钛酸锶钡-氧化锌复合陶瓷的结构与介电性能

分别采用熔盐法和固相反应法预制的Ba0.85Sr0.15TiO3(BST)粉体,制备了BST-ZnO复合陶瓷。对陶瓷的晶相组成、微观形貌特征及介电性能进行了研究。结果表明,BST-ZnO复合陶瓷微观结构及介电性能受BST粉体性质的影响显著。以熔盐法预制BST粉体时,陶瓷的ZnO晶粒显著长大,其εr可达104量级。而以固相反应法预制BST粉体时,陶瓷的ZnO晶粒较小。当r(BST:ZnO)=0.4时产生纤维状ZnO晶粒,并在16~20℃附近出现与BST材料相似的相变特征。     

低ε_r微波介质陶瓷的结构与介电性质

介绍了低介质常数εr 微波介质陶瓷中复合钙钛矿 Ba(X ,Y) O3系、(Zn,Sn) Ti O4系和 Ba O- Ti O2 系材料的结构和介电特性 ,分析其介电性质随结构和工艺参数的变化规律。以上系列微波介质陶瓷的烧结温度普遍较高 ,传统的介电理论不能完全解释这些材料的损耗机制。今后的发展趋势是利用复合效应来得到εr更高 ,品质因数Q值更高 ,同时温度稳定性良好的高性能材料     

多孔硅有效介电函数研究

采用改进过的Maxwell-Garnett模型研究了入射光波长和多孔硅的孔隙率对反射光谱和介电光谱的影响,结果表明:(1)随着入射光波长的增大,多孔硅的反射率先增大后减小,而随着孔隙率的增大反射光谱出现了明显的下塌趋势,且孔隙率越大下塌得越明显;(2)随着孔隙率的增加,多孔硅复介电光谱出现明显的蓝移现象,且多孔硅有效介电常数的实部和虚部均变小.此外还对这种现象给出了较为合理的解释.     

New Silicone Composites for Dielectric Elastomer Actuator Applications In Competition with Acrylic Foil

Several polydimethylsiloxane elastomers were developed and investigated regarding their potential use as materials in dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA). A hydroxyl end‐functionalized polydimethylsiloxane was reacted with different crosslinkers and the electromechanical properties of the resulting elastomers were investigated. The silicone showing the best actuation at the lowest electric field was further used as matrix and compounded with encapsulated conductive polyaniline particles. These composites have enhanced properties including increased strain at break, higher dielectric constant as well as, gratifyingly, breakdown fields higher than that of the matrix. One of the newly synthesized composites is compared to the commercially available acrylic foil VHB 4905 (3M) which is currently the most commonly used elastomer for DEA applications. It was found that this material has little hysteresis and can be activated at lower voltages compared to VHB 4905. For example, when the newly synthesized composite was 30% prestrained, a lateral actuation strain of about 12% at 40 V μm^?1 was measured while half of this actuation strain at the same voltage was measured for VHB 4905 film that was 300% prestrained. It also survived more than 100 000 cycles at voltages which are close to the breakdown field. Such materials might find applications wherever small forces but large strains at low voltages are required, in, for example, tactile displays.     

钛酸钡改性及其聚酰亚胺复合材料的性能研究

采用化学还原法在直径100 nm的钛酸钡表面沉积直径约5~20 nm的铜纳米颗粒,分析了BaTiO3-聚酰亚胺复合材料的介电性能和作用机理。研究结果表明:铜纳米颗粒通过化学键与钛酸钡表面的晶体结构结合在一起,与聚酰亚胺组合成两相复合材料,这有别于BaTiO3/导电粒子/聚酰亚胺三相复合材料。另外,虽然铜纳米颗粒有部分被氧化,导电性能降低,但改性后的BaTiO3-聚酰亚胺的复合材料还是具有低损耗、高介电的性能,充分说明了这种新型的两相复合材料能够实现高介电、低损耗的目标。     

利用等效电容计算复合材料的有效介电常数

为克服经典理论不适合计算高占空比复合材料的情况,提出了一种利用等效电容计算复合材料的有效介电常数的方法。对于颗粒弥散型复合材料,将其看成是电容器内的填充介质。通过求解电容器的等效电容,进一步导出复合材料有效介电常数的计算公式。将此模型与MG模型以及EMA模型对比,其计算结果非常接近,表明这种方法原理正确、适应性强,并且在高占空比的时候与文献给出的实验值吻合得更好。     

Nb、Co、La掺杂对BaTiO3介质陶瓷性能的影响

为了改善钛酸钡基陶瓷的烧结性能,调控细晶结构,提高工艺稳定性和材料的介电特性,采用铌、钴、镧的柠檬酸-EDTA金属有机盐复合螯合前驱液表面包覆法对水热BaTiO3(BT)粉体进行Nb2O5、CoO、La2O3掺杂改性。实验结果表明:该工艺能够实现改性组分金属有机盐前驱物在BT上的均匀包覆,形成(Ba1–3Lax)(Ti1–Nb2Cox)O3x/2xx/3/3固溶体。当r(Nb/Co)>2时,材料呈铁电弛豫特性;r(Nb/Co)<2时,呈一般铁电特性;当r(Nb/Co)=2,随着La掺量的增加,材料的铁电弛豫特性增加;当r(Nb/Co)>2和r(Nb/Co)<2时,则La的掺量对材料的介电温度特性影响不大。     

