婴儿配方奶粉中的油脂配料

综述了婴儿配方奶粉中的油脂配料由脂肪酸组成接近向脂肪结构接近转变的发展历程,包括脂肪对于婴儿生长发育的重要性,母乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成和结构的特殊性,目前婴儿配方奶粉中油脂配料的脂肪酸组成,婴儿对于不同类型油脂吸收的差异以及母乳脂肪替代物的制备方法.     

乳脂肪球膜的特性、开发及在模拟母乳脂肪球结构中的应用

乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是包裹在天然乳脂肪球外部的3 层膜状结构,然而牛乳基和大豆基婴儿配方奶粉缺少MFGM,脂肪球结构与母乳存在较大差异,因此添加外源MFGM以及制备与母乳脂肪球结构接近的婴儿配方奶粉成为了近期的研究焦点。本文综述了MFGM的相关特性和生产开发途径,以及牛乳MFGM在仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉中的应用。体外模拟婴儿胃肠道消化实验以及啮齿动物体内实验结果表明,仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉能够促进婴儿脂肪消化并且改善脂质代谢过程。     

浅谈婴儿配方奶粉中的脂肪酸

<正>婴儿作为一类特殊的群体,母乳是其最佳的营养来源,国内外都在提倡和推崇母乳喂养。但是由于身体健康、工作环境、生活压力等多种因素导致许多母亲未能实现母乳喂养,婴儿配方奶粉成了她们的最佳选择。婴儿配方奶粉以母乳中的营养元素为标准,提取牛乳中的营养成分,通过科学调配使其营养成分和生物学功能等方面无限接近母乳,以满足婴儿在生长发育阶段的能量和营     

母乳及婴儿粪便菌群分析及功能菌株筛选

目的 探究母乳喂养婴儿粪便菌群及母乳菌群相关性,获得具有潜在益生功能菌株.方法 对健康母子母乳及婴儿粪便样本进行Illumina高通量测序,探究母乳与婴儿粪便样本菌群结构组成,母乳菌群在婴儿肠道垂直传递情况.通过体外益生性质研究,对分离的菌株进行筛选.结果 母乳中的主要菌科为肠杆菌科、莫拉氏菌科、葡萄球菌科和链球菌科;...     

母乳与婴儿乳粉中所含矿物质元素的分析

为了考察在母乳及市售婴儿乳粉中的矿物质元素，我们对所含的钙、磷、钾、钠、铜、锌等进行了分析。通过检测分析，我们发现：母乳中的大部分矿物质元素含量丰富，易于吸收，它是喂哺婴儿的最佳食品。但母乳却不能作为喂哺婴儿的唯一食品，还需要添加婴儿乳粉来补充母乳中含量较低的极少数矿物质元素，以充分满足婴儿的生长需要。     

母乳和不同婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质消化性研究

以母乳为对照,模拟婴儿胃肠消化环境对两种普通婴儿配方乳粉和一种适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的蛋白质进行体外模拟消化研究,测定其体外胃、肠以及胃肠总消化率和消化液中的氨基酸含量。结果表明体外胃消化率、肠消化率及胃肠总消化率从高到低依次均为:母乳适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉婴儿配方乳粉B婴儿配方乳粉A,且母乳中蛋白质的体外消化率均显著高于适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉和两种普通婴儿配方乳粉(p0.05)。此外,在体外胃肠总消化液中,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于母乳和婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p0.05),母乳和适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的氨基酸总量显著高于婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p0.05)。与两种普通婴儿配方乳粉相比,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质能更好的被机体消化利用,营养价值更高。     

母乳中的多不饱和脂肪酸

母乳含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,为婴儿的生长发育所必需,尤其是促进婴儿中枢神经系统的发育,因此母亲膳食多摄取多不饱和脂肪酸,提高母乳中的营养成分,以及在婴儿奶粉中强化多不饱和脂肪酸都是十分重要的。     

