Antioxidant Distributions and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species of Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum)

Extracted lipids from sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds of three varieties were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for endogenous antioxidants. The molecular species and fatty acid (FA) distribution of triacylglycerol (TAG) isolated from total lipids in sesame seeds were analyzed by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC), and were investigated in relation to their antioxidant distribution. γ-Tocopherol was present in highest concentration, and δ-, and α-tocopherols were very small amounts. Sesamin and sesamolin were the main lignan components. A modified argentation-TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 12 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total acyl-chain length of FA groups. With a few exceptions, the major TAG components were SM₂ (6.5–6.7%), SMD (19.8–20.7%), M₂D (15.0–26.3%), MD₂ (23.6–35.0%), and D₃ (7.7–10.7%) (where S denotes a saturated FA, M denotes a monoene, D denotes a diene, and T denotes a triene). It seems that the three varieties were highly related to each other based on the FA composition of the TAG as well as the distribution pattern in the different TAG molecular species. These results suggest that there are no essential differences in the oil components among the three varieties.     

Lipid Classes,Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species of Broad Beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>)

Seed oils from four legume cultivars of Vicia faba, grown in Japan, were extracted and classified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into eight fractions. The major lipid components were triacylglycerols (TAG: 48.8–50.1%) and phospholipids (PL: 47.5–50.5%), while hydrocarbons (HC), steryl esters (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), diacylglycerols (1,3- and 1,2-DAG) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) were present in minor proportions (1.8–2.4%). All lipid samples had high amounts of total unsaturated FA, representing 79.7–82.8% and 77.6–79.7% for TAG and PL, respectively. Molecular species and FA distributions of TAG, isolated from the total lipids in the broad beans, were analyzed by a combination of argentation-TLC and GC. Fourteen different molecular species were detected. With a few exceptions, the main TAG components were S₂D (6.1–8.9%), SD₂ (7.8–10.5%), SMT (6.3–8.5%), M₂D (4.5–6.2%), MD₂ (18.9–21.8%), D₃ (21.0–23.9%) and MDT (8.1–10.2%) (where S, M, D, and T denote a saturated fatty acid, a monoene, a diene, and a triene, respectively). These results suggest that the lipid classes, FA distributions and TAG molecular species of broad beans are not dependent on the cultivation areas during the growing season.     

Tocopherol Content and Fatty Acid Distribution of Peas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.)

The positional distribution of fatty acids (FA) of triacylglycerols (TAG) and major phospholipids (PL) prepared from four cultivars of peas (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated as well as their tocopherol contents. The lipids extracted from these peas were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into seven fractions. The major lipid components were PL (52.2–61.3%) and TAG (31.2–40.3%), while the other components were also present in minor proportions (5.6–9.2%). γ-Tocopherol was present in the highest concentration, and α- and δ-tocopherols were very small amounts. The main PL components isolated from the four cultivars were phosphatidylcholine (42.3–49.2%), followed by phosphatidylinositol (23.3–25.2%) and then phosphatidylethanolamine (17.7–20.5%). Small but significant differences (P < 0.05) in FA distribution existed when different pea cultivars were determined. However, the principal characteristics of the FA distribution in the TAG and the three PL were evident among the four cultivars; unsaturated FA were predominantly located in the sn-2 position, and saturated FA primary occupied the sn-1 or sn-3 position in the oils of the peas. These results suggest that the regional distribution of tocopherols and fatty acids in peas is not dependent on the climatic conditions and the soil characteristics of the cultivation areas during the growing season.     

Microwave roasting and molecular species of triacylglycerols in soybean embryonic axes

Embryonic axes were separated from soybeans roasted in a microwave oven. Molecular species and fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols (TAG) isolated from total lipids in the embryonic axis were analyzed by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography. A modified argentation-TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 15 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total length of fatty acid groups. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis was performed to determine the composition of each band. Fifteen molecular species of TAG were still found in the embryonic axes following roasting treatment. Microwave roasting for 6 min did not change the molecular species of the embryonic axis TAG (with a few exceptions), nor cause a loss of unsaturated fatty acids. However, microwave roasting for 12 min caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) not only in molecular species containing more than four double bonds but also in the amount of diene and triene species present in TAG. These results suggest that no significant changes in molecular species or fatty acid distribution of TAG would occur within 6 min of microwave roasting, ensuring that a good quality product would be attained.     

