三维集成转接板互连电磁传播仿真中吸收边界条件的选取及其验证

为了完成三维集成转接板互连结构中电磁场分布的建模与数值计算,采用时域有限差分法(Finite DifferenceTime Domain, FDTD)仿真二维横电波(Transverse Electric, TE)的传播,观察在添加Mur吸收边界条件和完全匹配层(Perfectly Matched Layer, PML)吸收边界条件时边界处磁场的变化,绘制误差曲线与等相位线来检验这两种边界条件的吸收性能。结果表明,将PML边界条件作为二维TE波的吸收边界可以确保仿真结果更符合工程实际。     

蝶形天线的计算机仿真设计

蝶形天线是在脉冲型探地雷达中广泛采用的一种宽带天线。本文采用时域有限差分算法(FDTD)结合PML吸收边界条件分析了蝶形天线在高斯脉冲激励下的时域特性,通过傅立叶变换,计算出天线的方向图和在不同频率下的输入阻抗,结果表明FDTD算法用于分析蝶形天线是有效的。     

三角形角反射器的时域有限差分法分析

为研究三角形角反射器对雷达波的电磁散射特性，采用时域有限差分法（FDTD）算法对三角形角反射器的RCS值进行计算，得出三角形角反射器在不同频率，不同入射角度，不同形状下的全向RCS值和相应的3D波瓣图，对角反射器的应用提供一定的数值依据。     

多层雷达吸波材料涂层反射系数的研究

不同极化下反射系数的计算是雷达散射截面(RCS)预估中的主要问题之一,对于涂敷雷达吸波材料(RAM)涂层的目标,进行预估首先要建立反射系数与众多相关参数之间的关系式.从麦克斯韦方程和边界条件出发,导出了电磁波频率、入射角度及多层RAM涂层各层电磁参数与反射系数之间的关系式;实现了对任意层数RAM涂层反射系数的计算.最后,以两层和三层RAM涂层为例,通过仿真实验分析了电磁波的入射角、极化状态等对反射系数的影响.     

基于改进型UPML吸收边界条件的电磁波数值模拟

基于分裂场的完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件完成了对非物理反射波的吸收,初步实现了有限区域对无限开放空间的数值模拟,然而在计算区域的边界上需要对场分量进行分裂,增加了Maxwell方程组中独立方程的个数,使场分量迭代复杂,增大了数值计算量.单轴各向异性完全匹配层(UPML)边界条件则不需要对场分量进行分裂,迭代公式简单,便于程序实现,本文在常规UPML上增加了自由可变因子,使得对低频成分的反射波具有更好的吸收效果.本文首先推导了TMz波的改进型UPML方程组,给出了改进型UPML的介电参数分布方式,详细介绍了该算法的程序实现步骤,并以数值算例进行验证,分别采用基于分裂场的PML、常规UPML和改进型UPML边界条件进行数值计算,并从波场快照、时间域反射误差和频率域反射误差等方面,对比了三者的吸收效果,结果表明;在电磁波传播后期,改进型UPML吸收边界条件对低频率成分的反射波具有更好的吸收效果,更真实地模拟了开放的无限空间.     

全波场地震波数值模拟中的边界处理实践研究

在用有限差分法或有限元法模拟无界区域中的波动时,需要对计算区域的边界做特殊处理,以消除由于把地震波的传播设定在有限区域而产生的边界反射。为了这一目的,人们研究出了多种人工边界处理方法,完全匹配层（PML）吸收边界条件就是理想的方法之一,现已被广泛应用。本文将PML吸收边界条件应用于全波场地震波的数值模拟,数值计算实验表明,对qP波,匹配层的厚度为5个网格间距即可达到要求,而对qSV波与qSH波,为达到理想的吸收效果,匹配层的厚度应当增大,当厚度为13个网格间距时达到了理想的吸收效果。     

大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带散射测量与仿真

用扫频方法测量了缩比模型的低频宽带雷达散射截面,通过变换得到大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带RCS;并利用时域有限差分方法对全尺寸导体目标的雷达散射截面进行仿真计算,也得到了大尺寸的导体目标的低频宽带RCS;结果表明了这两种方法的一致性,为获得大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带散射特性提供了可以信赖的手段.     

超宽带信号地面回波仿真方法研究

研究地面的超宽带回波特性,能够为超宽带无线电系统设计提供仿真支持。为保证计算结果的可信性,需要考虑土壤的色散特性和地面起伏对回波的影响。目前在超宽带地面回波计算中所使用的FDTD（时域有限差分）算法计算量较大或者存在较大误差。使用卷积完全匹配层（CPML）作为吸收边界,多极点Debye模型描述土壤介质特性,在FDTD算法基础上推导出了多极点Debye介质的CPML-FDTD算法。对不同条件地面的回波进行了仿真计算,与未使用PML（完全匹配层）的FDTD算法计算结果进行比较分析,表明文中使用的算法结果正确且效率较高。     

复杂目标的近场RCS估算

为了预估复杂目标的近场雷达散射截面(RCS),通过图形电磁计算方法(GRECO)来求得复杂目标远场散射中心的雷达散射截面,采用z-buffer遮挡消隐技术来提取面元远场散射中心的位置,然后给出一种预估复杂目标近场RCS的方法.在雷达天线与目标之间的距离不是太近的情况下,通过仿真目标的远场和近场RCS的分布情况,并对其结果进行比较分析.可以证明该方法计算出来的近场RCS是有效的、准确的,可以应用到实际工程中去分析和解决问题.     

