出口锂电池危险品运输包装的安全设计与防护

目的研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的设计要素和防护措施。方法针对出口锂电池危险品的特性,系统总结国际技术法规对于锂电池运输包装的安全规范,并比较分析国际海运危险货物运输规则(IMDG CODE)和国际航空运输协会危险品运输规则(IATA DGR)中的特定指引要求。依据跌落试验、堆码试验的物理性能指标的设计,研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的物理安全性能。结果提出了保证出口锂电池危险品运输包装安全的建议,同时基于此类危险品包装的整体安全设计和单元防护,提出了锂电池组合包装、有效防短路保护、塑胶外壳防护等安全要素优化方案。结论研究提出的安全设计要素和防护措施,可以为锂电池危险品运输包装的安全防护提供重要的实践指导。     

The importance of the compression test procedure for plastic drums for dangerous goods

Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods are tested by four tests:- free fall, leakproofness, hydraulic pressure and stacking. However, the test procedures can be interpreted in different ways, particularly the stacking test. Some test authorities apply a guided load to the top of the package and others, including the LNE in France, use non-guided loads. The objective of recent research carried out at LNE was to evaluate the risk (in terms of stack stability for dangerous goods packagings) if the stacking tests are performed with guided loads rather than non-guided loads. The stacking tests were carried out on a limited number of plastic drums (200 of four types) submitted for qualification testing using the above four tests, with either guided or non-guided loads. From the results we conclude that:

• i for the transport of dangerous goods of Danger Group I, the field of use is not altered when tested by either procedure.
• ii with goods of Danger Groups II and III, the use of either procedure does not alter the position as far as transport is concerned. However, there is a risk in warehousing: the non-guided procedure being preferred.

     

危险货物包装检测关键点分析与质量控制

目的控制危险货物包装检测关键点来保证性能检验质量。方法根据危险货物包装种类并结合其性能检验过程中的难点,逐一对其6项常规性能测试指标进行分析。结果归纳和提炼了危险货物包装检测的关键点并在实际检测工作中加以应用。结论对于危险货物包装检验鉴定机构以及生产企业做好产品质量检验具有较强的现实指导意义。     

Sift‐proofness of Dangerous Goods Packagings – An Incompletely Defined Requirement

Sift‐proofness is a requirement for different types of dangerous goods packagings for solid substances according to the international Dangerous Goods Regulations. In these regulations, a sift‐proof packaging is defined as a packaging that is completely impermeable to dry contents. This means indirectly that absolutely no mass transport of solid substances is allowed. Moreover, this requirement applies both to the original filling substance and to fine solid material generated during transport. Further specifications, test conditions or tolerable limit values are not given. This is in contrast to physical principles and the usual practice in other fields of technology in which sift‐proofness is relevant. This paper shows the necessary steps for how the requirements for sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings can be defined more precisely. Physical basics of the term ‘sift‐proofness’ are explained. A qualitative as well as a quantitative approach is possible. In any case, it is essential to carry out appropriate vibration tests to assess the sift‐proofness. There is a need for systematical investigations of the sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

民航运输弹药包装探讨

以联合国国际民航组织颁布的《危险品航空安全运输技术细则》为依据,分析了我国利用民航货机运输弹药的操作中,弹药包装存在的不足,探讨了通过提高弹药包装标准化程度、增加危险品标识、改进包装设计等措施,改善我军弹药航空运输包装的设想。     

乘客安全气囊工厂包装件的改进探索

目的采用改进包装的方式降低乘客安全气囊(PAB)工厂包装件的运输危险性。方法依据乘客安全气囊在联合国外部火烧试验(UN6c试验)的结果,结合LS-DYNA动力有限元软件的分析,先后采用网格式和条栅式金属丝网笼包装控制金属迸射物的产生。结果条栅式金属丝网笼包装成功束缚了所有动能大于8 J和动能大于20 J的金属迸射物,使乘客安全气囊工厂包装件成功通过了联合国外部火烧试验。结论改进后的包装符合联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书(TDG)中对危险品包装的有关要求,将原分类为第1类(爆炸品)的乘客安全气囊工厂包装件降低为第9类(杂项危险品),使乘客安全气囊(PAB)工厂包装件适合更多形式的运输。     

中散包装与危险品包装生命周期评价比较研究

对中散包装与危险品包装生命周期进行了评价研究。利用Simapro 软件对2 种固体危险货物包装形式———一般包装(瓦楞纸箱)和中型散装容器(纤维板箱IBC)进行了生命周期分析,并将结果进行了对比。可以看出中型散装容器与一般包装相比优势明显,在分析所涉及的11 个环境类别的影响上均小于一般包装,其中,差距最大的为臭氧层耗竭损害,仅为一般包装的60%,最小的为酸化/ 富营养化,为一般包装的90%。结果显示IBC 优势明显,在大量货物运输的过程中,若2 种包装类型均能达到运输效果,应选取对环境影响较小的IBC 进行运输。     

