GH4169镍基高温合金车削过程刀片磨损失效机理浅析

由于镍基高温合金在切削加工过程中易发生切削温度高、刀片磨损大、加工硬化现象严重等问题,导致镍基高温合金非常难以加工。本文通过对常规的车削过程的微观观测与分析,研究了镍基高温合金在车削过程中刀片的磨损失效过程与机理,以期为其切削性能的改善提供支持。结果表明,在切削GH4169镍基高温合金时,车削刀片的磨损形式主要包括前刀面磨损、后刀面磨损、沟槽磨损以及刀尖磨损。上述磨损形式由粘结磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损几种磨损机理相互作用和影响形成。其中,粘结磨损是刀片切削镍基高温合金过程中最主要的失效机制,是引起其它失效形式的源头。     

超细晶硬质合金刀具Co含量对其耐磨损性的影响

用不同Co含量的超细晶硬质合金刀具对高温合金GH2132进行了高速连续切削试验,根据最小二乘法对试验结果进行了线性回归,建立了刀具寿命与切削速度之间的关系即T-υc经验公式;随后进行了高速断续切削刀具磨损试验,用连续变倍体视显微镜及显微摄影系统观察了刀具刃口和后刀面的磨损形貌,并对达到磨钝标准时的刀具后刀面磨损微区成分进行了电子探针能谱分析,探讨了粘结相Co含量对刀具磨损性能的影响机理。结果表明:粘结相Co含量过高或过低,均会降低刀具的耐磨损和破损性能。     

Y_2O_3对硬质合金晶粒尺寸和摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了稀土Y2O3对WC-10Co硬质合金晶粒尺寸、矫顽力的影响,对比了Y2O3含量0.10%(质量分数,下同)和0.30%硬质合金的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:微量Y2O3能细化WC晶粒,有效改善合金的硬度,影响硬质合金的磁性能。低于0.15%时,WC-10Co合金晶粒尺寸随着Y2O3增加而明显细化,硬度显著增加;Y2O3含量达到0.2%以上,WC-10Co合金的晶粒尺寸基本稳定,硬度也变化不大。在相同条件下,细晶粒0.30%Y2O3的WC-10Co硬质合金比0.10%Y2O3的WC-10Co硬质合金的摩擦因数稍高,但磨损体积损失低于0.10%Y2O3合金。     

TiN添加量对WC-TiC-TaC-8.0Co硬质合金组织与性能的影响

以TiN作为N源,采用传统粉末冶金法,一步烧结制备脱β层梯度WC-TiC-TaC-8.0Co硬质合金,利用扫描电镜等手段对合金的微观组织进行观察与分析,研究TiN添加量对合金物理与力学性能、微观组织及脱β层厚度的影响,并进行切削试验。结果表明:TiN添加量(质量分数,下同)在0～2.0%范围内,随TiN添加量增加,合金的密度、矫顽磁力以及硬度等无明显差异,但脱β层厚度明显增大。随TiN含量从0上升到2.0%,脱β层厚度从0增加到32.7μm。切削试验表明:TiN含量为1.0%时,涂层后硬质合金刀片具有最佳的车削寿命和抗冲击综合性能。     

Ti(C,N)含量对硬质合金脱β层的形成及其CVD涂层刀具切削性能的影响

本文通过改变原料中Ti(C,N)的含量(0.5%和1.5%)(质量分数,下同),采用一步烧结法制备了WC-Ti(C,N)-Nb C-Co脱β层硬质合金,并通过化学气相沉积(CVD)技术制备Ti N/MT-Ti CN/Al2O3涂层硬质合金,研究的目的是比较Ti(C,N)含量的微量变化对其脱β层硬质合金的微观组织和物理力学性能,以及其涂层刀具车削45#钢的使用寿命的影响。研究结果表明:在两种合金的表层均形成了脱β层,随着Ti(C,N)含量从0.5%增加至1.5%,脱β层厚度从11μm增加至35μm,另外,WC平均晶粒度从1.97μm减少至1.60μm;矫顽磁力HC和维氏硬度HV30提高,合金密度D和断裂韧性KIC降低。涂层刀片的切削试验结果表明:高Ti(C,N)含量制备的涂层刀片的耐磨性略微降低,而抗冲击性能明显提高。     

梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片切削性能研究

研究了梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片和无梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片的切削性能．并对不同钴含量梯度结构硬质合金刀片的切削性能进行了对比实验。实验表明：具有梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片的切削性能比无梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片的切削性能优良；达到同一磨损高度hB=0．15mm时，前者的切削寿命较后者提高了近一倍；同时随着合金钴含量增多，硬质合金刀片的切削性能提高。     

Co含量对硬质合金梯度结构和性能的影响

采用分段烧结的试验工艺,通过改变原料中钴的含量来研究钴含量对硬质合金梯度结构和性能的影响。试验主要从钴含量对梯度烧结后、涂层后合金的机械性能、梯度结构的变化情况进行了探索,并研究了梯度硬质合金刀片的切削性能。试验表明,随着合金钴含量增多,合金梯度结构越明显,梯度层厚度增加;合金的强度与磁饱和提高,硬度、磁力和密度减小。同时随着合金钴含量增多,经涂层处理的硬质合金刀片的切削性能提高,达到同一磨损高度VB=0.12mm时,FGCC-Co-8刀片的切削寿命较FGCC-Co-6刀片提高了三分之一。     

不同晶粒度硬质合金刀具切削不锈钢的试验研究

测定了中等、极细和超细晶粒度的WC-Co基硬质合金的机械物理性能,并借助扫描电子显微镜观察了硬质合金材料腐蚀前后的表面形貌。使用上述三种硬质合金材料刀片对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢进行干式切削,测定了不同切削速度下刀具后刀面的平均磨损宽度,借助于扫描电子显微镜观察了刀具的磨损形貌,分析了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明,WC晶粒越细,硬质合金的耐磨性越好,刀具的使用寿命越长。在不锈钢连续切削过程中,硬质合金刀具磨损的主要形式是粘着磨损。     

高抗腐蚀、耐磨损、镍粘结相硬质合金的研究

以镍为主粘结相,配以一定比例的微量合金元素(Co+Cr质量分数小于1.4％),通过合理调整合金成分,严格控制生产工艺,研制出一种高抗腐蚀、耐磨损的镍粘结相(6％)硬质合金.该合金与含钴6％(质量分数)的硬质合金在弱酸性试验环境下进行抗腐蚀、耐磨损性能对比试验.结果表明:镍粘结相合金的抗腐蚀耐磨损性比相同钴含量硬质合金的...     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定DD6单晶镍基高温合金中砷

DD6单晶镍基高温合金中含有Ta、Re、W等合金元素,因此样品溶解较为困难,得到的样品溶液也不稳定。实验采用盐酸-硝酸体系溶解样品,以镍基体匹配法绘制校准曲线克服了基体镍的干扰,实现了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法对DD6单晶镍基高温合金样品中As含量的测定。对溶样方法进行了探讨,结果表明,采用20mL盐酸-5mL硝酸、加热(100℃左右)溶解样品后,虽然会有少量不溶物存在,但待测元素As已完全溶出,即不溶物中未夹带元素As,因此实验选择该溶样方法进行溶样。对仪器的负高压、灯电流进行了优化试验,确定负高压为280V,灯电流为60mA。根据样品中镍的含量,分别采用无基体匹配和镍基体匹配法建立校准曲线,结果表明,对于同样质量浓度的As标准溶液,有基体镍存在时的测定结果均较无基体镍时明显偏低,说明镍基体的干扰对测定不可忽略,故实验采用镍基体匹配法绘制校准曲线。方法线性范围为0.00005%~0.001%,方法检出限为2×10^-5μg/mL。按实验方法对6个DD6单晶镍基高温合金样品进行测定,测得结果与高流速辉光放电质谱法基本一致,测得结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为2.3%~8.7%。     

高速切削铝合金用硬质合金刀具磨损机理研究

在高速切削加工铝合金涡轮过程中,硬质合金刀具的磨损会直接影响刀具的使用寿命和加工精度,导致加工精度无法满足设计要求,在磨损严重时还会引起刀具和零件的损伤。本文以高效切削铝合金涡轮用硬质合金刀具为研究对象,通过四因素三水平正交试验对刀具磨损行为进行研究,观测和分析不同切削参数下硬质合金刀具的磨损状态及微观形貌,讨论并提出有效控制刀具磨损的措施。结果表明,该控制刀具磨损的措施在保证零件加工精度的同时具有一定的实际推广价值。     

粗晶硬质合金硬度和强度影响因素的分析研究

采用变量搜索试验设计方法,研究了合金碳含量、烧结工艺、钴含量、粘结相成分配比、球料比、球磨时间这六个因素及因素间两两交互作用对粗晶硬质合金硬度、横向断裂强度的影响。结果表明:钴含量、球磨时间是影响硬度的主要因素;烧结工艺、球磨工艺和粘结相成分配比是影响合金强度的主要因素。适当提高烧结温度,可得到缺陷更少、粘结相分布更为均匀故强度更高的粗晶硬质合金。     

Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷刀片切削性能的研究

对Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷在金属切削过程中的耐磨性、抗冲击性能以及切削力进行了系统的试验,并与涂层硬质合金和WC基非涂层合金进行了切削对比试验研究。     

THE WEAR RATE OF CARBIDE CUTTING TOOLS

Abstract

The stress, strain, and temperature at the interface between tool and work material during metal cutting are such as to promote seizure. Conditions of seizure normally exist over part of the interface during most metal-cutting operations. The wear processes that are significant on those parts of the interface where seizure is complete are considered separately from those in areas where contact is localized and intermittent. Examination of worn tools suggests that two major wear processes take place on cemented carbide under each of these sets of conditions. It is believed to be unlikely that abrasion plays a major role in the wear of cemented carbide tools except in special circumstances.

The influence of powder-metallurgical processing variables in the production of cemented carbide tools is considered in relation to each of the main wear processes.     

Active wear and failure mechanisms of TiN-Coated high speed steel and tin-coated cemented carbide tools when machining powder metallurgically made stainless steels

In this study, active wear and failure mechanisms of both TiN-coated high speed steel and TiN-coated cemented carbide tools when machining stainless steels made by powder metallurgy in low and high cutting speed ranges, respectively, have been investigated. Abrasive wear mechanisms, fatigue-induced failure, and adhesive and diffusion wear mechanisms mainly affected the tool life of TiN-coated high speed steel tools at cutting speeds below 35 m/min, between 35 and 45 m/min, and over 45 m/min, respectively. Additionally, fatigue-induced failure was active at cutting speeds over 45 m/min in the low cutting speed range when machining powder metallurgically made duplex stainless steel 2205 and austenitic stainless steel 316L. In the high cutting speed range, from 100 to 250 m/min, fatigue-induced failure together with diffusion wear mechanism, affected the tool life of TiN-coated cemented carbide tools when machining both 316L and 2205 stainless steels. It was noticed that the tool life of TiN-coated high speed steel tools used in the low cutting speed range when machining 2205 steel was longer than that when machining 316L steel, whereas the tool life of TiN-coated cemented carbide tools used in the high cutting speed range when machining 316L steel was longer than that when machining 2205 steel. formerly with the Laboratory of Engineering Materials, Helsinki University of Technology     

钴铁镍复合黏结相超细硬质合金显微组织与性能

钴作为硬质合金应用最广泛的黏结剂,存在资源稀缺、成本高昂以及WC-Co硬质合金耐腐蚀性能较差等问题,综合考量生产成本与改善性能,本研究采用铁镍部分代替钴组成复合黏结剂,以其制备超细硬质合金,研究其显微组织和力学、耐蚀耐磨性能的关系。结果表明,黏结相中Fe/Ni质量分数比增加,使得合金WC晶粒细化和黏结相分布不均,合金的硬度和抗弯强度分别提高与降低。合金在中性NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能评估采用极化曲线测试与浸泡实验,黏结相添加Ni能提高合金耐蚀性,归因于Ni的钝化特性与促进腐蚀产物膜的形成。硬质合金摩擦系数和磨损率与Fe/Ni质量比呈负相关,合金耐磨性的提高主要归因于黏结相的强度增强和WC晶粒细化合金硬度提高。      

PROPERTIES AND END USES OF CEMENTED CARBIDES

Abstract

The end uses of cemented carbides are probably more diverse than those of any other powder metallurgy product. The commonest use is to resist wear, but so many widely different wear mechanisms are encountered in practice that different grades of carbide must be produced to resist attrition, chemical erosion, micro chipping, and diffusion wear. In metal cutting high temperatures are frequently encountered, generally under conditions of severe temperature gradients so that high-temperature hardness and strength and a resistance to thermal stresses and thermal shock must be provided. Tools for operations such as wire and bar drawing, cold extrusion and cold heading require an optimum combination of hardness and strength. Generally such tools also require a very high quality of surface finish. Special measures are desirable to minimize porosity, and fortunately these also give considerable benefit from improvements in strength. Tools for mining applications show similar diversity in the properties required. The percussive rock drill in particular encounters a wide variety of service conditions and is an application where strength is often a limiting factor. Other tools such as those used for certain coal mining applications are less critical in their demands, and economic factors can influence the choice and quality of product. The paper reviews the properties and wear mechanisms that occur with the commoner uses of cemented carbide alloys. and describes how grades are ‘tailored’ to suit various applications.     

熔渗烧结钴浓度梯度对金刚石复合片力学性能的影响

研究了金刚石复合片超高压高温烧结钴相熔渗机理和钴浓度梯度对金刚石复合片力性能的影响。结果表明，组装方式不同导致液相钴向金刚石层渗透，引起硬质合金基体沿层界面向内出现明显的浓度梯度。对于基体中部置于高温区中心的组装方法得到的金刚石复合片，其层界面硬质合金侧的钴质量分数达到9.42%，远高于常规对装组装方式金刚石复合片的5.58%，抑制了硬质合金在层界面附近钴流失严重的现象，钴浓度梯度减小，该种组装方法得到的金刚石复合片抗冲击性能明显优于传统对装金刚石复合片。钴浓度梯度的差异没有影响金刚石复合片的耐磨性。