氢气微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

通过耦合计算流体力学软件FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件CHEMKIN并采用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及当量比Φ和预混合气体入口速度对催化燃烧反应的影响。计算结果表明:表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;当量比Φ对氢气的催化燃烧过程有重要影响;随着入口速度的增大,燃烧过程同时存在表面催化反应和空间气相反应两种控制因素;表面催化反应对空间气相反应的影响能被分成3种类型。计算结果为在微型动力系统中实现催化燃烧以及扩展燃烧极限提供了理论依据。     

氢气微尺度催化燃烧过程的数值模拟

通过耦合计算流体力学软件FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件CHEMKIN,并运用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及表面催化反应对空间气相反应的影响。计算结果表明：OH浓度的高低可用来判断微型管道内是否发生表面催化反应。由于壁面的催化作用,空间气相反应发生的难度增加,即表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;表面催化反应对空间气相反应的影响能被分成三种类型。计算结果为在微型动力系统中实现催化燃烧以及扩展燃烧极限提供了理论依据。     

氢气/空气预混合微尺度催化燃烧

通过耦合专用软件FLUENT和CHEMKIN并采用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及预混合气体入口速度和管径对催化燃烧反应的影响.计算结果表明,表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;入口速度和管径对氢气的催化燃烧过程有重要的影响,在入口速度较小时,燃烧主要是空间气相化学反应,随着入口速度的增大,燃烧过程同时存在着表面催化反应和空间气相反应两种控制因素,在入口速度较大时,燃烧主要是表面催化燃烧过程;随着管径的减小,微型管道内反应的最高温度降低.此结果为在微型动力系统中实现催化燃烧以及扩展燃烧极限提供了理论依据.     

氢气预混合微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

通过耦合计算流体力学软件FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件CHEMKIN并采用空间气相和表面催化详细化学反应机理,对氢气和空气的预混合气体在微型管道内的催化燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了不同反应模型的燃烧特性以及预混合气体入口速度、当量比Φ和管径对催化燃烧反应的影响。计算结果表明：表面催化反应对空间气相反应有抑制作用;随着入口速度的增大,燃烧过程同时存在着表面催化反应和空间气相反应两种控制因素;当量比Φ和管径对氢气的催化燃烧过程有重要的影响。     

高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧特性的变参数研究

构建了一种高辛烷值燃料与空气压缩自燃反应机理(89种组分,413个反应)。用在快速压缩机上获得的试验数据对它进行了验证,考察了机理的有效性。然后将其嵌入内燃机模型,在CHEMKIN平台上对这种燃料的HCCI燃烧特性进行了变参数的数值模拟,研究了进气温度、进气压力、空燃比、压缩比、转速和EGR等因素对燃烧特性的影响,同时预测了缸内反应物、生成物、自由基浓度随曲轴转角变化的历程。计算结果对燃用高辛烷值燃料HCCI发动机燃烧过程的优化提供了依据。     

预混氢气层流燃烧速度的数值模拟

为探讨燃烧模型对预混氢气层流燃烧的适用性和使用方法,采用CFD仿真软件对氢气层流燃烧进行了数值模拟,通过校核与验证方法得到了当量比范围在0.5～1.2条件下正确计算氢气燃烧过程的网格尺寸为0.4 mm、时间步长为0.01 ms、收敛准则为10-4.应用TFSC燃烧模型的控制参数与温度、当量比的拟合关系获得的计算数据和试验数据具有较好的一致性.采用该方法可以正确计算常压下、温度范围300～900 K、当量比范围0.5～1.2的预混氢气层流燃烧速度,补充了高温条件下试验数据的不足.     

微细直管内甲烷燃烧的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学方法对二维微细直管内甲烷和空气的预混燃烧进行了数值模拟,研究了燃烧器尺寸、壁面导热系数、对流换热系数、壁面厚度以及粗糙度对于燃烧的影响。模拟结果显示,燃烧器内径的变化、壁面导热系数、对流换热系数和壁面厚度的变化影响了热量在壁面内的传递和流体内径向温度的传递,使得燃料点燃和燃烧稳定性受到影响,甚至导致燃烧停止。壁面粗糙度增加了燃烧器内流体的扰动,增强了流体与壁面和流体内的换热,导致燃烧稳定性受到影响。模拟结果为设计和开发高效稳定的燃烧器提供了参考。     

