Flame straightening of thermomechanically rolled structural steel

Shape control by local heating is often used in processing of structural steels. Experience has proven that normalised steels are suitable for this operation if it is carried out properly. In the last years thermomechanically controlled rolled (TMCP) steels have been developed. For their application it was necessary to investigate the response of this steel type to flame straightening. Two essential processing conditions must be considered: heating limited to the surface and heating of the full material thickness. The temperatures were varied from 650 to 950°C by different heat inputs. Tensile and Charpy impact tests have proven that within this temperature range the investigated steels (S355ML -EN10113) were not affected. For conditions of wedge heating a drop in the mechanical properties was observed if the temperatures exceeded 650°C. Both limits, 950°C in line heating and 650°C in wedge heating allow an effective shaping of steel constructions. Experienced operators can easily respect these limitations. Hence the TMCP steels are suitable for flame straightening.     

加热工艺对Nb-Ti微合金钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

 为了解加热制度对Nb Ti微合金钢的奥氏体晶粒长大和析出行为的影响,采用OM、TEM和EDS分析技术,研究了Nb Ti微合金钢在不同加热温度和保温时间的奥氏体晶粒长大行为,以及微合金元素碳氮化物析出行为。结果表明,随加热温度升高,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐长大,当加热温度超过1 200 ℃时奥氏体晶粒尺寸快速长大。随保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐长大,当保温时间超过2.0 h时奥氏体晶粒尺寸快速长大。EDS分析显示Nb Ti钢中的析出物为(Nb,Ti)(C,N)复合相,随着加热温度升高和保温时间延长,析出相体积分数减少,尺寸增大,从而减弱对奥氏体晶粒的细化作用;Nb Ti微合金试验钢合适的加热温度范围为1 150～1 200 ℃,保温时间低于2.0 h。     

500 MPa级Nb Ti微合金化方矩形管用钢的强化机制

采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对500 MPa级Nb Ti微合金化方矩形管用钢的组织与性能进行了分析,研究了其强化机制。结果表明,终轧温度和卷取温度对试验钢的组织和力学性能有显著影响,在研究的温度范围内,终轧温度和卷取温度的降低均有利于获得更加细小的铁素体晶粒与细小弥散的第二相析出物;当卷取温度不变时,随着终轧温度的下降,屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率均升高;当终轧温度不变时,随着卷取温度的逐渐下降,屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现出先上升后下降的规律,而断后伸长率呈现出单调上升的规律;试验钢在终轧温度为840 ℃和卷取温度为570 ℃时可获得最优的综合力学性能,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为537和578 MPa,断后伸长率为33.5%;细晶强化是试验钢最主要的强化机制,由晶粒细化引起的强度增量占总强度的49%～51%,由固溶强化引起的强度增量次之,占总强度的23%～27%,由析出强化引起的强度增量较小,仅占总强度的3.8%～8.2%。     

Predictability of Charpy impact toughness in thermomechanically control rolled (TMCR) microalloyed steels

Abstract

A number of empirical equations, based primarily on average metallographic grain size and carbide thickness, exist to predict the Charpy impact transition temperature in steels. Some of these commonly used equations, successful for normalised steels, have been shown in this paper to be inadequate for predicting the transition temperature for thermomechanically control rolled (TMCR) microalloyed steels. Thermomechanical control rolling can produce clusters of small grains with low angle grain boundaries, i.e., the steel shows mesotexture. The cleavage facet size in TMCR steels has been found to be significantly larger than the optical grain size and it was also observed that individual cleavage facets can be comprised of multiple grains. In contrast, it was observed for a heat treated steel that the facet size matches the optical grain size and that individual facets consist of single grains. It is concluded that in TMCR steels, the average microstructural unit experienced by the crack front is larger than the optical grain size because mesotexture causes groups of closely orientated grains to be treated as single 'effective' grains. This paper shows that the 50% and 27 J impact transition temperatures can be predicted for TMCR steels using the existing equations if mesotexture and grain boundary carbide size are taken into account.     

