卧式螺旋管内紊流传热

在宽广的参数范围内对卧式螺旋管内紊流换热特性进行了详细的试验研究, 试验结果表明,螺旋管内强化换热是紊流流动与二次流动共同作用的结果,Reynolds数越大,二次流对强化换热的贡献越小,平均换热系数也越接近于等条件下的直管换热;换热系数在圆截面上的分布很不均匀,最外侧换热系数可达最内侧的3～4倍,最内侧是平均换热系数的0.5倍,并得到了截面上局部换热系数的计算式;换热系数在流动方向的分布具有周期性。     

矩形截面高宽比对射流强化螺旋通道传热性能的影响

为了进一步探究具有不同截面高宽比的单一螺旋通道内流体湍流流动与换热特性以及射流对矩形截面螺旋通道的强化传热效果,采用计算流体动力学软件模拟研究了高宽比γ分别为0.625, 1.1, 1.6和2.5时,单一矩形螺旋通道及射流作用下螺旋通道内的湍流流场、二次流场及强化换热特性。结果表明,对于单一矩形螺旋通道,相同横截面积和流量时,仅当γ≥1.6的通道在高雷诺数下二次流会出现四涡结构,其余为两涡结构。对于单一螺旋通道,γ值越大流动阻力越小,同时换热性能越差。加入射流后,矩形截面四个壁面的换热能力均有提高,γ值越大射流的强化传热效果越显著,研究范围内局部壁面换热努塞尔数的平均值(Nulocal)m最高可为单一螺旋通道的2.51倍。考虑流量增加的影响,射流影响下的螺旋通道区域内综合强化传热因子PEC2在1.05~1.21之间。     

Numerical evaluation of laminar heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid flow in coiled square tubes

Convective heat transfer can be enhanced by changing flow geometry and/or by enhancing thermal conductivity of the fluid. This study proposes simultaneous passive heat transfer enhancement by combining the geometry effect utilizing nanofluids inflow in coils. The two nanofluid suspensions examined in this study are: water-Al2O3 and water-CuO. The flow behavior and heat transfer performance of these nanofluid suspensions in various configurations of coiled square tubes, e.g., conical spiral, in-plane spiral, and helical spiral, are investigated and compared with those for water flowing in a straight tube. Laminar flow of a Newtonian nanofluid in coils made of square cross section tubes is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)approach, where the nanofluid properties are treated as functions of particle volumetric concentration and temperature. The results indicate that addition of small amounts of nanoparticles up to 1% improves significantly the heat transfer performance; however, further addition tends to deteriorate heat transfer performance.     

一串上升气泡周围流体的湍动特性(英文)

The turbulence behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow plays an important role in heat transfer and mass transfer in many chemical processes. In this work, a 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate the turbulent characteristic of fluid induced by a chain of bubbles rising in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The instantaneous flow field, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE dissipation rate were measured. The results demonstrated that the TKE profiles were almost symmetrical along the column center and showed higher values in the central region of the column. The TKE was enhanced with the increase of gas flow and decrease of liquid viscosity. The maximum TKE dissipation rate appeared on both sides of the bubble chain, and increased with the increase of gas flow rate or liquid viscosity. These results provide an understanding for gas-liquid mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids.     

三分螺旋折流板换热器内二次流分布与强化传热关系分析

通过对倾斜角35°首尾相连的三分螺旋折流板换热器的数值模拟,展示了其壳侧通道内流体在典型切面上的流场和流线分布,以及典型切面上典型直线的流动和换热参数分布,并与性能测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果是吻合的。螺旋折流板形成的近似螺旋通道,使换热器壳侧流体受离心力和向心力共同作用形成了迪恩涡二次流,且在每个螺旋周期内都存在;二次流增强了主流区域流体与靠近壁面流体的掺混,使得壳侧典型切面上中心线和折流板外缘直线的轴向速度较大;除主流中心区域外,壳侧流体在二次流的作用下具有均匀的湍流动能;二次流所在区域内,壳侧同心柱面内典型直线上换热系数相差不大,但由于二次流能使其附近区域传热面上的流体得到不断卷吸掺混,由此强化传热。     