不同母乳营养成分的比较

比较了不同时期母乳成分、早产儿与足月儿母乳成分、城区与郊区母乳成分以及母乳与牛乳成分的差异。结果表明。母乳成分基本上能满足婴儿的需求，然而随着婴儿的生长发育其某些营养成分不能完全满足其营养的需要（如有些矿物质、维生素等），而且母乳的营养成分受到乳母膳食营养、饮食习惯、民族、文化和地域等因素的影响，乳母可通过膳食的调整来弥补这些营养素的缺陷。牛乳中营养素与母乳有很大不同，可通过调整牛奶中营养素使之满足婴儿的营养需求、因此，研究不同国家和民族母乳的营养成分对生产母乳化的配方奶粉具有重要意义。     

母乳和婴儿配方奶粉中唾液酸体外模拟消化研究

以母乳为对照,模拟婴儿胃肠消化环境对3组实验室自制不同唾液酸添加量的婴儿配方奶粉进行体外模拟消化研究,测定母乳和婴儿配方奶粉中的唾液酸体外胃消化率、肠消化率和总消化率。研究结果表明:母乳和婴儿配方奶粉中的唾液酸主要在肠内消化;干法生产添加唾液酸的婴儿配方奶粉,当添加量为2.8kg/t时,婴儿配方奶粉中唾液酸的消化率与母乳接近。     

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌生理活性及其对母乳寡糖代谢的研究进展

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌（Akkermansia muciniphila）被认为是下一代益生菌,在宿主体内的丰度与结肠炎、糖尿病、肥胖、动脉粥样硬化等诸多疾病呈负相关。该文综述A.muciniphila的基本生理特性、活性功能及关键蛋白的研究进展,总结A.muciniphila对多种母乳寡糖的代谢能力及代谢产物对婴儿肠道微生物群的影响,以及外膜蛋白Amuc_1100的特性和生理功能,为阐明A.muciniphila在婴儿肠道健康中的作用机制和深度开发提供依据。     

Goats’ milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides: Isolation by membrane technology

Human milk oligosaccharides are thought to be beneficial for the infant with regard to their prebiotic and anti-infective properties. However, so far no milk from farm animals has been considered to be a good natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides for human nutrition. In this study, the characterization and quantitation of neutral and sialylated lactose-derived oligosaccharides in mature caprine milk was performed and compared to ovine, bovine and human milk. The quantification was carried out using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), and the characterization was performed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). A large amount and variety of acidic and neutral oligosaccharides were found in goats’ milk when compared with cow and sheep milk. In addition, 15 new oligosaccharide structures were identified in caprine milk. In order to isolate the goats’ milk oligosaccharide fraction, a two-stage tangential ultrafiltration–nanofiltration process was selected. Tubular ceramic membranes with molecular mass cut-offs of 50 and 1 kDa, respectively, were employed. A virtually lactose and salts-free product containing more than 80% of the original oligosaccharide content was obtained.     

Nanofiltration Enrichment of Milk Oligosaccharides (MOS) in Relation to Process Parameters

Bioactive milk oligosaccharide concentrates are not yet available as functional food ingredients. The aim of the present study was to develop an optimized nanofiltration process for the enrichment of milk oligosaccharides by achieving a better permeation of milk salts and residual sugars during nanofiltration in an acidic (pH 5) or neutral (pH 7) environment. A bovine retentate produced by nanofiltration with a 100-fold increase in the milk oligosaccharide content in relation to total sugar content was applied. In addition, the process should be suitable for the enrichment of milk oligosaccharides in caprine milk. Milk oligosaccharides were identified by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Generally, a greater enrichment of milk oligosaccharides in the final nanofiltration retentate (14 % milk oligosaccharides by dry mass, 4-fold higher than in the first nanofiltration retentate, 140-fold higher than in the raw material) and a better separation of salts and residual sugars were achieved in bovine milk by nanofiltration at pH 5. The high milk oligosaccharide content in relation to the total sugar content in the final nanofiltration retentate (92 %, 10-fold higher than in the first nanofiltration retentate, 900-fold higher than in the starting sample) indicated a nearly complete permeation of monosaccharides and disaccharides. Nanofiltration of caprine milk resulted in a 31-fold higher milk oligosaccharide content in relation to total sugar content than in the starting sample. In the present work, the influence of the pH on the degree of enrichment of milk oligosaccharides by nanofiltration was evaluated for the first time.     

Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N-linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human,bovine, and goat milk

N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N-linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. Milk N-glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. Both N-glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells, however, N-glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N-glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N-glycans is of interest for future study. The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N-linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics.     

