考虑淤泥处置场荷载特点的软土地基处理方法

淤泥处置场占地面积较大,对深厚的软土地基,若采用常规的复合地基处理方式无疑将大规模增加工程投资。本文考虑淤泥处置场的荷栽特点,将淤泥的处置过程当作分级加载的过程,分析地基在处置场运行期间地基承载力的提高,通过控制作业程序,使淤泥堆填的速度和荷载与地基承载力随时间的增长相适应,同时设置加筋砂石垫层,为软土地基提供排水层,减小库区的不均匀沉降,提高地基承载力,。最后结合某淤泥处置场工程,分析了该地基处理思路的可行性,对淤泥处置场的方案提出了优化建议。本文的计算方法和地基处理方式可为软土地区污泥处置和垃圾填埋等工程提供有益的参考,     

西部地区建筑废弃物填埋的法律规制

建筑废弃物填埋法规对促进废弃物减量化与资源化起着重要作用。然而,目前我国的建筑废弃物填埋法规不成系统且执行效果有待加强。基于此,系统综述了西部6 省市的建筑废弃物填埋法规,重点就法规完善性、主管部门的职责及协同监管、填埋设施规划与管理、填埋收费标准,以及填埋行为管理等进行了评述,旨在甄别现行法规体系中的主要欠缺,为完善西部地区建筑废弃物填埋法规提供参考。     

塔里木盆地与北山地区高放废物处置地质环境安全性对比分析

 参照地震发生频率、地块稳定特性等地质环境因素，结合水中的同位素及水化学特征分析，对塔里木盆地东部地区的核试验场地与北山地区作为高放废物处置场的预选址的安全性与合理性加以对比论述。研究结果显示，北山地区30 km以下的下地壳中存在着高导低速层，附近地区历史上曾发生过多次大地震，是一个相对不稳定地块。北山的地下水经分析并非是最初认定的“古水”，也不是来自当地降水，而是祁连山的降水通过深大断裂带补给的，北山附近的花海地区自流井的流量就达到了106 m3/a。北山地区的深层地下水为淡水，径流速度较快，下游为生态与环境的重点保护区额济纳盆地，因此会不利于将其作为高放废物处置场的选址。相比较而言，塔里木盆地东部地区历史上从未发生过较大的地震，地壳层中不存在高导低速层，同位素数据显示其地下水主要来自当地的降雨和河流的入渗补给，地下水中总溶解固体随着深度的增加而增加，地下水的循环周期较长，地下径流的最终排泄区是罗布泊荒漠戈壁地区，而且塔里木盆地东部军事禁区存在面积超过3 000 km2的花岗岩。因此在已经受到污染的核试验地区修建永久性处置高放废物要比北山地区更为安全，即使未来发生最不利的污染等事件也可以将对环境与生态的破坏降到最低。     

新西兰典型雨水管理政策剖析与启示

大力发展雨水利用事业，除技术支持以外，还需要完善的雨水利用制度和管理措施。介绍了新西兰雨水利用政策的整体框架及雨水管理政策，如雨水基础设施政策、私人地区雨水管理政策、雨水排放和处置政策、雨水灾害与地表径流政策、河流管理政策等。其次介绍了新西兰的雨水管理，主要包括洪水管理、河流管理、污染物管理等。在对新西兰雨水政策剖析的基础上，提出了对我国城市雨水管理的建议。     

上海某新建仓库项目的桩基缺陷原因分析及加固措施

上海地区某新建仓库项目在利用低应变动测法进行基桩的桩身完整性检测后,发现存在大面积Ⅲ类桩.以此为例,通过对桩基工程概况、检测情况的阐述,分析了导致基桩出现缺陷的原因.在目前现状评估的基础上进行处置方案比较分析,并结合专家意见提出结构刚度补强、分步加载预压和动态监测等措施,最终确保了工程结构安全,可为类似情况的处置提供借...     

The management of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa

The management of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa has been identified as a key area of research owing to the fact that very little, if any, provision has been made for it. Without water-borne sanitation, the disposal of greywater becomes a problem that has the potential to create a host of environmental and health problems, and this is particularly evident in the high density informal settlements that surround the major South African cities. The main aim of this study was to understand the use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas in South Africa, determine typical quantities and qualities, and develop a preliminary guide for its management, both in terms of reducing health and environmental risks as well as possibly providing benefits through controlled reuse.     

Resistivity surveys near a waste-disposal site in the Qasr Tuba area of central Jordan

Direct current (DC) Schlumberger resistivity sounding and dipole-dipole resistivity profiling experiments were conducted at the border of an 2.2 long×1 km wide open waste disposal site in central Jordan. The site is on an approximately 20 m thick limestone, chert and chalk rock sequence and is surrounded by a series of hills. Lying upstream of an urban area, agricultural land and numerous groundwater wells, any contamination spreading from the waste disposal site could have a serious effect on the people and the environment. In this study, the subsurface resistivity distribution was mapped and compared with the data obtained from boreholes and aerial photographs. DC resistivity methods were found to be a fast and inexpensive data collection tool. The results obtained will be of use for engineering preparations and the operation of the site, as well as for monitoring any future pollution.      