Profiles of Lipid Components,Fatty Acid Compositions and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species of Adzuki Beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna angularis</Emphasis>)

Fatty acid (FA) compositions and molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) isolated from total lipids extracted from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) were determined with a combination of AgNO₃-TLC and GC, and were compared in relation to the content of endogenous antioxidants analyzed by HPLC. δ-Tocopherol was present in the highest concentration (53.7–89.3 mg/kg), and γ-tocopherol in small amounts (11.2–14.8 mg/kg). The main lipid components were phospholipids (72.2–73.4%) and TAG (20.6–21.9%), whilst other components were also present in minor proportions (0.1–3.4%). Eighteen different TAG molecular species were identified and quantified by successive applications of AgNO₃-TLC and GC. The main components were SMD (4.6–5.0%), S₂T (13.4–16.4%), SD₂ (11.8–14.3%), SMT (7.3–8.3%), SDT (9.9–10.6%), D₃ (6.9–7.9%), MT₂ (5.2–6.3%), D₂T (7.0–11.2%), DT₂ (7.4–7.6%) and T₃ (6.2–7.2%) (where S, M, D, and T denote a saturated FA, a monoene, a diene, and a triene, respectively). No marked difference (P > 0.05) in the molecular species composition could be observed among the five cultivars. The results could be useful to both consumers and producers for manufacturing traditional adzuki confectionaries in Japan and elsewhere.     

Regiospecific determination of short-chain triacylglycerols in butterfat by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry

This study uses normal-phase HPLC with on-line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to obtain quantitative compositional data on both synthetic and butterfat short-chain TAG. The product ion tandem MS of standards averaged 11.1 times lower in abundance of the ion formed by cleavage of FA from the sn-2-position for the pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes: L/L/S-L/S/L and L/S/S-S/L/S, where L denotes long and S short acyl chain (C₂−C₆). The molar correction factors, determined for 42 regioisomeric pairs of short-chain TAG of 20 randomized mixture of standards, differed by 1.4–80% as the ratios varied between 0.217 and 5.847. Butterfat TAG were resolved into four fractions on short flash chromatography grade silica gel columns. Pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes L/S/S-S/L/S with predominance of L/S/S isomers and the sole regioisomers in the TAG classes L/L(M)/S were identified by tandem MS, where M denotes either 8∶0 or 10∶0 acyl chain. The total proportion of L/L(M)/S isomers was estimated at 34.7 and that of L/S/S-S/L/S at 1.0 mol%, including a small proportion of S/S/S. In contrast to previous work, the present data indicate the presence of a small proportion of butyric and caproic acids in the sn-1-position. The overall distribution of the FA in the short-chain TAG of butterfat, calculated from direct MS measurements, was consistent with the results of indirect determinations based on stereospecific analyses of total butterfat.     

Characteristic profiles of lipid classes,fatty acids and triacylglycerol molecular species of peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Seed oils from four legume cultivars of Pisum sativum, grown in Japan, were extracted and classified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) into seven fractions: hydrocarbons (HC; 0.5–0.9 wt‐%), steryl esters (SE; 0.8–2.4 wt‐%), triacylglycerols (TAG; 31.2–40.3 wt‐%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.3–2.7 wt‐%), 1,3‐diacylglycerols (1,3‐DAG; 1.0–1.8 wt‐%), 1,2‐diacylglycerols (1,2‐DAG; 1.0–2.2 wt‐%) and phospholipids (PL; 52.2–61.3 wt‐%). All lipid samples had high amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids, representing 75.0–84.3 wt‐% for TAG and PL. Molecular species and fatty acid distributions of TAG, isolated from the total lipids in the peas, were analyzed by a combination of argentation‐TLC and GC. Eighteen different molecular species were detected. With a few exceptions, the main TAG components were SMD (7.5–10.3 wt‐%), M₂D (8.0–8.9 wt‐%), SD₂ (12.0–18.3 wt‐%), SMT (9.8–11.0 wt‐%), MD₂ (12.0–20.3 wt‐%), SDT (9.7–10.8 wt‐%), M₂T (2.5–7.3 wt‐%) and D₃ (14.5–15.2 wt‐%) (where S denotes a saturated fatty acid, M denotes a monoene, D denotes a diene, and T denotes a triene). It seems that the four cultivars were highly related to each other based on the fatty acid composition of the TAG as well as the distribution profiles in the different TAG molecular species. In general, these results suggest that there are no essential differences (p >0.05) in the oil components among the four cultivars.     

