搅拌摩擦与氩弧焊铝合金接头疲劳性能的比较

建立了铝合金焊接接头的S-N曲线,对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺对其焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,结果表明:在载荷相同的条件下,铝合金搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头,搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度为59-65 MPa,搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能,铝合金焊接接头的缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of friction stir welded 5083-H32 Al alloy

Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of friction stir welded (FSWed) 5083-H32 Al alloy was examined with the fatigue crack growing either along the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ) at variable ΔK or perpendicular to the DXZ at a constant ΔK value of 10, 13, 15, and 17 MPa√m, respectively. The FCP behavior of FSWed 5083-H32 specimen is substantially influenced by the presence of FSW zone, the trend of which is discussed based on residual stress measurement and fractographic observation.     

Mechanical behaviour of AA 7475 friction stir welds with the kissing bond defect

Friction stir welding (FSW) is restricted to non-safety–critical aerospace components because there is no reliable method for detecting kissing bonds (KB), which may have a significant effect on fatigue life. The effects of KB defects on the tensile and fatigue properties of 7475-T7351 friction stir welds were quantitatively evaluated with respect to a reference weld without any flaws and a base material. Various KB defects were investigated with the aim of determining the defect size that does not have a significant influence on the fatigue life of joined 6.35-mm-thick plates. A critical value for the KB geometry appears to be a depth of 0.3 mm considering the influence on fatigue life for the investigated configurations. This paper also presents results from micromorphological analyses of the fatigue crack initiation from the KB and from the analysis of the weld cross-section microstructure.     

Weld tool travel speed effects on fatigue life of friction stir welds in 5083 aluminium

This paper reports the results of a study into the influence of weld tool travel speed (in the range 80–200 mm/min) on the occurrence of ‘onion-skin’ forging-type defects (similar to the root defects known as ‘kissing bonds’) in single pass friction stir (SP FS) welds, and on the effect of these defects on fatigue crack initiation and overall life. Results indicate that such defects are generally not associated with fatigue crack initiation, but may act to reduce fatigue life by providing easy linking paths between two fatigue cracks. It is likely that their influence on fracture toughness of SP FS welds would be higher, as they occur more readily when growth rates and levels of plastic deformation are higher.     

Comparison of fatigue properties between friction stir welds and TIG welds

对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺方法对铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,建立了焊接接头的S-N曲线,结果表明：在相同的载荷条件下,搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头。搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度值约为59~65MPa之间。对焊接接头显微组织的分析表明：搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能。TIG焊接接头疲劳端口分析显示,焊接缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源。     

Flow patterns in friction stir welds of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

The flow patterns in dissimilar friction stir welds of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys have been studied. It was observed that material flows (pushes but does not mix) more from the advancing side into the retreating side. Material flow from the retreating side to the advancing side only occurs in the tool shoulder domain, and the pull is greatest at the transition region between the tool shoulder domain and the tool pin domain. It was also observed that materials tend to extrude out only in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side, which was influenced by rotation of both the tool shoulder and the tool pin. The finest grains were present in the regions closest to the tool edge in the retreating side. The volume fraction of recrystallized grains increases down into the deeper part of the nugget from the flow arm region. Microhardness measurements revealed that regions of lowest hardness values were the nugget and the heat affected zone of the AA6082-T6 alloy side. The welding speeds had no influence on the microhardness values per se, but affected the mixing proportions in the flow arm and in the nugget stem.     

Refill friction stir spot welding of 5083-O aluminum alloy

In this work,refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW) was used to weld 2 mm-thick 5083-O alloy.The Box–Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effect of welding parameters on the joint lap shear property.Results showed that a surface indentation of 0.3 mm effectively eliminated the welding defects.Microhardness of the stir zone(SZ) was higher than that of the base material(BM) and the hardness decreased with increasing the heat input during welding.The optimum failure load of 7.72 k N was obtained when using rotating speed of 2300 rpm,plunge depth of 2.4 mm and refilling time of 3.5 s.Three fracture modes were obtained during the lap shear test and all were affected by the hook defect.     

An investigation of the microstructures and properties of metal inert gas and friction stir welds in aluminum alloy 5083

Two different types of welds, Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Friction Stir Welding (FSW), have been used to weld aluminum alloy 5083. The microstructure of the welds, including the nugget zone and heat affected zone, has been compared in these two methods using optical microscopy. The mechanical properties of the weld have been also investigated using the hardness and tensile tests. The results show that both the methods could successfully be used to weld such alloy. The strength of the joints is comparable to the strength of the base metal in both cases. However, FSWed samples have shown higher strength in comparison to the MIG samples. The results also show that the extension of the heat affected zone is higher in the MIG method in comparison to the FSW method. The weld metal microstructure of MIG welded specimen contains equiaxed dendrites as a result of solidification process during MIG welding while FSWed samples have wrought microstructures.     

