Research on Cs Beam Frequency Standards at the PTB: Beam Optics, Majorana Transitions

Results on theoretical and experimental studies on Cs beam optics using quadrupole and hexapole magnets and a combination of both, are reported. The efficiency of the deflection system and the velocity distribution in the beam have been computed for extended beam sources and compared with experimental results. An appropriate combination of magnets yielded a strong beam with a narrow relative half-width velocity range of about 7 percent. Design problems of Cs standards are discussed. A new wedge-shaped analyzer flop-in magnet is under study. Frequency shifting effects due to Majorana transitions are reported and the frequency shifting mechanism is discussed.     

Recent Progress of Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standards

Recent progress of single-ion optical frequency standards is reported. Based on clock transitions in single ions trapped and laser-cooled in ion traps, measurements with fractional uncertainties down to the 10^?18 level have been achieved. Overview of the measurements reported so far is described. New attempts to overcome the limitations of the measurements are also reviewed.     

Improvements in Atomic Cesium Beam Frequency Standards at the National Bureau of Standards

The National Bureau of Standards Frequency Standard, NBS-III, a cesium beam with a 3.66-meter interaction region, has been in operation since 1963. The last published (1966) accuracy capability for NBS-III was 1.1 ? 10-12(l?). Recently, several new solid-state broad-band frequency-multiplier chains have been constructed. Reduction of the random phase noise by more than 20 dB compared to the previous state of the art has been obtained consistently. In addition, a solid-state servo system has been installed to control the frequency of the 5-MHz slave oscillator. Comparisons were made between NBS-III and one of the commercial cesium standards in the NBS clock ensemble. The relative fractional frequency stability ?(N = 2, T = 7 days, ? = 1 day) = 1 ? 10-13 was observed for nine weekly comparisons. The very-long-term frequency stability for this recently improved NBS-III system has not been evaluated fully. Due to the improvements both in electronic systems and evaluative techniques, however, an accuracy of 5 ? 10-13(1?) for a single evaluative experiment is reported. Substantial effort is being expended toward improvement of the accuracy and figure of merit (presently 10) of the NBS cesium standard. The modified system, to be called NBS-5, is expected to be in operation in the latter half of 1970 and to exhibit a figure of merit in excess of 500.     

NRLM和IMGC固体硅密度基准双边比对的评述

为确定阿佛加德罗常数,意大利计量院(IMGC)和日本国家计量研究院(NRLM)分别建立各自的单晶硅球固体密度基准.本文介绍了两个硅球首次比对的结果NRLM以绝对法测量出IMGC硅球的质量和体积;IMGC采用液体静力法,通过比较两个硅球,测定NRLM硅球的密度.并且,双方还分别对IMGC硅球的直径进行了测量.测量结果的一致性很好密度不确定度＜0.16×10-6,质量不确定度＜0.1×10-6,体积不确定度＜0.06×10-6,直径不确定度＜0.04×10-6.     

The Performance and Capability of Cesium Beam Frequency Standards at the National Bureau of Standards

NBS II, the older of the two cesium atomic beam frequency standards which are used alternatively as the United States Frequency Standard, has been operating for more than five years. The contribution to inaccuracy produced by uncertainties in the C field has been reduced by a factor of 30 to ±2 × 10-13. The average precision of measurement (standard deviation of the mean) has been demonstrated to be 1 × 10-12 for averaging times of 1 hour and 2 × 10-13 for 12 hours. The overall accuracy is considered to be ±8 × 10-123?. A new cesium standard, NBS III with an interaction length of 3.66 meters is in operation and has demonstrated an improved precision of 1 × 10-13 over 2 hours and an accuracy of ±5 × 10-123?. The C field contributions to inaccuracy in this machine have been reduced to ±1 × 10-13. Considerable effort has been devoted to the detection and elimination of small frequency shifts produced by various electronic components of the excitation systems. In spite of the various improvements effected, a small unexplained difference in frequency of about 1 × 10-12 continues to exist between the standards. The extremely high stability of the difference frequency, however, suggests that resolution of the difficulties should result in an accuracy capability of perhaps ±1 × 10-123?.     