法国ANDRA放射性废物地质处置可行性研究综述

介绍15a来法国国家放射性废物管理局（ANDRA）为研究地下处置放射性废物而开展的主要研究成果，实验室试验、现场试验和数值模拟结果均表明：ANDRA所研究的在法国东部埋深500m、厚达130m的泥岩岩层具备永久处置核废料的地质条件，从地质和学角度上介绍该泥岩岩层一些主要特征，并对ANDRA提出的地质处置总体设计方案和不同类型废物处置单元进行系统论述。     

The Development of a Sludge Disposal Strategy for the Hong Kong Territories

Sludge arisings in the Hong Kong Territories are predicted to increase from the current level of 44 300 tDS/annum to 314000 tDS/annum. This has led to a need to examine the treatment and disposal facilities required for the future. Disposal facilities were found to be restricted, with virtually no suitable land for a liquid disposal route and a sea route limited to the present quantities. Only landfill remained as the major disposal outlet, but this is also limited by the moisture absorbence capacity of the emplaced material and limiting metal concentrations.
In order to match the sludge production to the disposal outlet capacity, a series of process options was considered. Transportation studies using pumping, road and sea networks were undertaken and the environmental impact assessment of introducing thermal technologies was reviewed. Finally the various options were evaluated using a modified version of the Water Research Centre's WISDOM model.     

建筑师负责制中的责权利关系比较研究——以行业标准合同为线索

建筑师负责制的制度核心是赋予建筑师在工程建设上的“责权利”关系,即“负哪些责、有哪些权、获哪些利”。这个问题在国际上通行建筑师负责制国家实施的建筑师行业标准合同条款上可以有所体现,通过分析实行建筑师负责制最具代表性的美国、日本、英制新加坡等国的行业标准合同条款,对比建筑师在合同中的责任、权力和权益情况,探究其存在和实施的背后逻辑,可以间接为我国推行建筑师负责制提供一些有益的线索。     

摩尔-库仑等面积圆屈服准则及工程应用

将Mohr-Coulomb等面积圆屈服准则和有限元强度折减系数法相结合,提出了在平面应变条件下有限元分析模型的选取、边界条件的处理方法、收敛条件,以及采用大型通用有限元程序ANSYS分析边坡稳定时c、φ值的替换原则,最后用于分析某工程深基坑复合边坡的稳定问题,给出该工程边坡的安全系数。     

垃圾处理厂垃圾坝体施工及填埋区的防渗处理

概括介绍了垃圾处理厂浆砌石的施工、大体积混凝土裂缝的控制及填埋区HDPE膜的施工技术,并指出垃圾坝体的施工和填埋区防渗是垃圾填埋场施工的主要核心,为类似22程提供了参考依据。     

The use of spatial modeling in an aquatic food web to estimate exposure and risk

This paper quantitatively evaluates interactions among foraging behavior, habitat preferences, site characteristics and the spatial distribution of contaminants in estimating PCB exposure concentrations for winter flounder at a hypothetical open water dredged material disposal site in the coastal waters of New York and New Jersey (NY-NJ). The models implemented in this study include a spatial submodel to account for spatial and temporal characteristics of fish exposure and a probabilistic adaptation of the Gobas bioaccumulation model to account for temporal variation in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment and water. We estimated the geographic distribution of an offshore winter flounder subpopulation based on species biology, including such variables as foraging area, habitat size, disposal site size and migration characteristics. We incorporated these variables together with an estimate of differential attraction to a management site within a spatially explicit model to assess the range of expected PCB exposures to a winter flounder population. The output of this modeling effort, flounder PCB tissue concentrations, provides exposure point concentrations for estimates of human health risk through ingestion of locally caught flounder. The risks obtained for the spatially non-explicit case are as much as one order of magnitude higher than those obtained after incorporating spatial and temporal characteristics of winter flounder foraging and seasonal migration. Incorporating spatial and temporal variables in food chain models can help support sediment management decisions by providing a quantitative expression of the confidence in risk estimates.     

Meuse/Haute-Marne centre: next steps towards a deep disposal facility

This paper presents the main results obtained during a decade of scientific activities in the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory(URL)located on the eastern boundary of the Paris Basin,in the Callovo-Oxfordian clay rock formation.The URL was built in the framework of ANDRA’s research program into the feasibility of a reversible deep geological disposal of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive(HL,ILLL)waste.Its underground drifts have been used to study a 160-million-year old clay layer.The 2006 Planning Act adopted this disposal concept as the reference solution for the long-term management of HL and ILLL radioactive waste.Today,research is continuing into the design and sitting of the disposal facility which could be commissioned by 2025 if its license is granted in 2016.Through these programs, the laboratory will help ANDRA develop a concrete approach with a view to proposing suitable architectures and management methods for a deep disposal facility,to allow by 2016 the decision for the start of the construction of the shafts and drifts of the new disposal facility.     

