葡萄及葡萄酒中的有机酸及降酸研究

为了探索降低葡萄酒中过量有机酸的有效方法,综述了葡萄和葡萄酒中有机酸的形成及变化,较系统地论述了国内外葡萄酒降酸研究的进展,着重介绍了本研究室以粟酒裂殖酵母与葡萄酒酵母为亲株,采用原生质体融合技术进行生物降酸的研究。     

新疆特色酸凝奶酪成熟过程中产生的非挥发性风味物质研究

非挥发性风味物质对奶酪的口味有重要影响,文中对酸凝奶酪成熟过程中非挥发性风味物质含量的变化进行了研究,结果表明:随着奶酪成熟时间的延长有机酸总量和各种有机酸含量变化差异极显著(P<0.01),主要有机酸乳酸含量最高达到10.75 mg/g;各种游离氨基酸含量处于动态变化过程,总游离氨基酸含量变化显著(P<0.05),缬氨酸和亮氨酸是优势氨基酸,最大含量为35.19 mg/100 g和27.06 mg/100 g;游离脂肪酸总量变化差异极显著(P<0.01)。随着成熟时间的延长,奶酪的营养价值更高,口味更浓郁。     

Profiling the chlorogenic acids of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) from China

The leaves, stem and root of sweet potato cultivated in China have been analysed qualitatively for chlorogenic acids by structure-diagnostic LC–MS³. Chlorogenic acids were not detected in the root. Caffeoylquinic acids were quantitatively the major subgroup of chlorogenic acids detected in the stem and the only subgroup detected in the leaves. This subgroup was dominated by 5-caffeoylquinic acid. The stem also contained three feruloylquinic acids, 3,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and small amounts of at least four caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids. This is the first report of feruloylquinic and caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids from sweet potato. Two chemically unrelated and coeluting substances with the same molecular mass (M_r = 530) extracted from the Chinese sweet potato interfered with the characterisation of the caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids. At least five caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids were detected in the peel of sweet potato cultivated in Tanzania that lacked these interfering substances.     

葡萄酒的降酸研究

论述了葡萄和葡萄酒中的有机酸形成及变化。系统地介绍了国内外葡萄酒降酸研究。着重介绍了本研究室以粟酒裂殖酵母与葡萄酒酵母为出发菌株,采用原生质体融合技术进行生物降酸的研究进展。     

15种坚果果仁氨基酸组成及含量差异分析

目的分析15种市售坚果中氨基酸组成,比较不同品种坚果间必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸含量的差异。方法使用氨基酸分析仪对样品中氨基酸的组成及含量进行分析,用最小显著性差异法(least-significant difference,LSD)进行多重比较。结果纸皮核桃中的必需氨基酸含量最高,为6.264 g/100 g,花生中总氨基酸含量最高,为22.622 g/100 g。使用模糊辨识法对贴近度进行计算得出,FAO/WHO模式蛋白质贴近度为0.840-0.933。结论坚果中必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量的差异显著。限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸。东北松子的FAO/WHO模式蛋白质贴近度最高,最贴近人体所需蛋白质的模式。     

曲霉型豆豉发酵过程中的成分变化

以埃及曲霉Y20为发酵菌株生产豆豉,对发酵过程中氨基酸、有机酸和异黄酮等风味成分和功能性成分的变化进行了分析,通过与自然发酵产品作对照,对纯种发酵豆豉的品质进行评价,以考察Y20纯种发酵生产曲霉型豆豉的可行性。     

TUDIES ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF HOP EXTRACT

Studies on fatty acids composition of hop extract obtained from Vurtenberg hop by extraction with a threecomponent mixture was carried out. It has been established that the content of fatty acids in hop extract is 0.3% ±5%. Fatty acids composition was determined by Gas-chromatographic analysis. The presence of the following unsaturated fatty acids has been proven: C_16:1; C_18:1; C_18:2; C_18:3; C_20:1 which represent about 40% of the general content of fatty acids in the extract.     