微/小通道内非牛顿流体多相流动与传热研究展望

概述了微/小尺度非牛顿流体多相流动与传热现象。在评述国内外已有文献的基础上,从实验研究与数值模拟二方面介绍了非牛顿流体管内多相流动与传热研究的现状、存在的问题。总结了微小通道内非牛顿流体多相流动与传热研究领域中若干值得探索的研究切入点,提出了若干值得探索的研究内容。讨论了非圆截面微通道试验器件的设计与加工、流动可视化与流型采集、流动参数测量、数值模拟等关键技术解决思路,给出了微/小通道内非牛顿流体的绝热气液二相流动可视化实验、流动沸腾传热及可视化实验设计方案,可为深入探索微/小尺度非牛顿流体管内多相流动与传热特性提供参考和借鉴。     

Elongational flow in a two-dimensional channel geometry

An analysis has been carried out of the two-dimensional elongational flow in an impinging channel geometry having either straight or converging wall downstream ducts. Numerical solutions for Stokes flow were obtained using a nonorthogonal transformation of variables which converts the system to a square grid geometry. Calculations show that a strong extensional flow exists from the point of channel impingement to a distance downstream approximately D/4 where D is the channel depth at the impingement point. Extensional gradients and total fluid strains also increase when the downstream duct is convergent as opposed to being straight. An experimental analysis of the velocity field in the former geometry demonstrates that, under slow flow conditions, the kinematics of a Newtonian and a highly non-Newtonian fluid become indistinguishable in the downstream region. The latter observation is shown to be consistent with second-order fluid theory and the Giesekus-Tanner Theorem.     

Mold-filling simulations for the injection molding of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer

Injection molding can be used to fabricate fiber-reinforced polymer composites by impregnating a continuous fabric mat preplaced in a mold cavity with a polymer resin. The mold-filling time is dependent on the flow and heat transfer behavior in the mold. A model is proposed that considers the non-Newtonian How through the porous fabric mat and the heat transfer between mold, fabric mat, and flowing fluid. The model was simulated for the mold filling of a carbon fiber mat with a pseudoplastic polymer solution. The results from the simulation provide Information for optimizing mold-filling parameters through proper selection of inlet fluid pressure, heat source temperature, and type of polymer-solvent system.     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。     

ANALYSIS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOWING AROUND TWO HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENT BY FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

The steady state laminar flow of a power-law non-Newtonian fluid from two cylinders in a tandem arrangement is analyzed by finite element methods. The computational strategy is first investigated by solving a simple flow system and the computational results are compared with previous published data. The present study involves the effects of Reynolds number, power index of non-Newtonian fluid to the position of separating point, the location and size of vorticity, the skin friction coefficient, C_f, the pressure coefficient, P and the total drag coefficient, C_D. The understanding of the flow system is practically useful in the engineering design of heat exchanger or polymer processing.     

Shear rate dependence of thermal conductivity and its effect on heat transfer in a Non-Newtonian flow system

The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which the thermal conductivity of non-Newtonian fluids is affected by fluid motion, and then the effect of this shear-rate-dependent thermal conductivity, measured in Lee [1995], on the heat transfer for a typical convective system. Such information would have important implications in the design and analysis of non-Newtonian thermal systems such as are found in food processing operations, polymer processing, paint manufacturing, biological systems and many others. A simple parallel plate flow model with temperature-independent properties gave increases in heat transfer on the order of 30–80 % compared to the heat transfer with shear-rate-independent thermal conductivity in Newtonian fluid flow over the entire temperature range (20–50 °C) of CMC solutions depending on the inlet average velocity due to the effect of the shear-rate-dependent thermal conductivity.     

螺旋半圆管夹套内湍流流动与传热的数值模拟

应用CFD分析软件Fluent,在简化模型的基础上对螺旋半圆管夹套内的三维湍流流动及换热进行了数值模拟. 结果表明,夹套内与螺旋线垂直的横截面上,切线方向的时均速度等值线呈鞍状分布,弯曲外壁侧的速度梯度远大于直内壁侧;二次流为稳定的两涡结构,二次涡的中心位置在半圆形截面的2个尖角附近. 由于二次流的作用,换热壁面上局部努塞尔数Nulocal分布不均,最小值在壁面中心点处,最大值在中心点两侧,研究范围内,最小值为平均值的0.8~0.85倍,最大值为平均值的1.15~1.25倍. 螺距对夹套内充分发展段的流体流动及换热的影响很小;增大曲率,夹套的换热能力增强,同时流动阻力也增大.     