Preliminary study on the transport of hazardous materials through tunnels

The risk associated to road and rail transportation of some hazardous materials along two routes, one including a significant portion in tunnels, and the other following the same path, but running completely in the open, is assessed. The results show that, for rail transport, no particular risk increase or mitigation is associated to the circulation of the dangerous goods through tunnels; on the contrary, for road transport, a risk increase is generally observed in the presence of tunnels. However, for LPG, the risk curve in the open lies above that in tunnels in the high frequency–low fatality zone, according to the different evolution of the accidental scenarios in the tunnel (assuming no ventilation). The transportation of liquefied nitrogen, not hazardous in the open but potentially asphyxiating in a tunnel, gives rise to a negligible risk when performed by rail, but to a not negligible one, when performed by road. These preliminary results focused on the risk for the exposed population, suggest that it may be unnecessary to limit dangerous goods circulation through rail tunnels, while, at least for some types of dangerous goods, the circulation through road tunnels may be allowed/forbidden based on the results of a specific risk analysis.     

危险品包装的发展及常见质量问题探讨

介绍了危险品包装的含义及发展趋势,针对多种形式的危险品包装在检测过程中的常见质量问题,进行了原因分析。并结合危险品包装的发展趋势,为危险品包装的实验室检测提出了应对建议,以期为危险品包装生产者及相关方提供借鉴。     

Testing strategy for classifying self-heating substances for transport of dangerous goods

A testing strategy for the classification of self-heating substances for transport of dangerous goods is proposed. The strategy was developed based on the tests described and correlations used in the UN Recommendations. It was demonstrated that the value of activation energy of the exothermic reaction has a significant impact on the extrapolation of test results with regard to different container sizes and temperatures. Based on a combination of the Grewer Oven test screening, the 25 mm cube test at 140 degrees C, and the determination of the activation energy of a specific material, a flowchart is presented for classifying chemicals as self-heating. The presented approach allows predicting chemical stability in large containers more accurately and eliminates the need to perform hazardous large-scale tests of energetic chemicals in a laboratory.     

危险品智能仓储及运输管理系统的电磁安全

目的开发满足炸药、火工品等危险品使用的智能仓储及运输管理系统,以提高危险品物流的信息化和智能化管理水平。方法采用RFID技术设计危险品信息识别系统,分析炸药和火工品等危险品在系统常用频率和电场强度下的响应特性,并研究其电磁安全性。结果危险品信息识别系统在13.6 MHz和915 MHz等2种频率下可以用于危险品仓储和运输管理。结论研制了危险品智能仓储及运输管理系统,明确了其安全使用要求。应根据具体场景综合分析危险品的特征频率和安全射频功率,建立适合的安全性评价方法和标准,以保证安全。     

Package performance testing of dangerous goods in high‐altitude shipments

This paper discusses the impact of high‐altitude shipments on package integrity. High‐altitude shipments are encountered when trucks travel over high mountain passes or when cargo and feeder aircraft transport packages in non‐pressurized or partially‐pressurized cargo holds. Both these types of transport methods will result in severe changes in pressure as compared to packages being transported close to sea level. The testing of packages under these conditions is critical since package integrity may be compromised. The current shipping tests performed in test laboratories do not account for pressure changes and vibration together. This study showed that combination packages for dangerous goods and hazardous materials that are tested to existing UN, ICAO and US DOT requirements are limited, and can result in significant number of leaks. Testing under combined vibration and pressure changes is necessary. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Results of the MITRA project: monitoring and intervention for the transportation of dangerous goods

The objective of the MITRA (monitoring and intervention for the transportation of dangerous goods) project was to prototype a new operational system for monitoring the transportation of dangerous goods in Europe based on regional responsibilities. This concept, based on systems used in air traffic control, aims to provide civil security centres with real-time knowledge of the position and contents of dangerous vehicles circulating in their area of responsibility, and, in the event of a dangerous situation, to issue warnings, alerts and crisis management information, thereby allowing intervention teams to react immediately with maximum safety. The project was funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme (STREP--specific targeted research project--under the Information Society Technologies priority). It started on 1 September 2004 and ended on 31 October 2006. This paper presents the results of this project and the conclusions derived from the field tests carried out in Germany and in the French/Spanish border region in order to test the proposed operational system.     

