差动共焦焦距高精度测量方法

针对测量球面透镜焦距过程中存在偏心误差导致测量光轴与透镜实际轴线不重合的问题,提出了一种基于偏心抑制的 激光差动共焦焦距高精度测量方法,通过驱动工作台旋转测得透镜偏心误差的大小及方向,实现了对被测透镜的误差采集;通 过分析误差大小及方向驱动姿态调整电机,消除了测量过程中由于存在偏心误差对焦距测量精度产生的影响;通过构建系统, 优化系统参数,实现了激光差动共焦焦距高精度测量;最终实现基于偏心抑制的焦距高精度测量,解决了焦距测量时测量光轴 与透镜实际轴线不重合从而对测量结果产生影响的问题。 基于该系统进行了焦距测量实验,实验表明:测量焦距为 100 mm 透 镜时,该方法相对重复测量精度(RMS)可达到 0. 000 503% 。 该方法显著提高了焦距测量的精度及重复测量精度,为焦距的精 密测量提供了一种有效的途径。 同时,该方法可应用到镜组加工与装配中,提高镜组的成像质量与测量精度。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.