Regional Drought Assessment Based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)

Regional drought assessment is conventionally based on drought indices for the identification of drought intensity, duration and areal extent. In this study, a new index, the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) is proposed together with the well known Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the method of deciles. The new index exhibits significant advantages over the other indices by including apart from precipitation, an additional meteorological parameter, the potential evapotranspiration. The drought assessment is achieved using the above indices in two river basins, namely Mornos and Nestos basins in Greece. It is concluded that although the RDI generally responds in a similar fashion to the SPI (and to a lesser extent to the deciles), it is more sensitive and suitable in cases of a changing environment.     

Towards a Drought Watch System based on Spatial SPI

Regional Drought can be assessed through various meaningfulprocedures mainly related to the expected consequences. However, a general knowledge of the occurrence of drought, thearea which is affected, its severity and its duration are ofgreat importance for a series of decisions, which may beappropriate for a variety of activities. From the existingsimple and popular indices used for the estimation of drought,the Standardised Precipitation Index, known as SPI, seems to winuniversal applicability. A method based on the estimation of SPIover a geographical area and its use for characterising drought,is presented in this paper. Applications of the method arepresented using a digital terrain model and a simple computercalculating routine. It is shown that the proposed procedurecan be easily applied and can support a Drought Watch System foran area of mesoscale dimensions.     

基于最大熵原理的水文干旱指标计算方法研究

确定水文变量的概率分布,是计算各类标准化干旱指标的关键。提出了基于最大熵原理(POME)的月径流分布构建方法,采用多阶矩作为求解最大熵的约束条件,以拉格朗日乘子法估计分布参数,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化径流干旱指数SDI,评估了汉江30个子流域历史水文干旱情势。结果表明:与Normal、Gamma、Weibull、Pearson TypeⅢ等常用概率分布相比,POME分布模型可以最大程度地利用实测水文数据中的信息,有效拟合不同时间尺度的累积月径流量,表现出良好的适用性;随着时间尺度的增大,采用不同分布拟合同一尺度的月径流量,差别逐渐减小,月径流量概率分布特征趋于正态化。成果可为推求干旱指标,研究干旱特征的统计规律,进行干旱频率分析等提供新的手段。     

Indicators and Aspects of Hydrological Drought in Lebanon

Change in climate conditions has become a global issue that has given a serious concern by many researchers. However, the availability of data in this regard is considered as a major element for optimum comparative analysis. The Mediterranean region is influenced by climate change, which is reflected mainly by its impact on water sources supply and flow regime. In Lebanon, these water sources are witnessing obvious quantitative decrease, thus affected the supply side, the so-called “hydrologic drought”. Therefore, many studies have been made to figure out a comprehensive understanding on water resources in Lebanon and their interrelation with climatic trends, but they often analyze one component of the water cycle. This study involves different indices of surface and subsurface water, thus, followed a comparative analysis of different hydrologic records. This was achieved by applying graphical illustrations of the numerical values adopted from available records. In this regard, different tools of analysis were used, and more certainly remotely sensed data were helpful for monitoring approaches. Therefore, results of the obtained comparative analysis revealed a clear regression in the amount of available water from different sources in Lebanon. These sources, which are under the impact of human like rivers and groundwater, showed a 23–29% decrease in the amounts of water since the last four decades. While sources, with less human interference, like snow cover and precipitation have been decreased by 12–16%. However, in both cases, the status is quite alarming and needs immediate water management plans to conserve water resources in Lebanon.     

水文时间序列分析计算方法的研究进展与展望

综合分析了国内外关于水文时间序列分析计算方法的研究成果和进展情况,指出了各自的优越性和不足,对未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

气象干旱研究进展

干旱研究目前是学术界的研究热点。文章通过总结国内外近年来在干旱方面的研究成果,重点分析了学术界对干旱的定义、分类;气象干旱指标研究进展;气象干旱特征研究方法;气象干旱预测技术方面的研究进展,进而分析了气象干旱研究目前存在的问题。     