燃气轮机环形燃烧室内燃烧流动的数值模拟

对一个复杂的GE—F101型工业燃气轮机环形燃烧室，采用Reynolds应力湍流模型(RSM)、EBU—Arrhenius湍流燃烧模型和六通量热辐射模型描述其燃烧流动，应用FLUENT软件进行了三维化学反应流场的数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：旋流和燃料进口射流对燃烧室流内温度和流场分布有着重要的影响；利用数值手段得到燃烧室出口的温度分布以判断其能否满足透平叶片进口温度的要求是可行的；燃烧室工作压强对出口的NO分布有着重要影响。在燃用气体燃料时，燃气轮机的NO排放主要来自于热NO，瞬时NO只占很小一部分。图11参6     

微燃烧器内甲烷催化燃烧的数值模拟

联合使用CFD软件、FLUENT和化学反应动力学软件DETCHEM对甲烷—空气混合物在有逆流换热的微燃烧器内的催化燃烧进行了数值模拟。计算中只考虑了甲烷在催化表面上的反应。燃料一空气混合物的当量比为0．4,燃烧器外壁面分剐采用等温边界条件和与环境的对流换热边界条件,并比较了这两种边界条件对可燃混合气燃烧的影响。计算结果表明,催化燃烧可以实现常规方法无法实现的甲烷低温、高效转变。     

微燃烧室内甲烷燃烧的数值模拟

建立了微燃烧室中的湍流燃烧模型,采用FLUENT软件对微燃烧室中甲烷/氧气的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,研究了甲烷/氧气的当量比为1时不同流量对微燃烧室内燃烧的影响。计算结果表明,随着混合气流量的增加,燃烧室内的温度升高,甲烷的质量浓度下降。     

Diagnosis and control of abnormal combustion of hydrogen internal combustion engine based on the hydrogen injection parameters

In order to improve the limitation of evaluating the abnormal combustion problem of hydrogen internal combustion engine by single index, the abnormal combustion risk coefficient is proposed and defined based on AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)-entropy method. The abnormal combustion risk of PFI hydrogen internal combustion engine is comprehensively evaluated from multiple indexes such as the uniformity coefficient of the mixture, the temperature of the hot area, the maximum temperature rise rate, the residual amount of hydrogen in the intake port and the cylinder temperature at the end of the exhaust. The influence of hydrogen injection parameters on abnormal combustion was explored. The results show that the temperature and the maximum temperature rise rate in the hot area decrease first and then increase with the increase of hydrogen injection angle and hydrogen injection flow rate. Although large hydrogen injection angle and hydrogen injection flow rate can reduce the cylinder temperature at the end of exhaust, they will increase the residual hydrogen amount in the intake port. Appropriate hydrogen injection angle and hydrogen injection flow scheme can ensure that all parameters are at a better level, so that the risk coefficient of abnormal combustion decreases by 2.1%–5.5%, and the possibility of abnormal combustion is reduced.     

催化肋片对微燃烧室内燃烧特性的影响

针对带有催化肋片的微燃烧室内部的氢氧预混合燃烧过程,利用CFD计算软件建立数值模型,在实验验证的基础上进行了模拟计算。结果表明:不同流速下,燃烧室内布置催化肋片能提高燃烧室外壁面平均温度以及燃烧效率。在低流速时催化肋片布置越靠近入口,表面催化反应对气相反应的抑制程度越大;肋片位置越靠近出口,燃烧室外壁面平均温度越高。在高流速下,催化肋片位置越靠近出口,表面催化反应对气相反应的促进作用越明显,使得燃烧室外壁面温度分布越均匀、燃烧室出口截面温度越高。     

Influence of nozzle design parameters on exhaust gas characteristics in practical-scale flameless hydrogen combustion

Considering the trend toward decarbonization, hydrogen is expected to be used as a fuel in industrial furnace burners. One of the challenges in using hydrogen as a fuel is the increase in thermal-NOx emission compared to hydrocarbon fuel owing to its high flame temperature. This study experimentally evaluated the combustion characteristics of flameless combustion, which is a low-NO_x combustion technology, with hydrogen as a fuel in a practical-scale experimental furnace as well as the effect of nozzle design parameters on the combustion characteristics. Through comparative tests with city gas by considering parameters, such as the fuel gas velocity, combustion air velocity, and air nozzle pitch, the low-NO_x effect of flameless combustion was confirmed in hydrogen combustion with appropriate nozzle design parameters. The optimal nozzle design parameters to achieve this effect differ from those for city gas, and the design guidelines are summarized.     