Unusual minor nonmethylene-interrupted di-, tri-, and tetraenoic fatty acids in limpet gonads

Unusual minor nonmethylene-interrupted (NMI) FA have been identified in the lipids of gonads from the limpets Cellana grata and Collisella dorsuosa by using GC-MS of the combination of their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives and picolinyl esters. Among 23 NMI unsaturated FA from C₁₈ to C₂₂ and C₂₄ identified in this study, 5,11-nonadecadienoic (5,11-19∶2), 7,16-heneicosadienoic (7,16–21∶2), 9,15-tetracosadienoic (9,15–24∶2), 5,9,15-docosatrienoic (5,9,15–22∶3), and 5,9,15-tetracosatrienoic (5,9,15–24∶3) acids may not have been reported previously from living organisms. The presence of 5,11,14,17-eicosatetraenonoic (5,11,14,17–20∶4) and 7,13,16,19-docosatetraenenoic (7,13,16,19–22∶4) acids as FA components in marine mollusks may be reported here for the first time. In this study, the male and female gonads of both species showed distinct differences in both their composition and proportions of NMI FA. Most NMI FA identified were mainly present in the female gonads of both species, especially in TAG that contained 21 NMI FA.     

Characterization and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of walnut oil

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil was extracted with compressed carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the temperature range of 308 to 321 K and in the pressure range of 18 to 23.4 MPa. The influence of particle size was also studied at a superficial velocity of 0.068 cm/s, within a tubular extractor of 0.2 L capacity (cross-sectional area of 16.4 cm²). FFA, sterol, TAG, and tocopherol compositions were not different from those of oil obtained with n-hexane. The main FA was linoleic acid (56.5%), followed by oleic acid (21.2%) and linolenic acid (13.2%). The main TAG was LLL (linoleic, linoleic, linoleic) (24.4%), followed by OLL (oleic, linoleic, linoleic) (19.6%) and LLLn (linoleic, linoleic, linolenic) (18.4%). The main component of sterols was β-sitosterol (85.16%), followed by campesterol (5.06%). The amount of cholesterol was low (0.31 and 0.16% for oils extracted by n-hexane and supercritical fluid extraction, respectively. The CO₂-extracted oil presented a larger amount of tocopherols (405.7 μg/g oil) when compared with 303.2 μg/g oil obtained with n-hexane. Oxidative stability determined by PV and the Rancimat method revealed that walnut oil was readily oxidized. Oil extracted by supercritical CO₂ was clearer than that extracted by n-hexane, showing some refining. A central composite, nonfactorial design was used to optimize the extraction conditions using the software Statistica, Version 5. The best results were found at 22 MPa, 308 K, and particle diameter (Dp) −0.1 mm.     

Fatty acids, tocols, and carotenoids in pulp oil of three sea buckthorn species (Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia, and H. tibetana) grown in the Indian Himalayas

Sea buckthorn berries from Hippophae rhamnoides, H. tibetana, and H. salicifolia were collected from the cold deserts of the Himalayas (Lahaul, Ladakh, and Spiti; India) and characterized in terms of the FA, carotenoid, tocopherol, and tocotrienol composition in their pulp oil. These varied from species to species. Total carotenoids ranged from 692 to 3420 mg/kg in pulp oils of fresh berries, and total tocols, from 666 to 1788 mg/kg. Hippophae salicifolia berries contained substantially lower amounts of pulp oil, with lower levels of carotenoids and tocopherols. There was little difference in the proportion of individual tocols in pulp among the three species. α-Tocopherol alone constituted 40–60% of total pulp tocols in berries. Pulp oils had palmitoleic acid (32–53%) as the most abundant FA followed by palmitic (25–35%), oleic (8–26%), linoleic (5–16%), and linolenic (0.6–2.6%) acids, with the highest deviation observed in the proportion of palmitoleic acid in these berries. Hippophae rhamnoides and H. tibetana contained the highest amount of the lipophilic carotenoids and tocols. Hippophae salicifolia berries had higher amounts of lipophobic constituents such as vitamin C and flavonols.     