Drought forecasting using the Standardized Precipitation Index

Unlike other natural disasters, drought events evolve slowly in time and their impacts generally span a long period of time. Such features do make possible a more effective drought mitigation of the most adverse effects, provided a timely monitoring of an incoming drought is available. Among the several proposed drought monitoring indices, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has found widespread application for describing and comparing droughts among different time periods and regions with different climatic conditions. However, limited efforts have been made to analyze the role of the SPI for drought forecasting. The aim of the paper is to provide two methodologies for the seasonal forecasting of SPI, under the hypothesis of uncorrelated and normally distributed monthly precipitation aggregated at various time scales k. In the first methodology, the auto-covariance matrix of SPI values is analytically derived, as a function of the statistics of the underlying monthly precipitation process, in order to compute the transition probabilities from a current drought condition to another in the future. The proposed analytical approach appears particularly valuable from a practical stand point in light of the difficulties of applying a frequency approach due to the limited number of transitions generally observed even on relatively long SPI records. Also, an analysis of the applicability of a Markov chain model has revealed the inadequacy of such an approach, since it leads to significant errors in the transition probability as shown in the paper. In the second methodology, SPI forecasts at a generic time horizon M are analytically determined, in terms of conditional expectation, as a function of past values of monthly precipitation. Forecasting accuracy is estimated through an expression of the Mean Square Error, which allows one to derive confidence intervals of prediction. Validation of the derived expressions is carried out by comparing theoretical forecasts and observed SPI values by means of a moving window technique. Results seem to confirm the reliability of the proposed methodologies, which therefore can find useful application within a drought monitoring system.     

海河流域区域干旱特征的分析与研究

海河流域素有“十年九旱”的说法,是我国水资源短缺问题非常严重的地区.根据海河流域1951～2001年的逐月降雨资料和历史的灾情文献记载,采用游程理论识别拟定了适合海河流域干旱状况的干旱指标,并用该指标分析了海河流域典型干旱年份的旱情区域分布特征,给出了各等级干旱的区间分布.结果表明干旱现象具有明显的地区差异,不同地区在干旱规划管理中应采取相应不同的措施.     

基于干旱过程模拟的旱情综合评估方法应用研究

在对国内外干旱评估方法研究进行综述的基础上,指出干旱起因是降水偏少,但发展成灾,则有一个缓慢渐进过程,它不仅取决于降水、气温等气象条件,还与地形、土壤、作物等因素密切相关。考虑到旱灾的成因是多条件的,旱灾的影响和体现也是多方面的,只有结合干旱发展的各阶段,才能全面地认识和评估旱情。利用基于分布式水文模拟的干旱模型,在完整模拟干旱发生发展和结束过程的基础上,整合多种旱情指标,提出能反映干旱发展过程主要特征的旱情综合评估方法体系,并以长江上游川渝地区2006年严重干旱事件为例,开展了应用示例研究。     

水稻的干旱指标与干旱预报

从作物的干旱机理和水稻节水栽培模式变化的角度,提出并论证了以土壤墒情作为水稻干旱指标的合理性和可行性,并建立了稻田的水分平衡方程与土壤水分消退模型,确定了研究区域以土壤墒情作为水稻干旱指标的指标取值和对应的干旱等级划分;同时,提出了以断水天数为指标的水稻干旱预报新方法。应用表明,该方法适合于安徽江淮丘陵区的自然环境条件和作物生长习性。     

基于标准水资源指数(SWRI)的流域水文干旱评估——以海河北系为例

构建了一个新的水文干旱评估指标——标准水资源指数(SWRI),结合分布式水循环模型、Copula函数及统计检验等方法,形成了一套完整的水文干旱识别、评估及特征分析的基本框架。以海河北系为例,定量识别了1956—2009年间的水文干旱事件,并对其干旱特征及变化规律进行了剖析。结果表明:海河北系近54年发生的34次水文干旱主要集中在短历时、低强度、小面积区间内,空间上主要分布在张家口、大同及北京等地区;干旱指标的联动关系上,干旱历时、强度与面积指标间呈显著的线性或指数相关关系,90%的水文干旱历时低于40个月、干旱面积占比不超过43%,干旱强度低于9.0;在给定的干旱特征指标值(如干旱面积)条件下,另一干旱指标值越大(如强度越大)干旱发生概率越小,且存在明显的特征区间;单变量水文干旱重现期介于联合重现期和同现重现期之间。     

近55年以来漳卫河流域干旱演变特征分析

以漳卫河流域11个气象基准站1957-2011年降水日值资料为基础,基于标准化降水指数选取干旱发生频次、干旱影响范围、干旱强度与历时、干旱重心等指标,分析了流域降水突变前后气象干旱演变特征。结果表明：流域降水在1976年发生突变,降水突变前后,年尺度干旱发生频次和影响范围显著增加,分别由20%、23.2%增加到40%、34.1%;在季尺度上,春旱发生频次和影响范围均有较大程度减少,夏旱和秋旱的发生频次和影响范围有所增大,冬旱的发生频次和影响范围分别有小幅度的增大和减少;年尺度和季尺度干旱的平均干旱历时和强度增加显著,而月尺度干旱的干旱历时和强度略有下降;流域干旱重心在降水突变前后未发生明显的变化。     