Low temperature enhanced ductility of friction stir processed 5083 aluminum alloy

Commercial 5083 Al rolled plates were subjected to friction stir processing (FSP) with two different processing parameters, having 430 and 850 rpm tool rotational speed with a single traverse feed rate of 90 mm/min. These FSP conditions resulted in two fine grained microstructures of 0·95 μm (430 rpm) and 2·6 μm (850 rpm). Tensile elongations were measured at a relatively low temperature of 250°C at three strain rates, and demonstrated that a decrease in grain size resulted in significantly enhanced ductility and lower forming loads. The occurrence of a relatively high value of strain rate sensitivity, m of 0·45 for a grain size of 0·95 μm, suggests the operation of superplastic deformation under these present experimental conditions.     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊接质量的影响

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了在焊接参数不同的情况下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中力学特征的变化．数值模拟结果和试验结果都表明,等效塑性应变能近似地反映焊接构件焊缝区域材料显微结构的演化,较高的搅拌头转速和较低的焊速有利于提高焊缝的质量．焊接构件特定的等效塑性应变等值线可以较好的对应不同焊接区域的边界．随着搅拌头转速的提高,等效塑性应变随之增大,但搅拌探针与焊接构件交界面上的接触压力随之减小．等效塑性应变随着搅拌头平移速度的增大而减小．     

Effects of microstructural heterogeneity on very high cycle fatigue properties of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy friction stir butt welds

In this study, the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy and its friction stir welding (FSW) butt welds have been investigated. The results show that the failure of FSW joints still occurs at 7.0 × 10⁸ cycles. The fatigue properties of the FSW joints are superior to those of the base material, especially in the super long life regime. Most fatigue cracks initiate at the thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat affected zone on the advancing side of the FSW joints, and the susceptibility of these zones to fatigue is attributed to the metallurgical heterogeneity.     

High cyclic fatigue behaviour of ultrafine grained Al 5083 alloy

Abstract

The effects of cryorolling (CR) and CR followed by warm rolling (WR) on high cycle fatigue behaviour of Al 5083 alloy have been investigated in the present work. The Al 5083 alloy samples were rolled for different thickness reductions of 50 and 85% at cryogenic (liquid nitrogen) temperature. Fifty per cent cryorolled samples were subsequently warm rolled at 175°C for 70% reduction (WR). Hardness, tensile strength and fatigue life using constant amplitude stress controlled fatigue were investigated. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was characterised using optical microscopy, SEM and TEM techniques. The cryorolled Al alloy after 85% thickness reduction exhibits high dislocation density due to suppression of dynamic recovery, whereas WR alloy has shown fine subgrain structure in the range of 100–150 nm, associated with dynamic recovery and dynamic aging during WR. The Al 5083 alloy after WR has shown significant enhancement in fatigue strength as compared to the coarse grained solution treated (ST) bulk alloy and CR material. It can be attributed to the formation of fine precipitates during WR, which inhibits dynamic recovery during cyclic deformation; precipitate–dislocation tangled zones inhibits the crack propagation in the alloy.     

Effect of friction stir processing conditions on fatigue behavior and texture development in A356-T6 cast aluminum alloy

Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to A356-T6 cast aluminum alloy to modify the microstructure and to eliminate casting defects under two different tool rotational speeds. Plane bending fatigue tests had been conducted, revealing that FSP could enhance the fatigue strength where the lower rotational speed condition gave better results. The enhancement of fatigue strength was attributed to the elimination of casting defects. Crystallographic analysis by EBSD revealed that the texture induced by FSP had detrimental effect on growth resistance. The lower rotational speed condition resulted in the weaker texture, and consequently, further increase of fatigue strength was achieved compared with the higher rotational speed condition.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of friction stir processed interstitial free steel

In this study, interstitial free (IF) steel plates were subjected to double-sided friction stir processing (FSP). The fine-grained structure with an average grain size of about 12 μm was obtained in the processed zone (PZ) with a thickness of about 2.5 mm. The yield strength (325 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (451 MPa) of FSP IF steel were significantly higher than those of base material (BM) (192 and 314 MPa), while the elongation (67.5%) almost remained unchanged compared with the BM (66.2%). The average microhardness value of the PZ was about 130 HV, 1.3 times higher than that of the BM. In addition, the FSP IF steel showed a more positive corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density than the BM, exhibiting lower corrosion tendency and corrosion rates in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Furthermore, FSP IF steel exhibited higher fatigue life than the BM both in air and NaCl solution. Corrosion fatigue fracture surfaces of FSP IF steel mainly exhibited a typical transgranular fracture with fatigue striations, while the BM predominantly presented an intergranular fracture. Enhanced corrosion fatigue performance was mainly attributed to the increased resistance of nucleation and growth of fatigue cracks. The corrosion fatigue mechanism was primarily controlled by anodic dissolution under the combined effect of cyclic stress and corrosive solution.     

Fatigue behavior of dissimilar friction stir welds between cast and wrought aluminum alloys

Cast aluminum alloy, AC4CH-T6, and wrought aluminum alloy, A6061-T6, were joined by means of friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The effect of microstructure and post heat treatment on fatigue behavior of the dissimilar joints was investigated. Near the weld centre, Vickers hardness was lower than in the parent metals and the hardness minima were observed along the trace route of FSW tool’s shoulder edge. Tensile fracture took place on A6061 side where the hardness was minimal, resulting in the lower static strength of the dissimilar joints than AC4CH or A6061. Fatigue fracture occurred on AC4CH side due to casting defects and the fatigue strength of the dissimilar joints was similar to that of AC4CH, but lower than that of A6061. Friction stir process (FSP) and post heat treatment successfully improved the fatigue strength of the dissimilar joints up to that of the parent metal, A6061. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 150–154, January–February, 2008.     

Effect of weld morphology on mechanical response and failure of friction stir welds in a naturally aged aluminium alloy

Friction stir butt welds in 6063-T4 aluminium alloy were obtained using square and two tapered tool pin profiles. Tensile tests at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the weld line, hardness contours in the weld cross-section, temperatures in the heat affected zones, cross-sectional macrographs, transmission electron micrographs, and X-ray diffraction studies were used to characterize the welds. In transverse weld specimen, tunnel defects appearing at higher weld speeds for tapered pin profiles, were found to result in mechanical instabilities, i.e. sharp drops in load–displacement curves, much before macroscopic necking occured. Further, in comparison to the base metal, a marked reduction in ductility was observed even in transverse specimen with defect free welds. Hardness contours in the weld cross-section suggest that loss in ductility is due to significant softening in heat affected zone on the retreating side. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that while recovery and overaging are responsible for softening in the heat affected zone, grain size refinement from dynamic recrystallization is responsible for strengthening of the weld nugget zone. X-ray diffraction studies in the three weld zones: weld nugget zone, heat affected zone, and the base metal corroborate these findings. A weld zone model, for use in forming simulations on friction stir welded plates of naturally aged aluminium alloys, was proposed based on mechanical characterization tests. The model was validated using finite element analysis.     

2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头盐雾腐蚀行为研究

本文研究了厚度为8 mm的2195铝锂合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在3.5wt.％NaCl介质中的盐雾腐蚀行为,计算了不同腐蚀周期下的腐蚀速率,并通过OM、SEM、TEM观察分析母材与焊核区的腐蚀微观形貌.结果 表明:2195铝锂合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在3.5％ NaCl腐蚀介质中的主要腐蚀形式为点蚀,随时间的延长发展为...     

Cracking in the stir zones of Mg-alloy friction stir spot welds

Liquid penetration induced (LPI) cracking is investigated during friction stir spot weld of AZ91, AZ31 and AM60 magnesium alloys. A combination of stir zone temperature measurement and detailed metallography has revealed differences in the cracking tendencies of different magnesium alloys when the dwell time during spot welding is varied. LPI cracking in AZ91 spot welds involves the following sequence of events: the formation of eutectic films in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) region immediately adjacent to the stir zone extremity, engulfment of melted eutectic films as the stir zone width increases during the dwell period, penetration of α−Mg grain boundaries and crack propagation when torque is applied by the rotating tool. Cracking occurs early in the dwell period during AZ91 spot welding and almost the entire stir zone is removed when the rotating tool is withdrawn. However, crack-free AZ31 and AM60 spot welds are produced when a dwell time of 4 s is used since the stir zone temperatures are much higher than the α-Mg + Mg₁₇Al₁₂ eutectic temperature (437 °C) and melted eutectic films dissolve rapidly following their engulfment by the growing stir zone. In contrast, the temperature during the dwell period in AZ91 spot welding is close to 437 °C and melted eutectic films are not completely dissolved so that spot welds produced using a dwell time of 4 s exhibit LPI cracking.     

Tribological and microstructural evaluation of friction stir processed Al2024 alloy

In this study, a new processing technique, friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to Al2024-T4 as a means to enhance the near-surface material properties. Samples were subjected to FSP using a constant tool rotating rate of 800 rpm and travel speed of 25 mm/min with a tool tilt angle of 3°. Microstructural evolution and tribological behavior of friction stir processed (FSP) Al2024-T4 were investigated. Microstructural characteristics of the samples were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evaluations of mechanical properties include micro-hardness and wear resistance. Dry sliding wear tests were applied using a reciprocating wear test. The results showed that FSP was beneficial concerning improvement of hardness and wear resistance. FSP reduced friction coefficient by approximately 30% and wear rate by an order of magnitude.