太赫兹介电谱与组分含量的关系分析及应用

研究了固体有机样品的太赫兹介电谱与组分体积含量之间的关系。通过分析有效介质理论中的CRI（Complex Refractive Index）模型,得到样品的介电参数与组分体积含量的关系式。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术测得室温下两种氨基酸样品在0.5～2.7 THz的介电性质,样品的折射率、介电系数及介电损耗均随氨基酸体积含量增加而增大。选取氨基酸介电损耗谱特征峰位处的介电参数,根据CRI模型进行拟合,得到折射率与体积含量的线性关系式,介电系数和介电损耗与体积含量的二次函数关系式。研究结果有利于扩展太赫兹波段的定性定量分析手段,并对聚合物基复合材料制备有一定参考意义。     

Highly Dispersed Palladium–Polypyrrole Nanocomposites: In‐Water Synthesis and Application for Catalytic Arylation of Heteroaromatics by Direct C–H Bond Activation

Pd@PPy hybrid catalytic materials are synthesized in water via redox polymerization reaction of pyrrole with [Pd(NH₃)₄Cl₂]. The nanocomposites formed are composed of highly dispersed palladium particles which are either zerovalent or easily reducible, and are embedded in spherical polypyrrole globules. A unique combination of high palladium dispersion (NP size: 2.4 nm) and elevated palladium content (35 wt%) is obtained. The components of these novel nanocomposites are characterized by means of FTIR, XPS, XRD, SEM, and TEM microscopy techniques. The process of formation in solution is also monitored using UV‐visible and DLS techniques. The application of these novel hybrid nanomaterials in the palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation of heteroaromatics is reported. High efficiency in C–C bond formation is obtained using these materials. Furans and thiophenes are arylated by using bromoarenes. Pd@PPy nanocomposites can efficiently couple n‐butyl furan and n‐butyl thiophene with bromobenzene and bromoquinoline, as well as with activated or deactivated electron‐poor and electron‐rich functionalized bromoarenes. Thus, a clean reaction process is developed that combines the absence of organic ligand in catalytic reactions and easy recovery of Pd@PPy nanocomposite via simple filtration. Preliminary kinetic and post‐catalysis studies suggest a molecular or colloidal soluble active species. These very active species are efficiently delivered by the nanocomposites and susceptible to a surprisingly uniform back redeposition within the polypyrrole support.     

尖晶石型铁氧体/TiO2复合材料的水热法制备及性能研究进展

综述了尖晶石型铁氧体/TiO₂复合材料的水热法制备与性能研究进展,包括零维、一维结构的尖晶石型铁氧体/TiO₂复合材料和特殊形貌的尖晶石型铁氧体/TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料的水热法制备研究现状,以及复合材料电化学性能、光催化性能、吸波性能的研究进展。总结了二元或三元复合材料由于充分发挥了各组分材料间的协同作用以及复合材料具有的独特结构,使复合材料具有优异的电化学性能、光催化性能和吸波性能。指明未来应以水热法制备尖晶石型铁氧体/TiO₂/石墨烯三元复合材料为目标,向着引入中空过渡层以及制备具有特殊结构的三元复合材料方向发展。     

Plasmonic Janus‐Composite Photocatalyst Comprising Au and C–TiO2 for Enhanced Aerobic Oxidation over a Broad Visible‐Light Range

Asymmetric Janus nanostructures containing a gold nanocage (NC) and a carbon–titania hybrid nanocrystal (AuNC/(C–TiO₂)) are prepared using a novel and facile microemulsion‐based approach that involves the assistance of ethanol. The localized surface plasmon resonance of the Au NC with a hollow interior and porous walls induce broadband visible‐light harvesting in the Janus AuNC/(C–TiO₂). An acetone evolution rate of 6.3 μmol h^?1 g^?1 is obtained when the Janus nanostructure is used for the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of iso‐propanol under visible light (λ = 480–910 nm); the rate is 3.2 times the value of that obtained with C–TiO₂, and in photo‐electrochemical investigations an approximately fivefold enhancement is obtained. Moreover, when compared with the core–shell structure (AuNC@(C–TiO₂) and a gold–carbon–titania system where Au sphere nanoparticles act as light‐harvesting antenna, Janus AuNC/(C–TiO₂) exhibit superior plasmonic enhancement. Electromagnetic field simulation and electron paramagnetic resonance results suggest that the plasmon–photon coupling effect is dramatically amplified at the interface between the Au NC and C–TiO₂, leading to enhanced generation of energetic hot electrons for photocatalysis.     

Gd2O(CO3)2 · H2O Particles and the Corresponding Gd2O3: Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents and Template Particles for Hollow Spheres and Hybrid Composites

The solution approach was employed to yield multifunctional amorphous Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O colloidal spheres by reflux of an aqueous solution containing GdCl₃ · 6H₂O and urea. By elongating the reaction time, crystalline rhombus‐ shaped Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O with at least 87% yield could be formed and were also accompanied by some rectangular particles. High‐resolution synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction provides crystal structure information, such as cell dimensions, and indexes the exact crystal packing with hexagonal symmetry, which is absent from the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards file, for the crystalline rhombus sample. Particle formation was studied based on the reaction time and the concentration ratio of [urea]/[GdCl₃ · 6H₂O]. After a calcination process, the amorphous spheres and crystalline rhombus Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O particles convert into crystalline Gd₂O₃ at temperatures above 600 °C. For in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O and Gd₂O₃ species show the promising T₁‐ and T₂‐weighted effects and could potentially serve as bimodal T₁‐positive and T₂‐negative contrast agents. The amorphous Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O contrast agent further demonstrates enhanced contrast of the liver and kidney using a dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR imaging (DCE‐MRI) technique for in vivo investigation. The multifunctional capability of the amorphous Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O spheres was also evidenced by the formation of nanoshells using these amorphous spheres as the template. Surface engineering of the amorphous Gd₂O(CO₃)₂ · H₂O spheres could be performed by covalent bonding to form hollow silica nanoshells and hollow silica@Fe₃O₄ hybrid particles.