澳洲金鲈鱼种肌肉中氨基酸与脂肪酸组成的分析

目的研究澳洲金鲈肌肉中营养成分组成。方法采用色谱法和常规分析化学法检测出澳洲金鲈鱼种肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸等含量,并对肌肉中氨基酸与脂肪酸组成进行分析和评价。结果澳洲金鲈鱼种肌肉中含有17种氨基酸(未测色氨酸),在必需氨基酸中含量最高的是赖氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的39.67%;第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸和胱氨酸;氨基酸比值系数分为78.55%;必需氨基酸指数为89.64%;澳洲金鲈的蛋白质营养符合E/T应为40%左右和E/NT应为60%以上的参考蛋白质模式标准。澳洲金鲈含有22种脂肪酸,含量最高的是油酸,亚油酸次之;不饱和脂肪总量为64.4%。结论澳洲金鲈具有营养价值高、味道鲜美等特点,可以作为我国优良品种引进及产业化开发的淡水鱼。     

烟叶多元酸和高级脂肪酸分析及其对感官品质的影响

为明确湖南烟区烟叶原料多元酸和高级脂肪酸含量及其与感官品质的关系,采用非衍生化方法的气相色谱法对湖南烟区3个区县,不同部位的7种烟叶样品的多元酸和高级脂肪酸含量进行检测,发现7种烟叶原料,多元酸中丙酸含量最高,其次是3-甲基戊酸和2-甲基丁酸,高级脂肪酸中十六酸含量最高,再次是亚油酸和油酸;同时发现,这些多元酸和高级脂肪酸在上部烟叶中的含量高于中部烟叶;采用偏最小二乘回归分析(PLSR)方法对烟叶中多元酸和高级脂肪酸含量与感官品质相关性进行了分析。结果表明,多元酸含量越高,提香越明显,口腔刺激感越低且透发性越强,而高级脂肪酸仅仅可以提高烟叶抽吸劲头,但不利于其他感官指标。     

不饱和脂肪酸与人体健康关系探讨

本文系统的介绍了各种不饱和脂肪酸对人体健康的有利和不利影响,为人们合理的摄取油脂提供了科学依据.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of donkey meat from Martina Franca breed

The rheological and chemical characteristics of meat obtained from 12 Martina Franca donkey males, slaughtered at 14 months of age and a mean final body weight of 169 kg were determined. Meat samples were taken four days post mortem from muscles Longissimus thoracis et lumborum and Biceps femoris, colorimetric parameters were measured to determine L^* (lightness), a^* (redness), b^* (yellowness) and chroma. The Longissimus was significantly lighter (P < 0.05) compared to the Biceps femoris, with L^* indexes of 35.86 and 31.34, respectively. Fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat showed a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in both muscles, respectively 25.16 g/100 g total fatty acids in the Longissimus and 24.97 g/100 g total fatty acids in the Biceps femoris; oleic acid and palmitic acid were the two most abundant fatty acids in both muscles. The percentages of essential amino acids were higher in both muscles compared with the total amino acid content, respectively 52.88% in the Longissimus, and 51.26% in the Biceps femoris. The high level of unsaturation of the intramuscular fat resulted in a high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fat, and the total amount of essential amino acids, exceeding 50% of the total amino acids showed that donkey meat from a health point of view is a good alternative to traditional red meats.     

麦汁组成对啤酒有机酸的影响

有机酸是啤酒中的主要呈味物质,其含量和麦汁组成有着较密切的关系。麦汁中糖组成及氨基酸组成的改变,都会引起有机酸含量的变化,通过试验发现不同糖组成含量影响着有机酸的含量,同时氨基酸含量的高低也影响着啤酒最终的pH和总酸。     

煎炸油在煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成的变化

以大豆油、棉籽油、棕榈液油和氢化油作为煎炸油,分别进行薯条和鸡翅的煎炸实验。结果表明：在煎炸过程中,各种煎炸油的脂肪酸含量均会发生一定的变化。采用C18:2/C16:0比值变化作为研究煎炸油脂肪劣变的指标,氢化油煎炸过程中C18:2/C16:0比值减少的程度最小(P＜0.05),证明其煎炸过程中脂肪酸的稳定性最好。但对于反式脂肪酸含量变化来说,均没有显著增加(P＞0.05),其中氢化油的反式脂肪酸含量从煎炸前的10.39%降低到煎炸后的6.66%,变化显著(P＜0.05),不过高反式脂肪酸含量的煎炸油在煎炸后其反式脂肪酸含量还保持在较高水平。     

Measurement of caffeic and ferulic acid equivalents in plasma after coffee consumption: Small intestine and colon are key sites for coffee metabolism

Previous studies on coffee examined absorption of phenolic acids (PA) in the small intestine, but not the contribution of the colon to absorption. Nine healthy volunteers ingested instant soluble coffee (～335 mg total chlorogenic acids (CGAs)) in water. Blood samples were taken over 12 h, and at 24 h to assess return to baseline. Many previous studies, which used glucuronidase and sulfatase, measured only PA and did not rigorously assess CGAs. To improve this, plasma samples were analyzed after full hydrolysis by chlorogenate esterase, glucuronidase and sulfatase to release aglycone equivalents of PA followed by liquid–liquid extraction and ESI‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS detection. Ferulic, caffeic and isoferulic acid equivalents appeared rapidly in plasma, peaking at 1–2 h. Dihydrocaffeic and dihydroferulic acids appeared in plasma 6–8 h after ingestion (T_max=8–12 h). Substantial variability in maximum plasma concentration and T_max was also observed between individuals. This study confirms that the small intestine is a significant site for absorption of PA, but shows for the first time that the colon/microflora play the major role in absorption and metabolism of CGAs and PA from coffee.     