Salt dissolution in drilling muds — a generalized correlation for mass transfer in non-newtonian fluids

The rate of dissolution of rock salt in drilling mud was measured as a function of flow rate and temperature under conditions simulating those in a well. A water based drilling mud, containing about 10% solids and additives was used, as well as a polymer “mud” composed of a Xanthan gum polymer solution and 5% salt, but no solids. The non-Newtonian muds were pumped through a “slit” flow cell, with a slab of rock salt flush with one side of the cell wall. The data (including water over the same range of conditions) were described by a mass transfer coefficient, and were correlated in dimensionless form based on the theoretical solution of the analogous heat transfer problem, adapted to non-Newtonian fluids. The non-Newtonian properties were described by an effective viscosity, which is consistent with either the power law or Bingham plastic viscosity model.     

Conjugate transport in polymer melt flow through extrusion dies

A numerical study is carried out on the conjugate thermal transport in polymer and food melts flowing through extrusion dies. The simulation is performed to determine the influence of conduction through the die wall and of the thermal boundary conditions on the transport in the fluid and on the conditions at the outlet. An extrusion die with a uniform temperature or heat transfer coefficient specified at the outer surface is considered. It is found that, because of conduction in the solid wall, important physical variables such as centerline velocity, pressure drop, bulk temperature of the fluid and shear experienced by the fluid are strongly affected by the boundary conditions, as well as by the wall thermal conductivity and thickness. Channels of different geometries are used for the study. The flow in a circular straight tube with constant wall thickness is studied first. Flow and thermal transport in different, constricted, channels are studied next. Different wall materials are also considered. Comparisons with some experimental results are presented, indicating good agreement. The fluids considered in this study are highly viscous, polymer melts. Due to high viscous dissipation and temperature-dependent viscosity, the flow and heat transfer are coupled and the problem is quite complicated. The results show that, for some operating conditions, the bulk temperature can be high enough to cause significant heat transfer from the fluid to the wall. The downstream variation in the pressure and temperature are calculated. The thermal boundary conditions are found to have a strong influence on the temperature field and thus on the flow. The general dependence of pressure drop on temperature, flow rate, and geometry is investigated. Several other basic aspects of this problem are also discussed.     

铜基正弦波微通道内流动沸腾传热特性试验研究

基于超快激光技术加工铜基正弦波弯曲型微通道,以去离子水为流动工质,在不同质量流量和热通量条件下,对弯曲型微通道内流动沸腾特性进行试验研究。基于温度/压力数据和流动可视化结果,发现通道传热系数随出口干度增大,呈迅速增大后减小并趋于稳定趋势,正弦波微通道相较直微通道具有更好的换热性能,传热系数最大提高127.7%,压降仅增加14.4%。波状通道结构能明显抑制流动沸腾中不稳定现象发生。通过可视化试验发现,随热通量增大,流型经历泡状流-弹状流-环状流的转变,换热主导机制由核态沸腾逐渐过渡到薄液膜蒸发。     

曲面弓形折流板换热器壳程流体流动与传热

提出一种新型折流板--曲面弓形折流板,并构造曲面弓形折流板换热器,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法研究其壳程传热和流动阻力性能。在实验方面,设计了实验用曲面弓形折流板和普通弓形折流板换热器试样,其中换热器管束采用可拆连接形式,以考察不同折流板结构和板间距的影响。通过改变管程及壳程流量和管程流体进口温度,获得了大量对应于不同折流板结构的壳程压力降和传热系数实验数据。在模拟方面,利用Fluent软件建立了曲面弓形折流板换热器和普通弓形折流板换热器流体数值分析模型,得到了壳程流体流场分布及壳程压力降和传热系数。结果发现,在相同结构参数和流动条件下,曲面弓形折流板换热器壳程压力降比普通弓形折流板换热器降低9%～24%,而壳程传热系数比普通弓形折流板换热器提高3%～11%。     