基于GPU的FDTD麦克斯韦方程快速求解

采用图形处理器(GPU)为主计算核心,应用时域有限差分法(FDTD)实现电磁学中麦克斯韦方程组的快速求解。通过对FDTD求解麦克斯韦旋度方程的直接时间域的分析,给出FDTD的仿真算法。根据GPU能高效地提高FDTD的仿真速度,解决FDTD仿真算法中的计算量庞大问题。利用GPU在FDTD计算中的处理能力,实现了更长的脉冲持续时间和庞大的模型求解与仿真,在适当的时间内完成了超大量的仿真计算。根据在CPU和FDTD上的实际计算结果表明,基于GPU的FDTD仿真算法具有高精度和高效率等特点。     

带矢量ABC底面的共形完全匹配层

共形完全匹配层是一种有耗各向异性媒质组成的凸且光滑的壳体,其底面一般是PEC面或PMC面,但是PEC面或PMC面会对原散射场产生反射;为了减少底面反射,将CPML原有的PEC（或PMC）底面改为矢量ABC吸收边界,并给出了带矢量ABC底面的CPML泛函公式。通过数值算例证明,这种带矢量ABC底面的CPML边界不仅减少了底面反射,而且吸收效果好,计算精度高。     

单极天线的计算机仿真设计

aa输入阻抗,在PML边界条件采用指数差分的形式,减少了误差,与文献比较,获得比较好的结果。     

基于正交轨迹的共形PML数值仿真方法

从材料的观点看,完全匹配层是各向异性的介质.场在完全匹配层遵从麦克斯韦方程.通过设计磁导率和介电常数张量参数来实现任意形状的共形完全匹配层.为匹配层动态稳定,可应用二维正交轨迹网格和FDTD方法实现了数值共形完全匹配层仿真,数值仿真结果表明基于正交轨迹网格的共形完全匹配层为一个共形FDTD或FEM方法提供了一个有效地吸收边界条件.     

Application of CPML to truncate the open boundaries of cylindrical waveguides in 2.5-dimensional problems

1 Introduction Very strong nonlinear interactions can occur between the electron beam and electro-magnetic wave in the generation of HPM sources, and it is very expensive and requires very long time to design the HPM devices experimentally, so the computer simulation is often and widely used to design the HPM devices. The most widely used numerical technique is the PIC (particle-in-cell) method[1]. Based on this method, some full elec-tromagnetic PIC codes have been developed in the Unit…     

On the existence and convergence of the solution of PML equations

In this article we study the mesh termination method in computational scattering theory known as the method of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML). This method is based on the idea of surrounding the scatterer and its immediate vicinity with a fictitious absorbing non-reflecting layer to damp the echoes coming from the mesh termination surface. The method can be formulated equivalently as a complex stretching of the exterior domain. The article is devoted to the existence and convergence questions of the solutions of the resulting equations. We show that with a special choice of the fictitious absorbing coefficient, the PML equations are solvable for all wave numbers, and as the PML layer is made thicker, the PML solution converge exponentially towards the actual scattering solution. The proofs are based on boundary integral methods and a new type of near-field version of the radiation condition, called here the double surface radiation condition. Partly supported by the Finnish Academy, project 37692.     

基于FDTD的机载短波天线辐射特性分析

机载天线辐射特性的研究对于机载天线的设计与布局具有重要的意义。机载天线在机身的影响下会改变其原有辐射特性,针对上述问题采用时域有限差分法(FDTD)对机载短波天线的辐射特性进行了分析,并应用FDTD对某型号机载短波天线进行了仿真:使用软件建立整机模型,应用自适应网格对其进行了剖分,设置了PML吸收边界,添加激励并计算得出增益方向图,最后将仿真结果与实测结果进行了比较,二者在天线工作频带内吻合,验证了FDTD对机载天线辐射特性进行分析的有效性与实用性。     

Unified matrix-exponential FDTD formulations for modeling electrically and magnetically dispersive materials

Unified matrix-exponential finite difference time domain (ME-FDTD) formulations are presented for modeling linear multi-term electrically and magnetically dispersive materials. In the proposed formulations, Maxwell?s curl equations and the related dispersive constitutive relations are cast into a set of first-order differential matrix system and the field?s update equations can be extracted directly from the matrix-exponential approximation. The formulations have the advantage of simplicity as it allows modeling different linear dispersive materials in a systematic manner and also can be easily incorporated with the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) to model open region problems. Apart from its simplicity, it has been shown that the proposed formulations necessitate less storage requirements as compared with the well-know auxiliary differential equation FDTD (ADE-FDTD) scheme while maintaining the same accuracy performance.     

A study of the optimum compensation of open microstrip discontinuities using the FDTD method with boundary reflection error cancellation

With the advances in computer technology, time-domain methods are being increasingly used in the electromagnetic simulation of complex microwave circuits and high-density packages. A major factor limiting the accuracy of direct Maxwell solvers such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been the reflection error introduced by lower-order absorbing boundary conditions such as Mur's. In this article, the dominant boundary reflection for open microstrip structures is canceled by appropriate superposition of subproblems with different boundary locations. The accuracy introduced by the new technique in the Yee FDTD implementation for microwave circuits is demonstrated by investigation of the microstrip bend compensation. It is shown that energy conservation is unconditionally fulfilled, and that the boundary can be brought closer to the circuit, resulting in computational savings as well. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Optimal parameters of a Perfectly-Matched Layer for nanophotonics problems

In the solution of evolutionary problems in electrodynamics and in the numerical Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method with Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary conditions, reflections of electromagnetic waves from the boundaries inevitably arise. The nature and magnitude of these reflections depend on many parameters. We have demonstrated the method of calculating the coefficient of reflection for the one-dimensional (1D) case. A comparison with real 3D numerical experiments shows the high accuracy of the calculated theoretical reflection. On this basis, a method for selecting the optimal parameters of a perfectly matched layer is proposed.