Determination of Triacylglycerols in Butterfat by Normal-Phase HPLC and Electrospray–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Here, we report the identification and quantification of the molecular species of long-, medium-, and short-chain triacylglycerols (TAG) in butterfat (BF), including TAG with an odd number of acyl carbons (ACN) and TAG with unidentified molecular species. In the present study, in addition to auto-MS², a large number of methods, each recording MS² for 1–4 ions, were used for identification of TAG species. For the quantification of long-chain, odd ACN TAG, and TAG with unidentified molecular species, molar correction factors (MCF) were calculated from the uncorrected mol% (area mol%) of each ACN:DB (number of double bonds) class in randomized butterfat (RBF), and the respective mol% in the calculated random composition of RBF. The butyrate, caproate, and medium-chain (C₈, C₁₀) TAG were quantified using regio- or acyl-chain-specific MCF calculated from their area mol% in RBF and mol% in the calculated random composition. These methods enabled us to identify ca. 450 TAG species in 184 quantified peaks of 88 ACN:DB classes. The proportions of saturated, monoene, diene, triene, tetraene, pentaene, and hexaene TAG were 40.0, 38.4, 16.2, 4.5, 0.6, 0.1, and 0.03 mol%, respectively. The proportions of TAG with not identified molecular species and odd ACN TAG were 11.8 and 5.7 mol%, respectively. The most abundant short-chain TAG species were butyroyldipalmitoylglycerol + butyroylmyristoylstearoylglycerol (5.25 mol%) and butyroylpalmitoyloleoylglycerol (4.08 mol%).     

Cyanolipid-rich seed oils from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allophylus natalensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. dregeanus</Emphasis>

As a continuation of our study on plants of the Sapindaceae, the chemical composition of the oil extracted from seeds of Allophylus natalensis (Sonder) De Winter and of A. dregeanus (Sonder) De Winter has been investigated. The oil from both species contained approximately equal amounts of TAG and type I cyanolipids (CL), 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethylprop-2-en-1-oldiesters, with minor amounts of type III CL, 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethylprop-1-en-3-ol-diesters. Structural investigation of the oil components was accomplished by chemical, chromatographic (TLC, CC, GC, and GC-MS), and spectroscopic (IR, NMR) means. GC and GC-MS analysis showed that C₂₀ FA were dominant in the CL components of the oil from the two species (44–80% vs. 21–26% in TAG), with cis-11-eicosenoic acid (36–46%) and cis 13-eicosenoic acid (paullinic acid, 23–37%) as the major esterified fatty acyl chains in A. natalensis and A. dregeanus, respectively. cis-Vaccenic acid was particularly abundant (11–31%) in the CL from A. dregeanus, whereas eicosanoic acid (10–22%) was also a major component of CL in both species.     

Regiospecific analysis by ethanolysis of oil with immobilized <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida antarctica</Emphasis> lipase

A mixture of oil/ethanol (1∶3, w/w) was shaken at 30°C with 4% immobilized Candida antarctica lipase by weight of the reaction mixture. The reaction regiospecifically converted FA at the 1- and 3-positions to FA ethyl esters, and the lipase acted on C₁₄−C₂₄ FA to a similar degree. The content of 2-MAG reached a maximum after 4 h; the content was 28–29 mol% based on the total amount of FA in the reaction mixture at 59–69% ethanolysis. Only 2-MAG were present in the reaction mixture during the first 4 h, and 1(3)-MAG were detected after 7 h. After removal of ethanol from the 4-h reaction mixture by evaporation, 2-MAG were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The contents of FA in the 2-MAG obtained by ethanolysis of several oils coincided well with FA compositions at the 2-position, which was analyzed by Grignard degradation. It was shown that ethanolysis of oil with C. antarctica lipase can be applied to analysis of FA composition at the 2-position in TAG.     