泡沫铜孔隙率和孔密度对流动与沸腾换热特性的影响

以去离子水作为工质，设计并搭建了以泡沫铜为研究对象的单相和两相换热实验系统。对于单相流动换热，当Re数较小时，孔隙率80%、孔密度90PPI的泡沫铜样品换热性能最好；当Re数较大时，孔隙率80%、孔密度45PPI的泡沫铜样品换热性能最好。泡沫铜最大换热系数为空通道的6倍，但同时需付出更大的泵功损耗为代价。对于两相流沸腾换热，低孔隙率样品70%~80%能有效地降低壁面过热度和强化沸腾换热性能。孔隙率对沸腾换热性能起决定性作用，孔隙率越低，沸腾换热系数越大；孔密度对沸腾换热性能起次要作用。90PPI泡沫铜样品，因其成核址密度高和毛细力较大，有助于提升泡沫铜的沸腾换热性能。     

施工条件下CO2泡沫压裂液的对流换热特性

引　言水力压裂是油气井增产、注水井增注的一项重要技术 ,在开发低渗透率油气田中压裂起到了关键性的作用 ,本来没有工业价值的油气田经压裂后可变为有相当储量及相当开发规模的大油气田 .在影响压裂成败的诸因素中重要的是压裂液及其性能 ,对于大型压裂 ,这个因素就更为突出 .压裂液的类型及其性能对能否造出一条足够尺寸的、有足够导流能力的裂缝有着重要的影响泡沫作为压裂液在 2 0世纪 70年代初获得广泛应用 ,通常为气体 (CO2 或N2 )与压裂液 (如水基聚合物羟丙基胍胶等 )的两相混合物 .由于它具有油层伤害低、返排能力强、滤失量小、用液效率高、黏度适当、携砂能力强等特点 ,在压裂液体系中占据了相当重要的地位 .目前在国外 ,泡沫压裂液占整个压裂液体系的 30 %～ 5 0 %压裂液的流变特性如表观黏度、流变参数、热稳定性、剪切稳定性等对于携砂能力、造缝能力以及管流压降的预测具有决定性的作用 ,将直接影响到压裂参数的选择、压裂效果的评估 .对CO2 泡沫压裂液流变特性的研究参见作者的另一文献[1] ,在此不作说明 .在影响压裂液流变特性的诸多因素中温度的影响巨大 ,而在泵注过程或裂缝中泡沫流体不断和地层岩石间进行...     

Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer including viscous dissipation in a scraped surface heat exchanger

Viscous dissipation plays an important role in the dynamics of fluids with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity because of the coupling between the energy and momentum equations. The heat generated by viscous friction causes a local temperature increase in the high shearing zone with a consequent decrease of the viscosity which may dramatically change the temperature and velocity distribution. These processes are mainly controlled by the Brinkman number, the rotating velocity and the thermal boundary conditions. This work analyses forced convection heat transfer including the viscous dissipation in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). In this study the increase of the temperature due to the viscous dissipation is analysed both experimentally and numerically for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Heat transfer simulations including viscous dissipation were carried out by means of the CFD code of the software Fluent, version 6.3, with solving momentum and energy equations. Two thermal boundary conditions were considered: pseudo-adiabatic wall and constant temperature on the stator wall exchange. In the case of Newtonian fluid (pure HV45), for both considered thermal boundary conditions, an important increase of the temperature was obtained. In the case of non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid (2 wt% CMC solution), viscous dissipation is neglected. The developed numerical model agrees well with experimental results. The validated numerical model was then used to study the effect of index and consistency behaviour of shear thinning fluid using power-law rheological behaviour on the viscous dissipation, and correlation using dimensionless analysis expressed with different dimensionless process numbers is proposed for Newtonian and non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of structural viscosity fluids

Laminar friction loss and heat transfer characteristics for a non-Newtonian fluid described by a general viscosity function of the structural type have been computed for tube and slit geometries. The model includes most other models for fluids without a yield stress as special cases. The Graetz problem for constant wall temperature and temperature independent properties has been solved, including viscous dissipation, for the transverse and axial temperature distribution. Both momentum and energy transport characteristics are shown to be strongly dependent upon a dimensionless fluid time constant, which characterizes the transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. A direct and exact analogy between the momentum and energy transport mechanisms is demonstrated for hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow, provided the heat transfer rate is represented by a suitably defined Nusselt number.