Trade Effluent Control: Prospects for the 1990s

The proposed privatization of the ten regional water authorities together with the accompanying reorganization of water pollution control responsibilities between the new National Rivers Authority and Her Majesty's Pollution Inspectorate, as well as the ever tightening environmental standards for the aquatic environment emanating from Brussels and from general environmental pressures, means that dischargers of industrial effluents can expect major changes both in the cost of disposing of their effluents and in terms of the legislative controls which will restrict their content.
The paper examines the various factors which will influence the management of trade effluents in the 1990s and endeavours to give some indication of what the future holds both in terms of disposal costs and environmental regulation from the point of view of the discharger.     

Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: a review and case study

Nitrate is often seen as an agricultural pollutant of groundwater and so is expected to be at higher concentrations in the groundwaters surrounding a city than in those beneath it. However the difference between rural and urban nitrate concentrations is often small, due to the non-agricultural sources of nitrogen that are concentrated in cities. This paper illustrates the source and significance of non-agricultural nitrogen for groundwater and presents a case study of nitrate loading in the city of Nottingham. Major sources of nitrogen in urban aquifers are related to wastewater disposal (on-site systems and leaky sewers), solid waste disposal (landfills and waste tips). The major sources of nitrogen in the Nottingham area are mains leakage and contaminated land with approximately 38% each of a total load of 21 kg N ha(-1) year(-1).     

Sediment-air equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile hydrophobic organic compounds. Part 1. Method development and water vapor sorption isotherm

Contaminated sediments that become exposed to air as a result of dredging and disposal in confined disposal facilities are potential sources of air pollution. A critical parameter to develop emission estimation models is the equilibrium partition coefficient of contaminants, between sediment and air. In this first of two articles, we present a method, based on gas saturation in a flowing stream, to study both the adsorption of water and semi-volatile organic compounds on a sediment from the Campus Lake, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. The experimental set-up was used to determine the adsorption isotherm for water partitioning between sediment and pore-air. A detailed characterization of the sediment surface area and pore volume was used to develop an adsorption-condensation model for predicting water sorption on sediment. The model was used to estimate the importance of water adsorption on mineral surfaces and condensation in pores. This information serves, in the accompanying second article in the series, as the basis for the modeling of the partitioning of phenanthrene, and dibenzofuran.     

D20便梁在地基塌陷区既有铁路桥整治中的应用

以红旗渠铁路桥加固改造工程为例,介绍了在煤矿采空区中使用D20便梁治理沉陷的综合施工技术及监控量测方法,指出该技术成功突破了＂三下＂采煤对结构物预留煤柱的传统处置定式,为类似工程积累了宝贵经验,具有重大的现实意义。     

Optimal pricing and environmental improvement for a hazardous waste disposal supply chain with emission penalties

Hazardous waste management has become a municipal problem, associated with industrial development and changing consumption patterns. We study the hazardous waste management system as a supply chain with a disposal facility and a contractor, which serves customers with demand sensitive to price and environment impact. The government intervenes with this supply chain by imposing emission penalties that make the waste disposal facility responsible for reducing disposal process emissions. The Stackelberg game and Nash equilibrium are used to model the decision-making sequence between the disposal facility and the contractor. We specify different scenarios to model the hazardous waste management supply chain. The goal of this research is to find the optimal disposal service price and level of environmental improvement to mitigate adverse impacts and maximize profits. The applicability of dual-channel service in the hazardous waste supply chain is also investigated. Our study shows that the supply chain obtains the highest profit if both the disposal facility and the contractor operate in a centralized model. Under some scenarios, profitability improves if the disposal facility becomes active in waste collection and transportation under a dual-channel supply-chain model. Demand sensitivity to price and environmental impacts can affect the adopted level of improvement by disposal facilities.     

Sewage sludge-based adsorbents: A review of their production, properties and use in water treatment applications

The imposition of more stringent legislation governing the disposal and utilisation of sewage sludge, coupled with the growth in its generation and the loss of traditionally accepted disposal routes, has prompted a drive for alternative uses for sewage sludge. One option that exhibits especial promise, due to its potential to valorise the sludge, is the conversion of the sludge into adsorbents. This paper seeks to review the published research in this field: it covers the means of production, the characteristics and the potential applications of sewage sludge-based adsorbents (SBAs). The literature has indicated that chemical activation utilising alkali metal hydroxides is the most effective technique for producing high surface area SBAs. In addition, acid washing is highly effective at raising the BET surface area of SBAs, especially when coupled with physical activation. Due to their relatively low microporosity, the phenol uptake of SBAs produced by physical activation is low, but through a combination of their favourable surface chemistry and relatively high mesoporosity, the best of these adsorbents can attain high uptakes of organic dyes. The SBAs produced by carbonisation, through their high cation exchange capacity, generally exhibit a high metal cation capacity. For further research, the following investigations are recommended: the utilisation of alternative chemical activation reagents; the optimisation of the most effective chemical activation techniques; the combined utilisation of different activation and surface chemistry modification techniques to produce application-specific adsorbents.