大豆低聚糖的生产、生理功能及其应用

大豆低聚糖是一种新型的功能性低聚糖,它具有许多功能特性。本文综述了大豆低聚糖的结构及理化性质;生理功能。对大豆低聚糖的生产工艺及在食品生产中的应用也作了详细的论述。     

壳低聚糖对牛乳的抑菌作用研究

目的:是研究壳低聚糖对牛乳中微生物的抑制作用。方法:采用邓肯氏新复极差法比较不同浓度的壳低聚糖对牛乳中细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、芽孢数及耐热芽孢数的抑制作用和不同浓度的壳低聚糖对牛乳中美兰变色时间的影响。结果:壳低聚糖能显著地抑制牛乳中细菌的增长(P<0.05),其最好的抑菌质量浓度为50g/L;壳低聚糖能显著地抑制牛乳中嗜冷菌的增长(P<0.05),其最好的抑菌质量浓度为50g/L;壳低聚糖对牛乳中耐热芽孢和芽孢没有显著的影响(P>0.05);加入壳低聚糖后明显地延长牛乳中美兰变色的时间。结论:壳低聚糖对牛乳中微生物的增长具有显著的抑制性,且随着浓度的增大其抑制性增强。     

Glycosidase activities in bovine milk over lactation

The presence and activity of glycosidases in Irish bovine milk over three months of lactation was investigated. A low level of variation between animals was observed and the highest level of glycosidase activity was present in colostrum, decreasing through transitional milk production to minimal but constant levels in mature milk. N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, α-l-fucosidase, α-galactosidase and N-acetyl-neuraminidase appear to be the most biologically relevant glycosidases in bovine milk. The elevated levels of enzymatic activity in colostrum suggests the milk glycosidases may play a role in the digestion of bovine milk glycans in the infant mammal, possibly acting as substitutes for bacterial glycosidases prior to colonisation by the gut microflora, which are involved in in vivo oligosaccharide metabolism in the lower gastrointestinal tract.     

壳寡糖对原料乳中微生物抑制作用的研究

通过研究壳寡糖对原料乳中细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、芽孢数及耐热芽孢数的抑制作用和不同浓度的壳寡糖对原料乳中美兰变色时间的影响,得出壳寡糖对原料乳中细菌总数和嗜冷菌数均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),对芽孢总数和耐热芽孢数没有显著的影响(P>0.05),并明显的延长原料乳中美兰的变色时间。     

离子色谱-脉冲安培检测器分析奶粉中低聚果糖

建立了离子色谱-脉冲安培检测分析奶粉中低聚果糖的方法。采用CarboPacPA200分离柱对分离条件进行了优化,确定柱温为30℃、淋洗液梯度洗脱,在10．0～50．0mg·L^-1范围内低聚果糖呈良好线性,回收率蔗果三糖（GF3）73．1％-82．6％、蔗果四糖（GF4）76．4％-82．9％、蔗果五糖（GF5）73．8％-77．6％,检出限分别为蔗果三糖10mg·kg^-1、蔗果四糖20mg·kg^-1、蔗果五糖24mg·kg～,精密度分别为蔗果三糖3．22％～4．61％、蔗果四糖4．60％-4．94％、蔗果五糖1．82％-3．26％。检测了乳粉中的低聚果糖．效果良好。     

Gangliosides in human milk and infant formula: A review on analytical techniques and contents

Gangliosides (GGs) are important bioactive compounds that offer beneficial anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and neuronal development effects. The present work reviews the techniques used to determine the GG content in human milk and infant formula. In the case of conventional techniques (thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy), extraction and purification steps are more laborious than for the current techniques (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)). The new methodologies allow the identification of the ceramide and oligosaccharide forming the GGs, which is of interest considering their structural differences among human milk and infant formula. This information could be used to incorporate GGs into infant formula in such a way as to more closely resemble human milk regarding total contents and profile.     

降糖奶粉配方及其功能特性的研究

介绍了降糖奶粉低脂，高糖，高蛋白，高纤维素的配方特点和设计依据，对膳食纤维，低聚糖，天然降糖因子和葡萄糖耐量因子等选用原料的降糖功能特性和双歧杆菌增殖作用进行了讨论。实验室小试产品经糖尿病患者试用，反映良好。