云南南盘江上游旱灾风险定量评估研究

以农业干旱灾害风险为研究对象,采用主成分分析法构造干旱综合表征指数来计算干旱频率,利用AquaCrop模型定量评估一定抗旱能力下的因旱作物损失,据此构建干旱频率-抗旱能力-旱灾损失之间的关系,用于定量评估旱灾风险。对南盘江上游西桥水文站以上区域进行实证研究的结果表明,在现状抗旱能力水平下,区内陆良县属于干旱易发区;当遭遇相同程度干旱时,陆良县与沾益县、麒麟区相比,其因旱作物损失率相对较大,这与实际情况相符;在现状抗旱能力水平下,研究区域遭遇百年一遇大旱时,其因旱作物损失率在15²0%之间。     

南盘江流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征研究

选取南盘江流域3个站点40年(1970年-2009年)的逐月径流资料和20个站点同期逐月降水资料,计算标准化径流指数(SSFI)和不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),从中选取水文干旱样本和同期的SPI进行统计分析,研究水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征。结果表明:南盘江流域SSFI对SPI具有良好的响应关系;SSFI对SPI的响应关系随时间尺度的不同相关性不同;总体来看,流域内水文干旱对气象干旱的响应时间约为6个月。     

旱情评估指标研究简介及探讨

干旱灾害是我国发生最为频繁、影响范围较大,并造成严重危害的一种气象灾害。由于干旱自身的复杂性及对社会影响的广泛性,干旱指标的确定和分析对干旱的监测及评估有重要的意义,同时也为全球变化中的气候一植被关系研究提供方法和依据。将干旱指标从气象、水文、农业和社会经济4方面进行综述,介绍了国内外干旱指标研究现状及最新动态,并指出其优势和不足,以此提出今后干旱指标研究重点与展望。     

驮娘江八达水文站气象水文耦合的洪水预测探讨

八达水文站是驮娘江上游第一个控制水文站,也是驮娘江龙头水电站威后水电站主要入库控制站,同时位于西林县城,也是西林县城的防洪水文站,但控制流域面积小,汇流时间短。探讨了该水文站洪水预报模型建立、应用条件和基于气象降雨数值预报的模型应用,以延长洪水预报预见期。     

上海市吴淞站天文潮的推算

吴淞站是黄浦江入长江口重要的水文站,吴淞站的潮位预报对于太湖流域防洪及水资源配置工作具有重要的意义,也是上海市城市防洪的重要基础工作之一。文中首先对吴淞潮位站进行固定分潮的调和分析,再根据潮汐资料推求各分潮的调和常数,从而得到天文潮的预报方程。验证结果表明,预报方程具有精度高、速度快、简便实用等优点,适合于上海市吴淞站天文潮的推算。     

南水北调受水区干旱灾害风险评估方法探讨

南水北调工程的受水区为黄淮海流域,干旱问题已经成为该区域经济和社会发展的瓶颈,因此有必要对受水区内的干旱风险做出准确评估.区域干旱风险可以理解为区域内暴露于干旱下的承灾体,在外部致灾因子扰动下,由于自身的脆弱性,所遭受损失的可能性及可能的损失程度的大小.区域干旱风险评估的任务是明晰发生干旱时暴露于干旱下各个部门和社会生活的各个方面,确定引发干旱的自然致灾因子,分析承灾体的脆弱性,预测干旱造成的影响和损失,并通过数学方法合理量化风险的大小,同时确定造成各部门、地区和人口风险的主要原因,即干旱风险的主要影响因素,从而寻求降低风险的有效途径.现以南水北调某一特定受水区域为研究对象,分析了干旱灾害的成灾机理,对干旱致灾因子的危险性及承灾体的脆弱性进行了讨论,提出相应的计算公式,建立了针对特定区域的干旱灾害风险评估模式,对干旱灾害风险提出了量化的方法.并结合南水北调受水区济南市的实际情况对本文提出的方法进行了应用和验证,实践证明该风险评估模式有一定的科学性和应用价值.     

山西省农业旱情产量型评价指标体系软件的开发与编制

文中介绍了山西省农业旱情产量型评价指标体系软件的设计与开发过程，并简要讨论了在这个过程中所遇到的一些问题。