Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cetyl Octanoate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Cetyl octanoate, a wax ester of 24 carbons, is widely used in the cosmetic industry as a base oil. The current work focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of cetyl octanoate in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) by esterification of cetyl alcohol and octanoic acid. Three immobilized lipases were screened, and 15 reaction conditions were tested in order to find the combination for maximal yield. The results showed that Novozym^® 435 was the best catalyst for the synthesis, and a reaction time of 20 min was adequate for a maximal yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 3-factor-3-level Box-Behnken design was employed to evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters, including reaction temperature (35–75 °C), pressure (8.27–12.41 MPa), and enzyme amount (5–15% wt of cetyl alcohol). A model for the synthesis was developed and the optimum conditions could be predicted to be reaction pressure of 10.22 MPa, reaction temperature of 63.70 °C, and enzyme amount of 11.20%. An experiment was performed under this optimum condition and a yield of 99.5% was obtained. This experimental yield correlated well with the predicted value of yield (97.6%). We concluded that, in a SC-CO₂ system, nearly 100% molar conversion of cetyl octanoate could be obtained by immobilized Novozym^® 435 in a short reaction time (20 min) under the predicted optimal conditions.     

Simultaneous covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase and catalase onto chemically modified acrylonitrile copolymer membranes

Ultrafiltration membranes from acrylonitrile copolymer were chemically modified with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (from 5 to 30% H₂O₂). The amount of the amide groups in the modified membranes was determined. The water flow and permeability coefficients of the initial and modified membranes were also researched. The modified membranes were used as carriers for covalent immobilization of the dual enzyme system of glucose oxidase and catalase (GOD+CAT). It was found that the best matrices for immobilization of the dual system were membranes modified with 20% H₂O₂ and the optimal activity ratio was GOD : CAT = 1 : 5. The glucose conversion efficiency with the dual enzyme system was twice as high as that of bound GOD alone. Some of the basic characteristics (optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH, temperature stability, and storage stability) of the dual enzyme system were determined and compared with characteristics of free and bound enzymes. The catalytic parameters of the enzyme reaction (K_m and V_max) were determined with GOD immobilized alone and with the dual system GOD+CAT. The higher rate observed with the dual enzyme system clearly showed the advantage and the efficiency of the immobilized system. Glucose oxidase without catalase was deactivated by H₂O₂ more rapidly than the immobilized dual GOD+CAT system. These experimental evidences can be explained by the protecting effect of catalase on glucose oxidase from inhibition by H₂O₂. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 4057–4063, 2004     

Production of optically pure L-alanine by immobilized Pseudomonas sp. BA2 cells

The conditions for immobilizing the new L -aminoacylase-producing bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp. BA2, by entrapment in κ-carrageenan gel, were investigated. The optimal gel concentration and cell load were determined. The addition of CoCl₂ and N-acetyl-L -alanine to the immobilizing matrix enhanced L -aminoacylase activity. The enzymatic properties of immobilized Pseudomonas sp. BA2 were investigated. Enzyme activity in immobilized cells was optimal at a pH of 6·5 using 0·15 mol dm⁻³ Tris–maleate buffer at 45°C. The presence of 0·7 mmol dm⁻³ CoCl₂ in the enzymatic reaction mixture improved L -aminoacylase activity. The immobilized cell preparation was used for the production of L -alanine from N-acetyl-DL -alanine in a batch reactor. Conversions of 100% were obtained using substrate concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 mmol dm⁻³. The reactor production was 0·74 mol h⁻¹ g cell⁻¹ dm⁻³ which is noticeably higher than that previously reported in the literature. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Immobilization of catalases on amidoxime polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes

Amidoxime polyacrylonitrile (AOPAN) nanofibrous membranes were generated by the reaction between electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. AOPAN nanofibrous membranes were further modified by Fe(III) chelation for immobilizing catalases with coordination bonds. The surface morphologies of the nanofibrous membranes and immobilized catalases were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Chelation of Fe(III) onto AOPAN nanofibrous membranes was studied by the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. It was found that the maximum amount of coordinated Fe(III) (q_m) was 4.5045 mmol g^?1 (dry nanofibrous membranes) and the binding constant (K_l) was 0.0698 L mmol^?1. The amounts of immobilized enzymes were determined by the method of Bradford. Kinetic parameters were analyzed for both immobilized and free catalases. The value of V_max (7122.6 µmol mg^?1 min^?1) for the immobilized catalases was smaller than that for the free catalases (9203.2 µmol mg^?1 min^?1), and the K_m for the immobilized catalases was larger. The immobilized catalases showed better resistance to pH and temperature change than the free catalases, and the storage stability of immobilized catalases was higher than that of free catalases. As for reusability, the immobilized catalases retained 71% of their activity after eight repeated uses. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of a C6‐OH of chitosan immobilized cyclodextrin derivates on an electrochemical H2O2 biosensor