Transmission electron microscopy studies of thermomechanically control processed multiphase medium-carbon microalloyed steel: Forged, rolled, and low-cycle fatigued microstructures

A ferrite-bainite-martensite (F-B-M) microstructure was produced in a medium-carbon microalloyed (MA) steel through two routes, namely, low-temperature finish forging and rolling, followed by a two-step cooling (TSC) and annealing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to study the microstructural evolution in control forged and rolled material after TSC followed by annealing (TSCA). A TEM investigation was also carried out on samples low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tested at low and high total strain amplitudes of 0.4 and 0.7 pct in case of the forged steel (F-B-M(F)TSCA) and 0.55 and 0.8 pct for the rolled steel (F-B-M(R)TSCA), respectively. Microstructural changes accompanying the LCF testing were identified. The two-step cooled microstructure processed through forging (F-B-M(F)TSC) as well as rolling (F-B-M(R)TSC) revealed a complex multiphase microstructure, along with films and blocks of retained austenite. In both microstructural conditions, vanadium carbide precipitates were too fine to be identified after the TSC treatment. Annealing after TSC produced a stress-free microstructure. The F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure predominantly consisted of granular/lower bainite, lath martensite, and polygonal ferrite with interlath films as well as blocks of retained austenite, while the F-B-M(R)TSCA microstructure predominantly consisted of lath martensite, granular/lower bainite, and polygonal ferrite with interlath strips/films of retained austenite. Lath martensite content was higher in the F-B-M(R)TSCA condition than in the F-B-M(R)TSCA condition. In both conditions, vanadium carbide precipitates could be seen after annealing. Fatigue-tested F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure up to a total strain amplitude of 0.4 pct and F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure up to a total strain amplitude of 0.55 pct were stable. Lath martensite did not undergo deformation and in both microstructural conditions dislocation cell structures were not observed in the ferrite or bainite regions. The interlath retained austenite strips/films played a significant role in preventing the softening during fatigue loading. First, it was stable up to a total strain amplitude of 0.4 and 0.55 pct in the respective microstructures. Second, it underwent heavy deformation during fatigue loading at high total strain amplitudes, thereby accommodating the strain. Fatigue-tested F-B-M(F)TSCA microstructure at a total strain amplitude of 0.7 pct and F-B-M(R)TSCA microstructure at a total strain amplitude of 0.8 pct revealed deformed bainite/martensite laths, dislocation cells, and slip bands in the ferrite regions, which are characteristic features of cyclic softening. The retained austenite transformed to martensite through a strain-induced transformation mechanism and, at that stage, the microstructure contained in addition dislocation-rich bainite and ferrite.     

Charpy-impact-toughness prediction using an “effective” grain size for thermomechanically controlled rolled microalloyed steels

Thermomechanically controlled rolling of steel plate can involve substantial straining in the intercritical temperature region, which may result in the final ferrite grains not fully recrystallizing, and, hence, the presence of low-angle grain boundaries. It is shown in this article that a Nb-microalloyed thermomechanically controlled rolled (TMCR) steel can contain a high proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (the extent depending on the thermomechanically controlled rolling schedule) and that during toughness testing, the crack front ignores boundaries with less than a 12 deg misorientation. Thus, the average microstructural unit experienced by the crack front (i.e., the cleavage facet) is significantly larger than the average metallographic, two-dimensional grain size. Consequently, use of the metallographic grain size gives a poor prediction of the impact transition temperature (ITT) and fracture stress for these steels. It is also shown that the micromechanism of crack initiation and propagation involves grain-boundary carbides and groups of closely aligned grains that act as single “effective” grains.     

冷却速度对含铌、钛微合金钢铸坯表层组织结构的影响

铸坯出结晶器后的冷却速度是影响和决定铸坯表层组织结构(0~5 mm)及第2相析出物分布的关键因素.在开发重熔凝固冷却实验装置的基础上,模拟铸坯在垂直段的凝固冷却条件,研究不同冷却速度对铸坯表层组织与第2相析出物分布的影响.研究表明,在0.8 m·min^-1拉速下,以5℃.s-1的冷却速度,使铸坯在出结晶器后表面温度下降到A₃温度以下,得到的表层组织均匀,晶界无膜状先共析铁素体,微合金元素析出物在晶内分布均匀,有利于提高铸坯热塑性及降低裂纹敏感性.     

Study on transformation behavior of hot- rolled microalloyed TRIP steel

Effects of deformation mode, deformation temperature, deformation rate, cooling rate and slow- cooling stop temperature on the transformation behavior of hot- rolled microalloyed TRIP steel were studied by means of MMS- 300 thermomechanical simulator. The results show that for the samples subjected to the single or double pass deformation, ferrite transformation area is expanded, pearlite transformation area appears, and martensite transformation area disappears in the continuous cooling transformation diagrams. Transformation temperatures of Ar3, Bs and Bf decrease, diffusional transformation is prevented and intermediate temperature transformation is promoted with the increase of deformation temperature or cooling rate. When deformation temperature is 850??, transformation temperatures of Ar3, Bs and Bf increase, the amount of ferrite also increases, and the amount of bainite decreases in the microstructure with the increase of deformation rate. With the decrease of slow- cooling stop temperature, ferrite amount increases, ferrite grains grow and retained austenite amount first increases and then decreases.     

