声学法测量复合绝缘子弹性常数

提出了一种实用的声学法测量复合材料弹性常数的方法.依据复合材料中声波速度与材料弹性常数之间的本构关系,测量不同传播方向的少数几个声速,就可以得到其弹性常数矩阵.以复合绝缘子为测量样品,为提高测量横波的精度,根据超声波在边界上的波型转换条件,使用常规纵波探头对由掠入射纵波产生的横波进行测量.     

低频相控阵超声检测用于船用复合材料缺陷定量分析研究

研究了低频相控阵超声检测技术用于船用复合材料缺陷定量分析的问题。首先针对典型船用复合材料的相控阵聚焦声场进行分析,包括典型材料声速对小缺陷检出能力的影响、不同频率和合成孔径对近场长度的影响以及不同聚焦深度的声场仿真,提出不同厚度典型船用复合材料的相控阵超声频率和合成孔径推荐原则。为了验证该原则的准确性,通过实测不同深度的Φ3 mm的小缺陷,运用TCG校准的方式对TCG曲线的线性和小缺陷的检测效果进行验证。实现了对典型船用复合材料近表面和内部缺陷的定量分析,达到了较好的检测效果。     

考虑材料各向异性的纤维增强聚合物基复合材料板损伤Lamb波检测和定位

超声Lamb波法是检测板状结构损伤的常用方法,然而纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（Fiber reinforced plastics,FRP）本身的各向异性会对Lamb波损伤定位的精度造成较大的影响。为了解决此问题,在传统椭圆法的基础上,提出了考虑材料各向异性的时间概率密度法的损伤定位方法。该方法通过考虑不同传播方向的A₀模态波的群速度变化,计算FRP板上任意一点存在损伤的反射波的走时,得到声波传播时间图。创建声波传播时间与实际损伤反射波走时的映射关系,可得到能表征损伤存在概率的时间概率密度图,通过相应的数值分析和实验研究,发现本方法误差比传统椭圆法误差的减小率可达到70%以上,论证本方法对各向异性FRP板损伤定位的可行性和准确性。      

复合材料层压板分层缺陷相控阵超声检测参数优化方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对复合材料层压板分层缺陷的准确识别问题,通过仿真与实验提出相控阵超声检测激活孔径优化方法,研究并分析不同聚焦深度下激活孔径对声场特性和检测效果的影响。首先,针对相控阵超声接触式检测方法,推导出固固界面下的多点源三维声场模型;然后,对相控阵超声声场进行仿真,研究不同激活孔径下的声场特性;最后,采用热压工艺制备含分层缺陷的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层压板,并搭建相控阵超声检测系统对其进行检测。实验结果表明,通过对相控阵超声激活孔径进行优化选择,能够实现CFRP层压板分层缺陷的准确识别,有效提高缺陷检测精度。     

先进树脂基复合材料纤维褶皱缺陷阵列超声全聚焦成像

先进树脂基复合材料因其密度低、强度高等特点,广泛应用于航空航天领域。纤维褶皱是先进树脂基复合材料制造过程中产生的一种缺陷,常规超声检测效率低,而阵列超声全聚焦成像检测技术则依赖准确的声传播延时。针对先进树脂基复合材料中的各向异性和多层折射界面而导致声波延时计算困难的问题,提出了一种使用Viterbi搜索算法的声线示踪方法,用于计算阵列超声全聚焦成像检测的时间延迟。对5.92 mm厚的多向碳纤维复合材料层压板进行阵列超声全聚焦成像检测实验,结果表明,使用声线示踪法计算延时,可以使采集的全矩阵信号被准确地相干叠加,有效检测出多向碳纤维复合材料层压板中的纤维褶皱缺陷。     

复合材料层板铺层方式对超声检测结果的影响

对T700/6421炭纤维复合材料在RTM工艺下制作的不同铺层方式的试样,进行两种频率的脉冲反射法超声检测实验,研究纤维铺层方式对超声检测结果的影响,并得到以下结论:纤维铺层方式对声波在材料中传播的声速和衰减有一定影响,在进行缺陷深度定位和材质衰减测量时,应予以修正;纤维铺层方式对复合材料上下表面检测分辨率、层间分层缺陷的可检性和缺陷大小的评定没有明显影响。     

激光增材制造合金钢力学性能超声纵波定量无损评价

目的研究采用超声无损检测方法定量评价激光增材制造合金钢的布氏硬度和抗拉强度。方法通过搭建高精度超声纵波声时测量系统,采用脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理状态激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢标定试件的超声纵波传播声时,计算超声纵波声速;在考虑激光增材制造合金钢各向异性和成形界面对超声纵波传播特性影响的基础上,研究标定试件微观组织对超声纵波声速的影响,建立标定试件激光扫描方向布氏硬度、抗拉强度、微观组织与超声纵波声速之间的映射关系。结果建立了超声纵波评价硬度及抗拉强度的标定模型,并对标定模型预测误差进行验证,硬度及抗拉强度标定模型预测误差均小于10%,满足工程应用误差指标要求。结论采用超声纵波声速可以实现激光增材制造合金钢硬度及抗拉强度的定量评价与表征。     

一种水声声速的时频测量综合算法研究

针对飞行时间测量法中信号起振点难以检测而导致的测量误差问题,提出了一种基于时频的综合测量算法,以获得高精度超声波声速。首先运用信号时域互相关法,测量声波飞行的整周期时间;再利用信号频域信息中相位差,获得超声传播群延时信息;最终通过时域与频域综合信息获得高精度的飞行时间测量,从而提高声速的测量精度。声速测量平台采用“FPGA+微处理器”架构,对提出的方法进行验证,实测数据结果表明该声速时频测量算法有效,并具有较好的实用价值。     

复合材料层压板分层缺陷超声相控阵检测与评估

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料分层缺陷的无损检测与评估问题,通过制备预埋分层缺陷的标准试样,利用超声相控阵技术对缺陷进行无损检测与定量评估,并对测量误差进行分析。首先,在层压板铺层中间埋入聚酰亚胺薄膜制备分层缺陷试样;然后,对试样进行超声相控阵检测,通过超声S扫和C扫图像对缺陷进行定性分析与定量测量,并结合声场仿真对检测误差进行分析。结果表明:所制备试样内分层缺陷形状规则、埋深及大小与预设一致;超声相控阵步进方向检测尺寸比较准确,而扫查方向尺寸误差较大;超声相控阵技术能够准确识别分层缺陷的形状、尺寸及位置,具有很高的检测精度,对较小缺陷具有很好的检测效果。     

各向异性单晶硅中声波时间反转自适应聚焦

1引言 在各向异性介质中,声波的传播速度与方向有关,这种传播特性会使聚焦声束产生散焦,研究如何克服这种因为传播速度各向异性而造成的相位畸变,具有重要的理论和实际意义.时间反转法(TR,time reversal)是一种新颖的聚焦方法,不需要了解介质的性质和换能器阵的结构就可以实现自适应聚焦.在时间反转处理过程中,用时间反转阵接收声波,并进行存储、时间反转后再发射,这时换能器阵各个阵元激发的声波将同时同相到达原声源处,实现自适应聚焦.近年来,这种聚焦方法引起越来越多的关注,Fink等在TR方法方面开展了大量而深入的研究,从理论上对时间反转法进行了论证,并开展了相应的实验研究.我们实验室也开展了水下波导介质和各向异性介质中时间反转法的研究,研制了一套数字式多通道超声成像系统.各向异性介质中声波时间反转法研究相当少见,在本研究中,选用本征单晶硅作为各向异性介质,研究时间反转法的自适应聚焦特性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...