Biosensor detecting techniques have attracted much attention in the content determination of H₂O₂, which has been used illegally as a food additive. An electrochemical biosensing membrane for the detection of H₂O₂ was developed with C6‐OH of chitosan immobilized cyclodextrin derivates (6‐CD–CTS), which possessed a high cyclodextrin loading capacity (2.12 × 10^?4 mol/g), as the carrier. The biosensor was prepared through the inclusion of ferrocene as the electron mediator in a hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrin and crosslinking catalase (CAT) to 2‐NH₂ of 6‐CD–CTS. The ferrocene‐included complex was evaluated by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Its electrochemical behavior was also studied. The impact of the reaction conditions on the CAT immobilization capacity was evaluated. When previous membrane was used to detect the concentration of H₂O₂ (C_H2O2), we found that the catalysis of CAT and the signal amplification of ferrocene had a major impact on the cyclic voltammograms. The optimal working pH of the modified electrode was 7.0. The peak current (I) had a linear relationship with the H₂O₂ concentration (CH₂O₂) in the range 1.0 × 10^?4 to 1.0 × 10^?3 mol/L. The linear regression equation was I = 0.00475C_H2O2 ? 0.03025. The detection limit was 10^?6 mol/L. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41499.     

Polyaniline‐functionalized magnetic mesoporous nanocomposite: A smart material for the immobilization of lipase

Magnetically separable mesoporous silica nanocomposites with polyoaniline functionalization (Pani‐MS@Fe₃O₄) were synthesized for the immobilization of lipase via electrostatic adsorption. The as‐prepared Pani‐MS@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as well as immobilized lipase were characterized by FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, BET, and TGA techniques. The BET surface area was calculated to be 779.27 m²/g, 425 m²/g, and 230.45 m²/g for magnetic mesoporous nanoparticle (MS@Fe₃O₄), Pani‐MS@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite, and lipase immobilized Pani‐MS@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite respectively. The comparison experiments verified that the immobilized lipase exhibited slightly higher optimal pH and temperature value with a wider pH‐activity and temperature stability in comparison with the free lipase. From Michaelis–Menten kinetic study, the lower K_m value (0.25 mM) and higher V_max value (0.0341 mM/min) for the immobilized lipase revealed the higher affinity of immobilized lipase toward the substrate. Further, reusability studies of the immobilized lipase indicated that up to 70% of the original activity was retained after having been recycled seven times. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1152–1160, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis of mesoporous silica templated by Pluronic F68 and its application in the immobilization of lipase

Mesoporous silica templated by Pluronic F68 was synthesized and characterized by TEM, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms and FT–IR spectra. The sample had a high specific surface area (761 m² g⁻¹) and the mean pore diameter was 4.7 nm, indicating that it can be used as porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) support. The physical adsorption of PPL on this mesoporous material in phosphate buffer solution with different pH values has been studied. The maximum adsorbed amount was observed at pH 7.0 and amounted to 826 mg g⁻¹ and the maximum activity value of immobilized PPL was 227 μmol g⁻¹ min⁻¹. The optimal pH and temperature of the hydrolysis of triacetin for the immobilized PPL were at 8.0 and 45 °C, while they were at pH 7.0 and 35 °C for free PPL. The immobilized PPL showed excellent adaptability in higher pH and excellent heat resistance compared to free PPL. The retained activity of immobilized PPL was found to be ca. 50% of its original activity after the 5th reuse.     

In vitro cadmium removal from human serum by Cibacron Blue F3GA–thionein‐complex conjugated affinity membranes

A new membrane affinity biosorbent carrying thionein has been developed for selective removal of cadmium ions from human serum. Microporous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) membranes were prepared by photopolymerization of HEMA. The pseudo dye ligand Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB) was covalently immobilized on the pHEMA membranes. Then, the cysteine‐rich metallopeptide thionein was conjugated onto the CB‐immobilized membrane. The maximum amounts of CB immobilized and thionein conjugated on the membranes were 1.07 µmol cm⁻² and 0.92 µmol cm⁻², respectively. The hydrophilic pHEMA membrane had a swelling ratio of 58% (w/w) with a contact angle of 45.8 °. CB‐immobilized and CB‐immobilized–thionein‐conjugated membranes were used in the Cd(II) removal studies. Cd(II) ion adsorption appeared to reach equilibrium within 30 min and to follow a typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum capacity (q _m) of the CB‐immobilized membranes was 0.203 (µmol Cd(II)) cm⁻² membrane and increased to 1.48 (µmol Cd(II)) cm⁻² upon CB–thionein‐complex conjugation. The pHEMA membranes retained their cadmium adsorption capacity even after 10 cycles of repeated use. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterization of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Poly(N‐methylolacrylamide) and Its Application in Butyl Butyrate Synthesis

Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized on poly(N‐methylolacrylamide) by physical adsorption. The biocatalyst performance (immobilized lipase) was evaluated in both aqueous (hydrolysis) and organic (butyl butyrate synthesis) media. In the first case, a comparative study between free and immobilized derivatives was provided in terms of pH, temperature and thermal stability following the olive oil hydrolysis, establishing new optimum values. In the second case, the influence of temperature, biocatalyst concentration and acid/alcohol molar ratio was simultaneously studied according to a 2³ full experimental design. The highest molar conversion (96 %), volumetric productivity (1.73 g L^–1 h^–1) and specific esterification activity (1.00 μM mg^–1 min^–1) were obtained when working at the lowest level of temperature and butyric acid in excess. Under these conditions, repeated batch use of the immobilized enzyme was performed and half‐life time (t_1/2) was found to be 145 h.     

Development of a Green Process for the Preparation of Antioxidant and Pigment-Enriched Extracts from Winery Solid Wastes Using Response Surface Methodology and Kinetics

Red grape pomace (RGP), an abundant wine industry solid waste, was used for the recovery of polyphenols and anthocyanin pigments, using ultrasound-assisted extraction and water/glycerol mixtures as the solvent. Glycerol concentration (C_gl) and liquid-to-solid ratio (R_L/S) were first optimized by implementing Box?Behnken experimental design and the process was further studied through kinetics. The optimal conditions were found to be C_gl = 90% (w/v) and R_L/S = 90 mL g^?1, and under these conditions the extraction of total polyphenols (TP) and total pigments (TPm) obeyed first-order kinetics. Maximum diffusivity (D_e) values were 4.22 × 10^?12 and 12.59 × 10^?12 m² s^?1, for TP and TPm, respectively, and the corresponding activation energies were (E_a) 13.94 and 8.22 kJ mol^?1.     

Influence of remote plasma on PEDOT:PSS-coated carbon felt for improved activity of glucose oxidase

Increasing wettability of carbon felts is an important strategy to improve their efficiency in bio-electrochemical applications. Herein, influence of cold remote plasma (N₂ + O₂) treatment on surface properties of carbon felts with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) coating was tested, aiming to improve immobilizing of glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx). Spectra of N 1s and O 1s confirmed the integration of carbonyl and ether as well as amide and amine groups on bare carbon fiber surface, while on coated fibers, carbonyl groups were pre-dominant. S 2p spectra confirmed oxidation of PEDOT:PSS coating with reduction of (S⁻) compared to (SO³⁻) group. GOx immobilized on different samples showed highest activity for PEDOT:PSS coating subjected to plasma with 2% O₂, maintaining up to 60% after immobilization, and 37% of its activity after six cycles for some samples. Enzymes immobilized on samples without plasma treatment lost their activity after four cycles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48521.     

Preparation of Cu(II)‐chelated poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous membranes for catalase immobilization

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers were formed by electrospinning. Metal chelated nanofibrous membranes were prepared by reaction between Cu(II) solution and nanofibers, and which were used as the matrix for catalases immobilization. The constants of Cu(II) adsorption and properties of immobilized catalases were studied in this work. The Cu(II) concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), the immobilized enzymes were confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the amounts of immobilized enzymes were determined by the method of Bradford on an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV). Adsorption of Cu(II) onto PVA nanofibers was studied by the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. The maximum amount of coordinated Cu(II) (q_m) was 2.1 mmol g⁻¹ (dry fiber), and the binding constant (K_l) was 0.1166 L mmol⁻¹. The immobilized catalases showed better resistance to pH and temperature inactivation than that of free form, and the thermal and storage stabilities of immobilized catalases were higher than that of free catalases. Kinetic parameters were analyzed for both immobilized and free catalases. The value of V_max (8425.8 μmol mg⁻¹) for the immobilized catalases was smaller than that of the free catalases (10153.6 μmol mg⁻¹), while the K_m for the immobilized catalases were larger. It was also found that the immobilized catalases had a high affinity with substrate, which demonstrated that the potential of PVA‐Cu(II) chelated nanofibrous membranes applied to enzyme immobilization and biosensors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Mathematical Model for the Extraction of Neodymium from Nitrate Media using Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Operated in a Recycling Mode