Evaluation of a Thallium Atomic Beam Frequency Standard at the National Bureau of Standards

The original NBS cesium standard (NBS I) has been converted to a thallium standard and was operated for one and one-half years with a typical precision of 2 × 10-12 and an accuracy of 1 × 10-11. Experiments are described which were performed to establish these precision and accuracy estimates. These results, which are comparable to those obtained with longer cesium standards, are considered sufficiently encouraging to justify the conversion of a longer cesium standard to thallium for a more thorough evaluation.     

Recent Progress in Molecular Beam Epitaxy of HgCdTe

The recent progress in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe at the Epitaxy Research Center for Advanced Materials, and the National Laboratory for Infrared Physics is briefly reviewed. We have found that excellent compositional uniformity and reproducibility of HgCdTe can be achieved by the MBE technique. The results of surface morphology, dislocation density, electrical properties and focal plane array detectors are described in this paper.     

Primary Atomic Frequency Standards at NIST

The development of atomic frequency standards at NIST is discussed and three of the key frequency-standard technologies of the current era are described. For each of these technologies, the most recent NIST implementation of the particular type of standard is described in greater detail. The best relative standard uncertainty achieved to date for a NIST frequency standard is 1.5×10⁻¹⁵. The uncertainties of the most recent NIST standards are displayed relative to the uncertainties of atomic frequency standards of several other countries.     

小型光抽运铯束频标在不同抽运-检测机制下的光频移

本文对光抽运铯束频标中４种不同的光抽运、光检测机制下的光频移及其对频标频率准确度的影响作了计算。同时还计算了铯炉温度、微波功率及激光功率等因素的变化对光频移引起的频率移动的影响。     

纳米高频软磁薄膜材料研究进展

由于高频软磁薄膜材料具有巨大的应用前景因此获得了人们广泛的关注。对纳米合金软磁薄膜、纳米软磁颗粒膜、多层膜以及图形化薄膜进行了分类综述,分别介绍了各类薄膜的制备方法、化学成分、微观结构特点和高频物理性能,并对影响其性能的主要因素进行了讨论。由于纳米高频软磁薄膜材料相对于传统磁性材料具有显著优势,所以纳米合金软磁薄膜有望取代铁氧体作为制作高频磁性器件的主要应用材料。由于纳米软磁颗粒膜、多层膜以及新兴的图形化薄膜具有材料结构设计和物性剪裁的自由度,因此将是今后的重点研究方向。     

Characterization of Capacitance Standards at High Frequency at National Physical Laboratory,India

Four-terminal-pair air dielectric capacitance standards with nominal values of 1000 and 100 pF have been characterized up-to 10 MHz at NPLI. The procedure employed involves the determination of all capacitive and inductive parameters of the simple electrical-equivalent-circuit-model of these capacitance standards. The effective capacitance of each standard has also been computed as a function of frequency from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. The capacitive parameters have been measured at 1 kHz while inductive parameters have been estimated up to 10 MHz using linear regression analysis by employing least-squares-approximation method. The paper highlights the computation procedure of impedance terms which further requires the determination of various capacitive and inductive terms involved in the calculation of effective capacitance. The method employed for the estimation of inductive parameters as a function of frequency is also discussed in detail. The present work will help in the establishment of metrological traceability of capacitance standards at high-frequency at NPLI which will be further used to establish calibration facility for LCR meters and RF impedance analyzers for capacitance parameter up-to 10 MHz.     

Atomic Time and Frequency Standards Development at Shanghai Observatory, China

The performance characteristics of several types of our atomic frequency standards are described. All of these standards are designed, developed, and fabricated in China. The hydrogen maser is the only type developed by the Shanghai Observatory. This paper also describes briefly the basic consideration for system implementation, calculation approach, and experiment results in the generation of the Shanghai Observatory atomic time scale AT(SO). Based on available frequency standards-one prototype laboratory model of cesium clock, three hydrogen clocks, and several (3-6) rubidium clocks-the AT(SO) was established in 1978. The laboratory cesium clock is used to provide the basic calibration reference of the second in 1979, while hydrogen clocks and rubidium clocks are used as the working clocks to ensure the continuity of the time scale.     