Antioxidant activities of α- and γ-tocopherols in the oxidation of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols

Antioxidant properties of 5 to 500 μg/g levels of α-and γ-tocopherols, in the oxidation of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols (RO TAG), were studied at 40°C in the dark. Each tocopherol alone and in a mixture was studied for its stability in oxidizing RO TAG. Also the effects of tocopherols on the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products of RO TAG were investigated. Both tocopherols significantly retarded the oxidation of RO TAG. At low levels (≤50 μg/g), α-tocopherol was more stable and was a more effective antioxidant than γ-tocopherol. At higher α-tocopherol levels (>100 μg/g), there was a relative increase in hydroperoxide formation parallel to consumption of α-tocopherol, which was not found with γ-tocopherol. Therefore, γ-tocopherol was a more effective antioxidant than α-tocopherol at levels above 100 μg/g. As long as there were tocopherols present, the hydroperoxides were quite stable and no volatile aldehydes were formed. In a mixture, α-tocopherol protected γ-tocopherol from being oxidized at the addition levels of 5+5 and 10+10 μg/g but no synergism between the tocopherols was found. α-Tocopherol was less stable in the 500+500 μg/g mixture than when added alone to the RO TAG. No prooxidant activity of either tocopherol or their mixture was found.     

Effect of triacylglycerol structures on the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil

Different molecular species of TAG were assessed to determine the influence of TAG structure on the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil. TAG containing palmitic acid (16∶0, P) as saturated FA (SFA) and oleic acid (18∶1, O), linoleic acid (18∶2, L), or linolenic acid (18∶3, Ln) as unsaturated FA (UFA) were chemically synthesized and then heated at 180 or 150°C. Thermal oxidative stability of TAG was determined by evaluating the resultant UFA, polar compound, FFA, carbonyl compound, polymerized compound, and tocopherol contents. When TAG containing 16∶0 and 18∶2 in the ratio of 2∶1 (mol/mol) were heated at 180°C, a 2∶1 (mol/mol) mixture of saturated TAG (PPP) and unsaturated TAG (LLL) was found to be more susceptible to thermal oxidation than PPP/PLL (1∶1) and PPL. Similarly, a 2∶1 mixture of PPP and OOO or LnLnLn was more unstable toward thermal oxidation than PPO or PPLn, respectively. Thermal oxidative stability of TAG containing SFA and UFA (2∶1) was negatively correlated with the moles of UFA in a single TAG molecule. This tendency was also observed at 150°C. From these results, it is suggested that the TAG structure could be one of the factors determining the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil.     

Compositional and Structural Studies of the Major and Minor Components in Three Cameroonian Seed Oils by GC–MS,ESI-FTICR-MS and HPLC

The lipid components of three Cameroonian seed oils, ke tchock (Aframomum arundinaceum), njangsa (Ricinodendron heudelotii) and calabash nutmeg (Monodora myristica), have been investigated. Gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) fatty acid (FA) analysis showed M. myristica seed oil to be dominated by linoleic (49.29%) and oleic (37.17%) acids; R. heudelotii was mainly linoleic (58.73%), followed by stearic (15.00%) and oleic (14.21%) acids; A. arundinaceum was predominantly oleic (65.76%) and palmitic (20.36%) acids. Electrospray ionization (ESI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)-MS analysis showed seven major triacylglycerol (TAG) classes for M. myristica, with C54:5, C54:4 and C54:6 dominating. R. heudelotii had eight major TAG classes with C54:8, C54:7 and C54:6 being most abundant. A. arundinaceum also had eight major TAG classes with C52:2, C54:3 and C50:2 dominating. ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the TAGs showed that both sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions were predominantly occupied by linoleoyl and oleoyl chains. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence detector (FLD) analysis showed that M. myristica contained only α- and β-tocopherols (195.40 and 73.95 μg/g, respectively), R. heudelotii contained mainly γ-tocopherol (289.40 μg/g), and A. arundinaceum had mainly γ- and β-tocopherols (236.78 and 124.93 μg/g, respectively). GC–MS analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed that β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol in all three seed oils. The absolute amounts of 4-desmethylsterols were 196.15, 608.71 and 362.15 μg/g for M. myristica, R. heudelotii and A. arundinaceum seed oils, respectively. These compositional and structural studies provide justification for the use of all three seed oils in food products.     