A mathematical model for facilitated extraction of Neodymium (Nd³⁺) ions from nitrate media using microporous hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) operated in a recycling mode is presented. Extractant N,N,N′, N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) diluted with n-dodecane was used as the membrane phase. Di-n-hexyl octanamide (DHOA) has been used as a phase modifier for the extractant. The model developed is not specific to the case considered and has a more general and wide applicability. The model has been developed using equilibrium-based approach. The complexation and de-complexation reactions were assumed to be fast and at equilibrium. Mass balance equations for both acid (HNO₃) and TODGA were also incorporated in the model. It was observed that the model results are in good agreement with the experimental data when diffusivity of metal-complex (D _m ) and acid-complex (D _hm ) through the membrane phase in the pore is 6 × 10^?12 m²/s and 1.2 × 10^?10 m²/s. Once the values of D _m and D _hm are estimated by simulation for one set of data, there are no further fitting parameters in the model. The model can then be used in a truly predictive mode for all the remaining data sets.     

Natural Calcium‐Based Residues for Carbon Dioxide Capture in a Bubbling Fluidized‐Bed Reactor

Used clamshells (Paphia undulata), as a precursor of calcium oxide (CaO) sorbents, were employed for carbon dioxide (CO₂) adsorption in a bubbling fluidized‐bed reactor. To find the optimal calcination conditions, a 2^k experimental design was used to vary the ground clamshell particle size, heating rate, and calcination time at 950 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The heating rate was the most significant factor affecting the CO₂ adsorption capacity of the obtained CaO sorbent. The maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity of the CaO obtained under these study conditions was higher than that of commercial CaO.     

Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase on alginate–SiO2 hybrid gel: stability and preliminary applications in the removal of aqueous phenol

An organic/inorganic hybrid gel of alginate–SiO₂ (ALG–SiO₂) was used to immobilize the partially purified potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) for the treatment of phenolic wastewater. The influences of alginate concentration, quantity of both enzyme and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) on immobilization were investigated. The Michaelis constant for immobilized PPO was determined as 14.7 mmol L⁻¹ at 25 °C, and the highest activity of immobilized PPO was achieved at pH 7.0. The ALG–SiO₂ immobilized PPO was more stable than the free PPO or ALG(alone) immobilized PPO. This study suggests that ALG–SiO₂ immobilized PPO might be a potential tool for the removal of phenolic compounds from industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigation of biofilm growth and attrition in a three‐phase airlift bioreactor using 35SO42− as a radiolabelled tracer

The growth and biomass loss pattern for immobilized cells growing on diatomaceous earth particles in a three‐phase airlift bioreactor (TPALB) is studied using ³⁵S as a radiolabelled tracer. A monoculture of Beneckea natriegens was grown immobilized on support particles in a 3 L TPALB. Sterile conditions were maintained during the experiments, and n‐propanol was used as the sole carbon source. After the system reached steady state, the unlabelled sulfate (SO₄^2?) in the feed tank was substituted by a radioactive grade (³⁵SO₄^2?), and the assimilation of ³⁵S in the immobilized and in the suspended cells was monitored. The results indicated that the growth rate of immobilized biomass was not uniform throughout the biofilm. More specifically, it was concluded that cells growing closer to the external biofilm layer exhibit a higher growth rate, and that biomass loss from the biofilm was through attrition at the outer biofilm surface rather than by sloughing off of whole sections of biofilm. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of polymerization conditions on the viscosity of polyacrylamide via experimental design

Polyacrylamide was synthesized by a free‐radical inverse emulsion technique and optimized via statistical experimental design, with the objective of developing a polymer with a high viscosity within this synthesis technique. The factors considered to affect the response variable, the viscosity of the polymer, were initiator (K₂S₂O₈) concentration (c), reaction temperature (T), stirring rate (r), and initiator addition method (s, batch or dropwise). An experimental design of the four factors at two levels (2⁴) was carried out to study the effect of these process variables on the viscosity of the polymer. The results show that the main factor having an effect on the viscosity was T, with smaller contributions from r and cs. The optimum combination of values for the factors yielding maximum viscosity was T = 65°C, c = 1 mM, r = 230 rpm, and s = dropwise addition. A close fit was obtained between the experimental and predicted values of the viscosity of the polymer solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5719–5724, 2006     

Immobilization of Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase by metal affinity adsorption on magnetic chelator particles