均热时间对含Ti、Nb微合金元素高强钢固溶规律的影响

采用相分析和X射线衍射技术,研究了含Ti、Nb等微合金元素的高强钢中碳氮化物的溶解行为.结果表明,加热到1250℃,未均热时,主要是面心立方结构的Ti(CN)、(TiNb)(CN)、TiC析出相;均热时间为45min,部分Ti和Nb继续溶解,析出相转为Ti(CN)、TiC为主,平均颗粒尺寸由300nm增大为323nm,此时Ti、Nb固溶已经达到平衡,固溶率分别为64.2%和85.8%.当保温80min时,析出相含量基本没有变化,但颗粒尺寸有所增加.     

Nb微合金化汽车用TWIP钢的研究进展

汽车是日常生活中主要交通工具之一,其用钢质量的优劣直接关系到汽车本身及乘坐人员的安全,因此研发高性能汽车用钢至关重要。微合金化是有效改善汽车用钢性能的手段之一,微合金元素铌可细化晶粒,提高材料的强韧性及氢致延迟断裂性能,备受研究者的青睐。总结了微合金元素铌对汽车用TWIP钢组织的影响,综述了铌对汽车TWIP钢力学性能、耐磨性能及抗氢致延迟断裂性能等的作用及相应机制,并提出了现阶段铌微合金化汽车用TWIP钢研究过程中存在的问题,为后续低成本、高效地发挥铌元素在高强度汽车钢中的应用提供参考依据。     

Metallurgical aspects in cold rolled high strength steel sheets

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Cold rolled high strength steel sheets with yield strength from 300 to 500 N/mm2 have been developed by using conventional equipment for producing...     

Metallurgical aspects in cold rolled high strength steel sheets

Cold rolled high strength steel sheets with yield strength from 300 to 500 N/mm² have been developed by using conventional equipment for producing commercial cold rolled steel sheet, that is, cold rolling, box annealing, and temper rolling. Effective alloying elements for strengthening are carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, niobium, etc. The sheets up to 400 N/mm² yield strength grade are easily produced by selecting appropriate chemical compositions. The sheets with higher yield strength grade than 450 N/mm² are obtained by introducing the new idea that the steel with more than 2 pct manganese is annealed between A₁ and A₃ transformation temperatures, and moderately temper rolled. Increase of tensile strength does not affect deep drawability while it deteriorates stretch-forming and stretch-flanging properties. As for electric resistance spot welding, shear tension strength increases in proportion to tensile strength, but cross tension strength hardly increases or tends to decrease. These sheets have been applied to door beams and bumper reinforcements.     

罩式退火铌微合金化汽车钢的强化机理

 通过比较相同冷轧与罩式退火工艺下Mn-Si系和铌微合金化2种汽车用低合金高强钢的显微组织与力学性能,研究微量铌在冷轧罩式退火低合金高强钢中的强化机理。利用OM、SEM、TEM和拉伸试验机分别对2种钢的显微组织与力学性能进行了表征。对比分析表明：相对热轧板来说,2种钢冷轧退火板的铁素体晶粒和第二相析出物的尺寸都有所长大,导致了强度降低。相对Mn-Si钢而言,铌微合金化钢热轧板和冷轧退火板中的铁素体晶粒和第二相析出物尺寸更细小,细小第二相析出物的数量也更多,在相同的伸长率水平下明显提高了强度。冷轧罩式退火板的强化机理分析表明,铌微合金化低合金高强钢的主要强化方式是细晶强化和NbC的沉淀强化;研究认为添加质量分数为0.025%的铌时细晶强化更强烈。     

初始组织对一种Nb-Mo微合金化中锰TRIP钢组织演变与力学性能的影响

研究了热轧后冷却方式和冷轧压下量对一种Nb-Mo微合金化中锰TRIP钢临界退火过程中组织演变与力学性能的综合影响规律.结果表明:当热轧后冷却方式由油淬变为炉冷时,在冷轧压下量一定的条件下,退火组织中长条状铁素体的体积分数增加,且长轴/短轴比增大,而等轴铁素体的晶粒尺寸变化不明显;对于热轧后油淬试样,当冷轧压下量由50%增至75%时,退火组织中长条状铁素体的体积分数减少,铁素体的平均晶粒尺寸由400~500 nm减至300~400 nm.综合分析,增加热轧后的冷却速率,可在较小的冷轧压下量条件下获得一种综合性能良好的超细晶中锰TRIP钢,其性能指标为:屈服强度为976 MPa,抗拉强度为1 165 MPa,延伸率可达34.1%,强塑积接近40 GP·%.     