Genotype and Growing Environment Effects on the Tocopherols and Fatty Acids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. juncea</Emphasis>

The effects of genotype and growing environment on the tocopherols and fatty acids (FA) of experimental Brassica juncea and B. napus breeding lines were investigated. For both species, with the exception of a few genotypes, the concentration ratio of γ-tocopherols to α-tocopherol was practically constant. The genotype influenced the tocopherol concentration in B. napus, and to a lesser degree, B. juncea. The environment also had a similar effect, and a positive correlation existed between the daily maximum temperature and the α-tocopherol concentration in B. napus. Genotype effects on the FA composition were significant for the conventional but not for Clearfield or triazine tolerant traits of B. napus. The genotype had no effect on the FA of the B. juncea genotypes. In contrast, the growing environment had a significant influence on the FA composition of both species with apparent influence from temperature and rainfall. For both species, the concentration of γ-tocopherol as well as total tocopherols was inversely related to the 18:3 concentration, which could have resulted from opposite and independent effects of temperature on the two variables. No relationship existed between the concentrations of tocopherol and the remaining unsaturated FA 18:1 and 18:2. The positional distribution of unsaturated FA within the oil triacylglycerol was a function of their total concentration.     

Characterization of triacylglycerols in madeira laurel oil by HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS

Madeira laurel oil was fractionated by liquid extraction combined with TLC, and TAGs were analyzed by HPLC coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS (APCI-MS). Eluted molecular species compositions of the eluted TAG in the complex natural mixture were determined by GC identification of FAME and byLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS analysis of the lipid. The APCI-MS spectra of most TAG exhibited [M+H]⁺ and [M−RCOO]⁺ ions, which defined the M.W. and the molecular association of fatty acyl residues, respectively. Despite the relatively high degree of saturation, with a saturated/unsaturated ratio of 0.70, no totally saturated TAG nor mixed asymmetric TAG with two saturated FA (SSM or SSU, where S is saturated, M is monounsaturated, and U is unsaturated) were found. This type of molecular structure provides a possible explanation for the relatively low m.p. (12–15°C) and also the high oxidative resistance observed.     

Acorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis> spp.) fruit lipids: Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions: A detailed study

The composition of the oils extracted from the acorn fruit of three species of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L., and Q. faginea L., was characterized. Both major and minor components, including FA, TG, sterols, methyl sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons, were identified by standard methods and MS. High-resolution GLC and HPLC were used for quantification. The FA profile, together with the equivalent carbon numbers and TG carbon numbers, was compared with data for other edible vegetable oils. Oil yield, expressed as wet weight, was 5% (w/w). Sterol content was remarkable for the three species (8,563–11,420 mg/kg), with β-sitosterol being the most abundant (80%). Oils were also high in tocopherol, with a wide variation between species (165–456 mg/kg) but with γ-tocopherol predominating in all three oils (90% of the total tocopherol content). Also, high terpenic alcohol contents were found (1527–2984 mg/kg), with dammaradienol and β-amyrin being the most abundant (33–60% of the total alcohol content). Bioactive properties and industrial applications of this underutilized native product are also discussed.     

Determination of FA composition and total trans FA of Turkish margarines by capillary GLC

In this research, FA composition and total trans FA contents of 16 different brands of margarine (8 hard-type and 8 soft-type) sold in Turkey were determined by capillary GLC method. According to the results, the contents of saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, and PUFA were within the ranges of 23.9–32.3, 44.0–61.9, and 14.2–24.1%, respectively, in hard-type margarines, and 27.0–39.9, 21.0–40.9, and 32.0–53.7%, respectively, in soft-type margarines. Hard-type margarines contained total trans FA concentrations of 20.1–34.3%, whereas soft-type margarines contained less than 8.9% total trans FA. C_18∶1 trans acid content was within the range of 18.5–29.8% in hard-type margarines, and it was significantly higher than the range in soft margarines (0.7–8.1%). C_18∶1 trans acid was the major trans FA in all margarines, and C_18∶3 trans acid concentrations were less than 0.2%.