Cavity Pulling in Passive Frequency Standards

Assuming a Lorentzian shape for the atomic line, we calculate the cavity-pulling factors of passive frequency standards, taking into account the modification of the applied electromagnetic field by the atomic radiation. The calculation is therefore valid for all values of the gain of the atomic medium and gives, in particular, the cavity-pulling factor when the oscillation threshold is approached. The effect of saturation of the line by the field is included. Two expressions of the cavity-pulling factor are derived. One applies when the electromagnetic field level in the cavity is measured, and the other when the population of the atomic levels is analyzed. Consequences of these results are discussed. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is given, when the resonance of the field level in a hydrogen maser cavity is monitored in conditions where the oscillation threshold is approached.     

Frequency Offset Due to Spectral Impurities in Cesium-Beam Frequency Standards

Theoretical expressions for the frequency offset due to spectral impurities in beam-tube frequency standards are given for the case of small sideband to carrier power ratios. They are valid for any value of the separation between the extraneous sideband and the carrier which interrogates the atomic transition, as well as for any value of the power in the carrier. Useful approximations are given in special cases of interest. The effects of the velocity distribution of the detected atoms and of the frequency modulation technique (sine or square wave) are considered.     

Recent Progress of the 2e/h Measurement at PTB

In this paper, an experimental setup is described with which the stability of the PTB voltage standard, consisting of a group of International Weston cells, can be monitored with a total uncertainty (1?) of 4 parts in 108 by means of the ac Josephson effect. The measured quotient of the fundamental constants 2e/h is given by 2e/h = (483 593.606 ± 0.020) GHZ/VPTB, May 1972.     

钙钛矿型过渡金属氧化物界面二维电子态的研究进展

钙钛矿结构氧化物界面因其独特的强关联性质引起研究者的广泛关注。首先以SrTiO3/LaAlO3体系为例介绍了氧化物界面二维电子态独特的强关联性质,以及形成二维电子态的两种物理机制——"极化灾难"与氧缺陷理论;然后综述了SrTiO3/LaAlO3体系界面密度泛函理论计算的研究现状,包括3种计算模型的构建、界面处的能带偏移与电子分布、界面附近的离子弛豫及其对电子结构的影响等;最后简要介绍了其他钙钛矿结构氧化物界面体系,并展望了其发展前景。     

NIM的微波-光学频率基准研究——复现米和秒定义

报道中国计量科学研究院(NIM)在微波-光学频率计量研究的新进展:用NIM4激光冷却-铯原子喷泉钟复现国际单位制(SI)时间单位秒(s),用飞秒(FS)光学频率梳间接复现长度单位米(m)并标定稳频激光波长实际实施米定义.NIM4铯原子喷泉钟的不确定度达到5×10-15,飞秒(FS)光梳锁定到NIM4钟控制的氢钟后,其频率不确定度为2.2×10-14.在此基础上讨论铯原子喷泉钟、稳频激光、FS光梳的作用、意义和相互关系.最后简要介绍NIM5铯原子喷泉钟的研究进展和2006年起NIM立题研制锶原子存储光钟.     

NIM的微波－光学频率基准研究 ———复现米和秒定义

报道中国计量科学研究院（NIM）在微波－光学频率计量研究的新进展：用NIM４激光冷却－铯原子 喷泉钟复现国际单位制（SI）时间单位秒（s）,用飞秒（FS）光学频率梳间接复现长度单位米（m）并标定稳频 激光波长实际实施米定义。NIM４铯原子喷泉钟的不确定度达到５×１０－１５,飞秒（FS）光梳锁定到NIM４钟控制的 氢钟后,其频率不确定度为２畅２×１０－１４。在此基础上讨论铯原子喷泉钟、稳频激光、FS光梳的作用、意义和相互 关系。最后简要介绍NIM５铯原子喷泉钟的研究进展和２００６年起NIM立题研制锶原子存储