BACKGROUND: Immobilized enzymes provide many advantages over free enzymes including repeated or continuous reuse, easy separation of the product from reaction media, easy recovery of the enzyme, and improvement in enzyme stability. In order to improve catalytic activity of laccase and increase its industrial application, there is great interest in developing novel technologies on laccase immobilization. RESULTS: Magnetic Cu²⁺‐chelated particles, prepared by cerium‐initiated graft polymerization of tentacle‐type polymer chains with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as chelating ligand, were employed for Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase immobilization. The particles showed an obvious high adsorption capacity of laccase (94.1 mg g^?1 support) with an activity recovery of 68.0% after immobilization. The laccase exhibited improved stability in reaction conditions over a broad temperature range between 45 °C and 70 °C and an optimal pH value of 3.0 after being adsorbed on the magnetic metal‐chelated particles. The value of the Michaelis constant (K_m) of the immobilized laccase (1.597 mmol L^?1) was higher than that of the free one (0.761 mmol L^?1), whereas the maximum velocity (V_max) was lower for the adsorbed laccase. Storage stability and temperature endurance of the immobilized laccase were found to increase greatly, and the immobilized laccase retained 87.8% of its initial activity after 10 successive batch reactions. CONCLUSION: The immobilized laccase not only can be operated magnetically, but also exhibits remarkably improved catalytic capacity and stability properties for various parameters, such as pH, temperature, reuse, and storage time, which can provide economic advantages for large‐scale biotechnological applications of laccase. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of Aerobic Pretreatment with Penicillium decumbens on the Anaerobic Digestion of Beet Molasses Alcoholic Fermentation Wastewater in Suspended and Immobilized Cell Bioreactors

A comparative study was carried out on the anaerobic digestion of untreated and previously-fermented (with Penicillium decumbens) beet molasses. Four continuous stirred tank reactors were used for the study, two with freely suspended biomass, and the other with biomass supported on saponite. The reactors operated satisfactorily between hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 53·3–10·6 days and 15·4–3·1 days for untreated and previously-fermented molasses respectively. The anaerobic digestion processes of untreated and pretreated molasses were found to follow first-order kinetics for biomass loading rates in the range of 0–0·55 and 0–0·75 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) g⁻¹ volatile suspended solids (VSS) day⁻¹ respectively. The experimental data [namely unitary conversion or efficiency (X), HRT, biomass concentration (M) and incoming substrate concentration (S₀)] conformed to an equation of the form: X/HRT = KM(1-X)–(KMS_R/S₀), from which the kinetic constant, K, was calculated. The kinetic constants were influenced by the pretreatment carried out and were 1·7 and 2·5 times higher for pretreated molasses than for untreated molasses in the reactors with suspended and immobilized biomass respectively. This was significant at a 95% confidence level. The specific rate of substrate uptake for cell maintenance (m) decreased by a factor of approximately 2 for the previously fermented molasses in relation to the observed values for the untreated molasses. This may be attributable to the fact that higher phenolic compound concentrations inhibit and interfere with the activity of anaerobic bacteria. © 1997 SCI.     

Aspergillus oryzae Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dioleoyl; Palmitoyl-Rich Triacylglycerols in Two Reactors

Dioleoyl; palmitoyl‐rich triacylglycerols (OPO‐rich TAG) were synthesized through Aspergillus oryzae lipase (AOL)‐catalyzed acidolysis of palm stearin with commercial oleic acid by a one‐step process in a stirred tank reactor and continuous packed bed reactor to evaluate the feasibility of using immobilized AOL. AOL was found to be valuable for the synthesis of OPO‐rich TAG when compared with commercial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginose (Lipozyme^® TL IM; Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). The C52 (triglycerides with a carbon number of 52, stands for OPO, OPL, LPL and their isomers) content of AOL was higher (45.65 %), and the intensity of treatment (IOT: lipase amount × reaction time/TAG amount) of AOL was just 6.25 % of that of Lipozyme^® TL IM under similar reaction conditions in the stirred tank reactor. Response surface methodology were used to optimize the reaction conditions of the AOL‐catalyzed acidolysis is reaction in the packed bed reactor. The optimal point for the set of experimental conditions generated were as follows: residence time 3.0 h; temperature 62.09 °C; substrate molar ratio 7.13 mol/mol. The highest C52 content obtained was 48.60 ± 2.36 %, with 57.46 ± 1.72 % total palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position and 74.21 ± 2.45 % oleic acid at the sn‐1,3 positions. The half‐life of AOL was 24 h in the stirred tank reactor and 140 h in the packed bed reactor. The immobilized AOL achieved similar conversion and selectivity to commercial lipases for the catalyzed synthesis of OPO‐rich TAG and may offer a cheaper alternative.