Nb对V-N微合金化钢高温热塑性的影响

摘要：使用Gleeble热模拟机研究了V-N和V-N-Nb微合金钢的高温热塑性,利用SEM和金相显微镜对热拉伸试样断口形貌和组织进行分析,并通过TEM对析出相进行了表征。结果表明在V-N钢基础上添加质量分数为0.024%的Nb,总体上降低了在第Ⅲ脆性温度区（950~600℃）的热塑性,使塑性低谷区变宽、变深。断面收缩率Z值低于40%的临界温度区间,V-N钢为862~713℃,而V-N-Nb钢在903~700℃以下,塑性低谷区宽度增加了54℃以上。2种钢的Z最低值在750℃,V-N钢为24.5%,V-N-Nb钢为15.5%。A3温度以上,V-N-Nb钢中更多细小的碳氮化物析出是它热塑性低于V-N钢主要原因;A3温度以下,750℃时Z最低值是由薄膜铁素体和碳氮化物析出综合作用的结果,温度降至700℃时Z提高,较厚的晶界铁素体和晶内铁素体生成是Z升高的主要原因。     

铌微合金化极低屈服点钢的组织与性能

 通过超低碳加铌的成分设计和轧后软化热处理工艺成功制备出100 MPa级极低屈服点钢，研究了其组织与性能，并阐述了其软化机理。结果表明，软化热处理前后，试验钢组织均为单一的多边形铁素体，铁素体晶粒和Nb（C，N）析出相随软化热处理温度升高而粗化。特别地，950 ℃软化热处理时重新奥氏体化后的相变铁素体晶粒尺寸超过90 μm。固溶和沉淀强化增量之和与屈服强度随软化热处理温度的变化曲线有很好的对应关系，屈服强度随软化热处理温度升高整体呈降低趋势，主要原因是沉淀强化和细晶强化增量减小，但碳、氮原子重新回溶引起屈服强度回升。试验钢经850 ℃软化热处理获得最佳综合力学性能，950 ℃软化热处理后的强塑性很好，但因晶粒粗大导致韧性极低。     

CSP流程Ti微合金化高强钢的疲劳性能

采用升降法对CSP工艺生产的2mm厚Ti微合金化高强钢的疲劳性能进行研究.结果发现：高强钢的抗拉强度为830 MPa;疲劳强度为685 MPa,约为抗拉强度的0.83倍;伸长率为18.8%.绘制了高强钢的S-N曲线,并拟合出疲劳寿命与最大应力的关系.通过扫描电镜对疲劳断裂机理进行了分析.宏观疲劳断口可见明显的裂纹源区、扩展区和瞬断区形貌.疲劳裂纹起始于带钢表面微裂纹;疲劳扩展区存在微观疲劳辉纹、二次裂纹和宏观疲劳贝纹线;瞬断区出现撕裂棱,兼有韧窝存在.     

冷轧薄板线状缺陷的工艺控制

针对某钢厂结晶器液面翻腾导致卷渣严重与中间包过热度控制缺乏依据为背景,对结晶器内流态和过热度对表面质量影响开展研究。文献调研与大量线状缺陷电镜分析发现,导致线状缺陷的夹杂物主要是氧化铝和保护渣,且引起线状缺陷的大尺寸夹杂物主要分布在铸坯表层5mm内。减少吹氩量与增大浸入深度可提高双股流比例,基于水模型和工业试验,提出控制临界吹气量得到双股流。应用该结果后,消除了结晶器液面翻腾现象,提高中间包过热度可减少钩状坯壳深度与铸坯表层夹杂物数量。综合考虑钢水洁净度提出冷轧薄板钢过热度控制在25~40℃。基于以上措施,该厂炼钢缺陷导致降级率由1.1%降至0.6%。     

Manufacturing and fabrication of thermomechanically rolled heavy plates

The development of heavy plates for constructional steelwork, shipbuilding and line pipes is characterized by a reduction of the carbon equivalent values. At the same time the strength and toughness properties are improved. Significant progress has been made by application of modern TM-rolling processes including accelerated cooling. Process control has been optimized to produce a homogeneity comparable to normalized plates. Strength and hardness profiles demonstrate the actual homogeneity. The properties after cold forming and strain aging have been evaluated. The weldability, in particular welding without preheating, is shown as a function of the H₂-content of the weld metal. Flame straightening of TM-rolled plates is possible and is demonstrated for different types of flame straightening procedures.