Effects of ignition location on premixed hydrogen/air flame propagation in a closed combustion tube

The dynamics of premixed hydrogen/air flame ignited at different locations in a finite-size closed tube is experimentally studied. The flame behaves differently in the experiments with different ignition positions. The ignition location exhibits an important impact on the flame behavior. When the flame is ignited at one of the tube ends, the heat losses to the end wall reduce the effective thermal expansion and moderate the flame propagation and acceleration. When the ignition source is at a short distance off one of the ends, the tulip flame dynamics closely agrees with that in the theory. And both the tulip and distorted tulip flames are more pronounced than those in the case with the ignition source placed at one of the ends. Besides, the flame–pressure wave coupling is quite strong and a second distorted tulip flame is generated. When the ignition source is in the tube center, the flame propagates in a much gentler way and the tulip flame can not be formed. The flame oscillations are weaker since the flame–pressure wave interaction is weaker.     

Safety aspects of hydrogen combustion in hydrogen energy systems

Safety aspects will become essential for the introduction and acceptance of gaseous and liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel in energy supply systems. Prevention and control of accidental formation and ignition of large volumes of fuel-air mixtures are of primary importance when safety aspects of released gaseous hydrogen are discussed. Detailed knowledge of the overpressure in an accidental situation is essential for the protection of the public as well as for the corresponding plants and safety installations. Considerable progress has been made in the last few years concerning the understanding of the complex phenomena involved in combustion processes of gaseous mixtures. This holds in particular for flame acceleration and maximum turbulent flame speeds in unconfined and confined geometries. Fast turbulent deflagrations often transit spontaneously to detonations if flame speeds are high enough, depending on the combustible and boundary conditions. This paper discusses the potential hazards of hydrogen in the energy market as compared with other and already familiar energy carriers like natural gas and propane.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of hydrogen–air premixed combustion in a converging–diverging micro tube

Experimental and numerical studies of hydrogen–air premixed combustion in a converging–diverging micro tube with inner diameters of the inlet, throat, and outlet of 2, 1, and 2 mm, respectively, have been performed to study the combustion and flame characteristics. The influences of the equivalence ratio (Φ) and inlet velocity (v_in) are investigated. The experiments reveal that the v_in range for stable combustion—between 3.4 and 41.4 m/s—was significantly expanded, particularly when Φ = 1.4. This effect can primarily be attributed to the converging–diverging structure. As Φ increased, both the wall and the flame temperatures exhibited an increasing–decreasing trend; the largest heat loss ratio occurred at Φ = 1.0. The ignition position initially moved upstream and then moved downstream. The flame thickness increased and then decreased, reaching its peak value at Φ = 1.2. The flame length decreased monotonously. As v_in increased, the wall temperature increased, the flame temperature decreased, and the flame moved downstream to grow thicker and longer.     

An onboard hydrogen generator for hydrogen enhanced combustion with internal combustion engine

Hydrogen enhanced combustion (HEC) for internal combustion engine is known to be a simple mean for improving engine efficiency in fuel saving and cleaner exhaust. An onboard compact and high efficient methanol steam reformer is made and installed in the tailpipe of a vehicle to produce hydrogen continuously onboard by using the waste heat of the engine for heating up the reformer; this provides a practical device for the HEC to become a reality. This use of waste heat from engine enables an extremely high process efficiency of 113% to convert methanol (8.68 MJ) for 1.0 NM of hydrogen (9.83 MJ) and low cost of using hydrogen as an enhancer or as a fuel itself. The test results of HEC from the onboard hydrogen production are presented with 2 gasoline engine vehicles and 2 diesel engines; the results indicate a hike of engine efficiency in 15–25% fuel saving and a 40–50% pollutants reduction including 70% reduction of exhaust smoke. The use of hydrogen as an enhancer brings about 2–3 fold of net reductions in energy, carbon dioxide emission and fuel cost expense over the input of methanol feed for hydrogen production.     

The distinctive characteristics of combustion duration in hydrogen internal combustion engine

As a practical solution to reduce the emission pollution and energy crisis, the research and development of HICE has been processed in several decades. The focus of this paper is trying to explore the new features of the combustion duration in HICE not only by engine experiment, but also by analysis of the physical properties of hydrogen, especially the obvious difference from that of gasoline. Firstly, the laminar flame speed difference between hydrogen and gasoline was studied and discussed. Secondly, a distinctive rule of combustion duration in HICE was discovered by analyzing the experiment data. Finally, as a key reference point to the HICE operation, a new characteristic of the location of 50% mixture combust up was proposed and analyzed, this will be helpful for the calibration of optimum ignition timing.     

Significance of hydrogen content in fuel combustion

Hydrogen is the most energetic fuel. It is a pollution-free and ashless fuel. Hydrogen, as one of the important constituents of fuels, plays a very important role in their combustion. The higher the percentage of hydrogen content in the fuels, the better it is for their ignition/combustion.