Decomposition of hydroxylamine/water solution with added iron ion

Decomposition hazards of hydroxylamine (HA)/water solution with and without the addition of iron ion were studied in this paper. Tests were conducted to obtain information about decomposition hazards of HA/water solution following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods.When the heat accumulation storage test was conducted using HA50 wt.%/water solution without the addition of iron ion, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) was 80 degrees C. Therefore, HA50 wt.%/water solution was not classified with self-reactive substances following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. Decomposition hazards of HA50 wt.%/water solution with added iron ion were investigated. The concentration of iron ion in sample of HA50 wt.%/water solution without the addition of iron ion was below 1.0 ppm. The range of the concentration of iron ion in sample of HA50 wt.%/water solution with added iron ion was between 1.0 and 5.4 ppm. The thermal stability of HA50 wt.%/water solution decreased by the addition of iron ion in the heat accumulation storage test. HA50 wt.%/water solution with the addition of iron ion was classified with self-reactive substances following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. The intensity of the thermal decomposition of HA50 wt.%/water solution increased by the addition of iron ion in the Koenen test.     

Effects of reduced pressure and vibration on haz‐mat packages for liquids

Eleven different bottle/closure systems used to package dangerous goods for transportation by air were tested for leakage. The bottles were filled with water and subjected to the combined effects of random vibration and external pressure equivalent to an altitude of 14000ft (4267m) for up to an hour. The bottles were placed in the vertical, horizontal and inverted orientations and observed for leaks. The differences in bottle weights before and after the tests were used to quantify leakage. The results show that of the 11 package types tested, six leaked when subjected to simulation of the air transport environment. Those systems utilizing ‘stretch tape’ around the closure did not leak. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developments in plastics packaging for the transport of dangerous goods

Several interesting developments in plastics packagings and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for the transport of dangerous goods are of importance. Significant developments include the application of new materials and packaging concepts, the increasing re‐use of packaging and the possibility of the application of recycled material. How these developments have influenced or should influence the UN recommendations and regulations on the transport of dangerous goods is discussed. Further, the role of CEN and ISO standards, which are under development, is indicated. In this context, the European project CHEMPACK funded by the EC within the framework of the Standards, Measurements and Testing programme, is outlined. This project is executed in cooperation with raw materials manufacturers, packaging/IBC manufacturers and research institutes, and is coordinated by TNO. The aim of the project is to develop harmonized test methods and procedures for the assessment of the chemical compatibility of plastics packagings and IBCs. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

危险品包装的安全监管与检测技术

包装是危险品物流及贸易的基础,从危险品包装的特殊功能和要求入手,综述了国内外关于危险品包装质量及安全监管方面的法律法规和标准,并归纳了相关的检测技术,提出了对提高危险品包装安全监管水平的若干思路.     

危险货物运输包装救助包装的使用探讨

目的为了降低危险货物运输及流转过程中的包装使用风险,对救助包装的安全使用进行探讨。方法总结危险货物救助包装的检验要求,并结合救助包装的应用实例,分析救助包装使用过程中存在的主要问题。结果救助包装的安全使用可以在一定程度上确保出现问题的危险货物包装的流转安全,最大程度降低意外事故造成的危险性和经济损失,减少了次生危害。结论有关救助包装的使用探讨,提出了救助包装使用过程中的注意问题,从而可以有效地加强对危险货物的安全管理。     

The ranking of hazardous materials by means of hazard indices

A variety of Indexing Models for use in landfill management, transport of dangerous goods, environmental quality assessment and other areas are reviewed. The shortcomings of existing models are discussed and the difficulties of developing a consistent, generally applicable model considered. Experimental and theoretical work are both necessary if a satisfactory model is to be developed for evaluating waste management options.     

危险货物包装检测分析与实践

危险货物包装种类、材质、规格不一,其性能测试要求也不一样。在不影响检测结果准确性的前提下,可用模拟物替代实际内装物质或物品进行测试。危险货物包装的性能检测主要包括跌落试验、气密试验、液压试验、堆码试验,分别对应于危险货物包装所应具备的抗冲击、密封性、耐内压和强度等性能要求。在检测时,应注意其试验要求、试验条件、合格判定准则及检测关键控制点。检测实践发现,危险货物包装检测不合格主要有:瓦楞纸箱堆码检测不合格,塑料桶液压测试不合格,钢塑复合桶液压测试不合格,钢桶跌落测试及液压测试不合格,纸板桶跌落测试不合格等。未来包装检测应朝着标准化、规范化和科学化方向发展,尽量减少人为因素的影响。