醋浸后大豆成分的变化及其营养学意义

醋和大豆是公认的保健食品 ,我国民间早有关于服用醋泡大豆能预防多种疾病的说法 ,但是缺乏实验证据。文中分析了醋浸泡后大豆与醋液中的主要营养成分的变化 ,结果表明 ,醋浸泡导致大豆粗蛋白质、可溶性蛋白质和总氨基酸的含量降低 ,可溶性总糖、还原性糖、低分子质量肽和粗蛋白中的氨基酸总量显著增加 ,醋大豆中必需氨基酸 /非必需氨基酸比值稍微降低 ,但是组氨酸增加 ;饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量下降 ,多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著升高。此外总黄酮的含量与种类也发生了很大的变化。文中根据已有的科学研究 ,讨论了上述变化的营养学或生理学意义。     

高粱中脂肪酸和低分子有机酸气相色谱测定

采用气相色谱法,对六种不同品种高粱样品油脂中脂肪酸以及低分子有机酸成分进行分析,测定出6种脂肪酸和9种低分子有机酸的含量。     

皮蛋加工过程中脂肪酸变化规律的研究

采用气相色谱测定皮蛋加工过程中总脂肪酸及游离脂肪酸的种类和含量,旨在明确皮蛋加工过程中总脂肪酸及游离脂肪酸等营养成分的变化规律,为探讨其对皮蛋风味形成的作用提供基础数据。结果表明：在皮蛋加工过程中,大部分脂肪酸含量在加工前20 d变化明显,在加工后期则变化幅度较小;总脂肪酸的种类由23 种增加到27 种,含量则由295.924 mg/g减少到242.338 mg/g。在加工过程中,游离脂肪酸的种类和含量都有所增加,种类由最初的7 种增加到13 种,含量由21.774 mg/g增加到102.578 mg/g。     

四指马鲅鱼的营养成分分析

目的通过四指马鲅鱼的基本成分、脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成的分析测定,对四指马鲅鱼的营养价值进行评价,为四指马鲅鱼相关产品的开发提供理论依据。方法采用国标方法测定四指马鲅鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪;采用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定其脂肪酸含量;采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其氨基酸组成,利用氨基酸评分、化学评分、必须氨基酸指数和蛋白质生物价对四指马鲅鱼进行营养评价。结果四指马鲅鱼肌肉因其高蛋白质(19.51%)、低脂肪(2.75%)而具有较高的营养价值。四指马鲅鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量高达84.0g/100 g,必需氨基酸指数为69.64,生物价更是高达90.37。它具有较高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸(33.98%),尤其是亚油酸含量高达26.85%。结论四指马鲅鱼蛋白质含量高,且人体必需氨基酸配比合理,为良好的蛋白质来源;脂肪含量低但不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,是一种优质鱼肉加工原料。     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of sea cucumbers

BACKGROUND: The dried form of sea cucumbers has been a seafood and medicinal cure for Asians over many centuries. In this study the chemical composition and nutritional quality of eight common sea cucumbers (Stichopus herrmanni, Thelenota ananas, Thelenota anax, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria fuscopunctata, Actinopyga mauritiana, Actinopyga caerulea and Bohadschia argus) were determined. RESULTS: All species except T. anax and A. caerulea had higher protein and lower fat levels. A. mauritiana and B. argus had less ash content. Glycine was the dominant amino acid found in all species, and content ranged from 126 to 216 mg g^?1 of crude protein. All species exhibited low lysine:arginine ratio and higher essential amino acid scores were obtained by threonine and phenylalanine + tyrosine. A. mauritiana had proportionally less saturated fatty acids (31.23%), and more monounsaturated fatty acids (45.64%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 23.13%) than other species. Arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) was the major PUFA in all species. T. ananas, A. mauritiana and A. caerulea contained more n‐3 PUFA. The n‐3/n‐6 ratios of eight sea cucumbers species ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. CONCLUSION: Sea cucumbers are a seafood with high protein and low fat levels. The amino acid contents were similar but fatty acid profiles were different among species. The comparison showed that T. ananas, A. mauritiana and B. argus possessed higher nutritional values than other sea cucumber species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry