城市视觉景观公众偏好特征研究

探究城市视觉景观的公众审美偏好特征是提升城市景观规划设计合理性的基础。以福建省13个县市区为例,通过实地观察、问卷调研的方式获取2686名受访者对34张城市景观照片的审美偏好,量化分析了影响公众审美偏好的城市视觉景观元素及整体特征。研究结果表明：1)对公众审美偏好产生积极影响的城市视觉景观元素有水体、道路和桥梁,而山体和现代建筑则会对公众审美产生消极影响;2)对公众审美偏好具有影响的城市视觉景观整体特征为视野开阔度、景观护理强度,以及建筑高度与山脊线的关系。获取了具有福建特色的城市视觉景观偏好表达信息,以期为相关专家和决策者了解公众需求、优化城市景观提供参考。     

基于深度学习的上海城市街景与景观 美学公众认知研究

随着中国城镇化转型与城市更新的开展,服务城市大众美学认知与文化精神的城市风貌与景观塑造成为当前的迫切需求。以上海典型街景为例,结合问卷调查、深度学习与贝叶斯统计方法,构建具大范围评估应用潜力的公众审美感知模型,进行公众景观偏好研究。发现公众对于街景的不同场景审美感知差异较大;景观美学感知概念模型中关键景观要素为土地、建筑、树、墙;想象度、自然度、对比度和审美干扰度是影响公众对景观美学认知的重要指标。研究结果可进一步推广到大规模公众景观认知快速评估,为城市设计提供本土公众偏好美学理论的信息支持。     

Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices: A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes

The analysis of the relationships between landscape visual quality and landscape structural properties is an active area of environmental perception research. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between landscape spatial pattern and the rating of visual aesthetic quality. Eight landscape photographs were evaluated for 11 visual attributes by 98 respondents. The scores obtained for these 11 attributes were subjected to principal components analysis in order to summarize the qualities used by the respondents and thus determine their visual preferences. For each photograph, three window sizes were defined (with respect to a landcover map) to cover the different areas corresponding to the visual field (foreground, mid-ground and background). The landscape spatial structure for each window was analyzed using spatial metrics. The correlation between each dimension and the spatial pattern indices of the landscape were then calculated. Positive correlations were obtained between visual aesthetic quality and a number of landscape pattern indices. The results suggest that landscape heterogeneity might be an important factor in determining visual aesthetic quality.     

Differential community effects on perception and use of urban greenspaces

The social profiles of residential communities exert differential effects on expectations and demands on urban greenspaces. We studied the diversity of public perception towards urban greenspaces in compact urban Hong Kong. Random household samples were selected from four dominant residential communities: old-core public housing (OP), old-core residential (OR), suburban residential (SR), and new-town public housing (NP). They denote gradations in income, housing quality, physical and social milieu, and development age. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire. Residents’ attitude, visiting pattern, greenspace preference, and assessment of neighborhood quality were investigated. SR presented distinctive results in comparison with others. The moderate differences between the remaining three communities were mainly linked to local traits in park environs. OP more emphasized the function of communal places for neighborly interactions associated with better social relationship of an older population. Parks in OR were the more frequently visited, even though its residents were sensitive to the negative impacts of urban greenspaces, which was related to urban blight in the environs. SR respondents highly appreciated greenspaces as pleasant settings for family activities and aesthetic enjoyment. NP residents were less frequent visitors despite generous park provision, due to the youthful population, weak social cohesion, and limited integration of new migrants. Community quality factors such as neighborhood relationship and urban density influenced the perception. Social qualities were more important than the physical aspects of parks in influencing visitorship. The findings suggest future research to deepen understanding of public perception towards urban greenspaces to inform park design.     

Landscape Aesthetic Foundation Based on the Theory of Visual Perceptual Dynamics

With the acceleration of urban renewal,people’s demand for improving the overall urban landscape quality of the city is increasing.However,it is often found in project practice that some professionals have one-sided understanding or misunderstanding of landscape,which directly affects the work efficiency of landscape design and the landscape quality of design works.Based on the theory of visual perceptual dynamics,this paper explores the aesthetic basis of people’s viewing and evaluation of visual objects from the aspects of viewpoint state,visual direction state and visual impressions formed in the mind,and excavates the true connotation of landscape.The research results show that there is no so-called landscape without viewpoint.The landscape is a visual perception process in which people experience the landscape of object at the appropriate viewpoint,not just the beauty of structure and form of the object.People’s impression of landscape is mainly determined by whether the object’s viewpoint field can make aesthetic subject see easily,whether there is any barrier in the direction of view,whether the size is appropriate in scale,and whether the visual impression gives people a sense of peace of mind and comfort.     

Research on the Perception of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks via Analyses of Online Comment Data

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and can provide beneficial cultural ecosystem services (CES) to urban residents. The integration of geospatial and online comment data and relevant data mining have become a mainstream approach to the research on CES perception. This paper takes 10 typical urban parks in the central districts of Jinan, China as examples, and collects park users’ online comment data from tourism websites. Based on content analysis, high-frequency CES perception words and their perception frequencies are obtained to reveal the disparity of CES perception in different urban parks. FP-association rules are applied to examine the correlations between the perception of CES categories. Main findings are as follow. 1) Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services are the most easily perceived CES categories in urban parks. 2) There are differences in public’s perception of CES categories in different urban parks: aesthetics service in Baihua Park and Wulongtan Park, leisure/ecotourism service in Jinan Forest Park, and education/knowledge service in Quancheng Park, Zhongshan Park, Huashan Lake Park, and Jinan Zoo can be better perceived by the public. And 3) the perception of CES categories of urban parks is correlated. Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services have the strongest correlation and are often perceived with the services of cultural heritage, spiritual/religious value, and artistic inspiration. The study enriches the empirical research on CES perception via analyses of online comment data, clarifies the patterns of public’s CES perception in urban parks, and provides a scientific reference for the planning, design, and management of urban parks, showing a significance for improving CES supply and spatial quality of urban parks.     

基于LDA主题模型的湖泊公园生态系统 文化服务公众感知研究

湖泊公园是城市蓝绿空间的重要类型之一,开展湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知量化研究,对保护生态环境和提升游憩空间质量具有重要意义。以武汉市8个典型湖泊公园为研究对象,爬取公园网络评论数据,利用LDA主题模型挖掘潜在主题,结合社会网络分析法和情感分析模型,并对比问卷调查结果,探讨湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知差异。结果表明：湖泊公园生态系统文化服务公众感知维度有休闲娱乐、审美体验、运动健康、社交互动、历史文化和科普教育;主导服务类型是休闲娱乐和审美体验,而科普教育是最不易被感知的;公园可达性、周边文化建设、园内基础设施及自身特色是影响感知频率和满意度的主要因素;不同年龄段人群的使用需求和活动类型差异对感知满意度有一定影响。因此,未来湖泊公园的建设可在科普主题活动举办、特色湖泊文化景观、公园配套服务设施、生态环境治理等方面进一步完善,并关注多年龄段人群需求,从而提升公园服务品质。     

Perceived urban design qualities and affective experiences of walking

This study investigates associations between perceived micro-level urban design qualities, the affective experience of walking, and intention to walk specific routes in the neighbourhood. A total of 106 residents assessed on-site three routes planned for walking in semi-central neighbourhoods. In the prediction of the residents’ intention to choose to walk and intention to avoid walking the route, perceived urban design qualities were mediated by the affective experience of valence of the walk. The perceived complexity and aesthetic quality, upkeep and order, and the presence of well-maintained greenery, were identified as important. These perceived urban design qualities and affective experiences varied between the three routes, but also within the routes. It is proposed that understanding of site-specific affective experience of walking environments could serve as guidance for urban design practices.     

How does perception of nearby nature affect multiple aspects of neighbourhood satisfaction and use patterns?

Neighbourhood satisfaction and use of outdoor green spaces play a significant role in life satisfaction and well-being of urban residents. This study enhances our understanding of these factors by examining specific attributes of the nearby outdoor environment that pertain to planning and design recommendations. A random sample of 434 residents from four Chicago communities participated in a survey incorporating perception of various aspects of environmental attributes as well as multiple dimensions of neighbourhood satisfaction and use patterns. Using multiple regression modelling, the results demonstrated that satisfaction with quality of public spaces, amount of affordances provided by them and neighbourhood comfort are strongly influenced by the physical attributes and content of walking-distance outdoor spaces. Understanding residents' perception of planning and design-related attributes of the environment through an evidence-based approach can significantly contribute to more effective decisions, leading ultimately to fewer gaps between what people need and what is offered to them in outdoor settings.     

空中庭院与半围合式住宅感知密度的关联性研究——以广州万科峯境为例

在半围合式城市住宅中,感知密度是居住体验的重要环节。空中庭院能够缓解高密度环境中的拥挤感,优化其空间形态,是改善环境感知的建构基础。使用虚拟现实技术进行密度感知实验,能探讨与空中庭院形态相关的视觉因素——可视性和绿视率对环境感知密度的影响。将广州万科峯境作为原型建立15组以可视性与绿视率为变量的实验模型,通过采集受试者对不同环境感知密度的主观评价,反映实验样本的空间特征,进而分析主观评价与客观量化之间的关联机制。分析结果表明:半围合式城市住宅空中庭院的可视性与绿视率是影响居住环境感知密度的重要因素;呈线状分布的、具有视觉层次性的空中庭院更受大众青睐。     

Perception of importance and performance of the indoor environmental quality of high-rise residential buildings

The quality of buildings, including their performance in a range of indoor environmental attributes, is influential to the living quality of habitants. Many studies on appropriate importance weights for the attributes have been reported but few embraced both human perception of the importance of such attributes and the related performance of buildings. Focusing on typical public and private high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong, users’ perceived importance of four key attributes, namely thermal comfort, air cleanliness, odour and noise, and their perceived performance of the buildings in these attributes were studied. Perceptions collected from 563 respondents were processed through an analytical hierarchy process to generate importance weights for the attributes. Correlation analyses corroborate that perceived importance may vary among buildings of different types and between residents and visitors. Thermal comfort was perceived by the vast majority as the most important. Using a performance-importance plot, it is shown how the gaps between perceived performance and perceived importance can be identified. The results can help determine the areas for improvement in new building designs and facilitate prioritization of limited resources for upgrading building performance.     

Landscape Visual Aesthetics Measurement,Assessment, and Improvement of Street Pedestrian Spaces in Mountainous Cities—Case Study on the Historic Downtown of Jinan,Shandong Province

Urban streets support citizens’ daily commuting and social and recreational activities. Streetscape is also a visual resource and an important part of urban landscape appearance. Serving as an important ecological base and natural components of urban spatial structure, mountains often determine a city’s spatial layout and landscape identity so as to promote mountaincity integration. The study focuses on the historic downtown of Jinan, a typical mountainous city, analyzes the landscape aesthetic visual characteristics of street pedestrian spaces, and measures their landscape visual aesthetic quality by using panoramic images; the research then evaluates the visibility of high-visual-aesthetic-quality urban mountainous landscape to urban streets; finally, based on the overall landscape visual aesthetic quality evaluation results of urban street pedestrian spaces, the paper proposes a series of optimization suggestions of the streets at different levels to improve the harmony with urban mountain landscapes. The study hopes to provide a reference for the creation of mountain–city-integrated urban landscapes, as well as the healthy and sustainable urban development.     

Aesthetic preferences versus ecological objectives in river restorations

Restoring rivers has become a common practice in the management of natural resources. While the ecological rehabilitation of river corridors is a clear objective for project planners, it cannot necessarily be assumed that the public will perceive the effects to be aesthetically positive. To assess people's perceptions of the visual attractiveness of restoration scenarios, we conducted a representative Switzerland-wide survey using photographic simulations and related the reported preferences to experts’ assessments of the ecological integrity of these scenarios based on eco-morphological criteria. We further considered how natural the public perceived river corridors to be and how much these corridors satisfy public needs. The results of the survey show that aesthetic preferences relate more positively to eco-morphological quality than expected, and that the public's aesthetic preferences are primarily influenced by perceived naturalness. Even slightly improved eco-morphological quality was rated higher aesthetically, which suggests that the aesthetic outcomes of even small efforts to restore rivers are viewed positively by the public.     

Legibility of neighborhood parks as a predicator for enhanced social interaction towards social sustainability

Researchers commonly acknowledge the functions of neighborhood parks in terms of social interaction and their potential roles as social integrators. Nevertheless, many cities are facing the problem of underutilized parks which could be due to the park elements that are not legible and appealing. This paper examines the relationship between legibility attributes (clear structure, visual obstacles, and accessibility) with social interaction (park engagement and the intensity of contact) within neighborhood parks. To confirm the extent to which legibility attributes predict social interaction, surveys were conducted with 378 participants in the neighborhoods of Putrajaya, Malaysia. Results revealed that legibility of the neighborhood parks influences duration of use, which in turn increases the potential for social interactions among neighborhood residents. The level of visual obstruction was strongly linked with the quality of the edges and distances between park activities. The findings highlight the importance of legibility in the planning and design of public spaces to encourage residents to stay longer while enhancing interaction in neighborhood parks and ultimately achieving social sustainability.     

关于现代城市公共交通系统的思考

我国城市中的公共交通存在路线过于集中、主次不分、服务质量低下、缺少公交换乘枢纽等问题,应正确认识"优先发展公共交通"的基本国策,正确理解城市公共交通和城市发展形态、城市用地布局结构及城市道路系统的关系,正确处理公共交通线路和城市道路与城市用地的关系,建设公交换乘枢纽以提高公共交通效率和服务性.在一般情况下,库尔蒂巴概念的"BRT"既不适合于我国城市常见的双向、高强度的发展模式,也不是解决我国城市公共交通问题的灵丹妙药.     

Aesthetics of urban commercial streets from the perspective of cognitive memory and user behavior in urban environments

Streets are one of the major elements that make-up the urban environment. Urban commercial and mixed-use street types occur as public spaces in every town and city all around the world. With the paucity of such spaces, streets have taken up to solve the problem. Hence, this study assesses the key physical, visual, and aesthetical characteristics and examines the influence of aesthetical attributes over the activity pattern, user behavioral responses, and the color palette observed. Moreover, this research has been carried out in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Four significant commercial streets were identified and featured in the main study. The research method comprehends a structured questionnaire and multiple interviews to amass data, photo elicitation, and video corroboration to identify the key visual characteristics to study and scrutinize the aesthetical responses to various attributes that make good-looking urban commercial and mixed-use street types. The results of the study indicate that the diversity and perceived pleasantness of the environment, which includes elements such as facades, colors, aspect ratios, maintenance, and vegetation, has a very close association with walking preferences. The outcome of the study would also help architects, urban designers and planners, and policy makers to create positive spaces to foster urban commercial street types as place-making and aesthetically pleasing streets.     

游览者与居民——城市风貌设计中的两种视角

城市风貌设计是以塑造城市风貌为目标的设计过程。城市风貌从实质上讲是对城市的感知,城市风貌设计可以理解为对城市意象重组,并以视觉方式呈现的过程,即设计师通过分析和研究,获得对对象城市的风貌感知,然后以技术手段呈现出来,并为其他人感知到的过程。在这一过程中,设计师对城市的感知尤其重要。设计师以游览者或居民的视角感知城市会有很大的不同,游览者视角注重宏观的结构性和整体性,而居民视角关注微观的细节和生活。本文试图通过讨论感知过程中的不同视角问题,探讨优化城市风貌设计的方法。     

语义分割技术下的城市滨水绿地美景度评价 研究——以福州西湖公园、左海公园为例

为探讨城市公园滨水绿地景观与公众偏好之间的关系,利用景观评价法结合图像语义分割、灰色统计分析等方法,对福州市西湖公园、左海公园等36个典型城市滨水绿地进行了研究,应用虚拟现实技术结合问卷访谈获取公众审美评价,并利用图像语义分割技术实现要素量化分解,以此展开城市滨水绿地美景度评价研究。结果表明:1)PSPNet模型对城市滨水绿地的分割精度为88.8%,适用于该场景类型的分析;2)美景度模型结果显示具高贡献率的5个主要因子依次是商业设施(27.8%)、视觉复杂度(25.8%)、植物生长状况(10.8%)、植物层次(10.4%)、铺装形式(8.4%),商业设施和视觉复杂度对美景度产生负向影响,植物生长状况、植物层次、铺装形式则正向促进公众审美感知;3)高美景度评价(SBE)得分场景特征为:绿视率为30%~50%,蓝视率为2%~10%,铺装比例为15%~30%;低美景度评价(SBE)得分场景最突出特征为商业氛围浓厚(4.19%)。所得结果可为后续滨水绿地的景观规划设计及管理提供客观数据参考。     

基于视觉关注度与审美偏好的城市景观 元素感知特征研究

视觉关注度与审美偏好是衡量城市景观元素感知属 性的2个独立变量。这2个概念往往易被混淆,且鲜有研究探 究两者之间的关系,并甄选出既受人关注又受人喜爱的景观元 素。通过将城市景观照片作为测试媒介,结合眼动分析法与审 美偏好测试,量化分析了城市景观元素的视觉关注度与审美 偏好。结果显示：1)相比自然景观元素(山体、树林、水体、 草地),人工景观元素(现代建筑、传统建筑、桥梁、道路)更 易受到关注;2)不同自然景观元素对审美偏好的贡献差异显 著,水体审美偏好显著,而山体偏好表现负向;3)在易受到 关注的各类景观元素中,传统建筑、桥梁等偏好显著,现代建 筑偏好表现负向。该研究结果可为城市景观规划设计实践提供 理论参考。     

格式塔心理学建筑与城市设计应用初探

本文试图用格式塔心理和美学理论来说明其在塑造建筑形式方面所起的作用,对视知觉规律的设计性进行研究,探讨"图形与背景"的关系、设计美学的相似性关系与接近原则、图像的简化原理以及设计图像完形的倾向等,提出以格式塔理论作为建筑设计与城市设计的新视角,以启发我们找寻新的设计思路与方法。