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1.
Low-temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(12):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
2.
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(9):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
3.
Methyl esters of commercial grades of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids, as well as ethyl and butyl esters of oleic acid, were burned in a diesel engine to determine their efficiencies as fuels. Triolein and some common vegetable oils were burned as comparison fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel was used as a control. The fuels were tested in a single-cylinder direct-injection engine running at rated speed and load in short-term, performance engine tests. Specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiencies of the engine burning these fuels were then determined. Among the methyl esters of the saturated acids, thermal efficiency was inversely related to chain length of the fatty acid. Introduction of a double bond resulted in increased efficiency. Further increases in unsaturation had negligible effects on thermal efficiencies. Ethyl oleate had the highest thermal efficiency and butyl oleate had the lowest thermal efficiency of any of the ester fuels tested. Most of the ester fuels produced higher thermal efficiencies than did No. 2 diesel fuel. Triolein produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the triglyceride fuels and peanut oil produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the vegetable oils. The data suggest that ethyl esters of monounsaturated or short-chain fatty acids should make good alternative fuels and that they should be further evaluated in longterm engine tests. 相似文献
4.
R. C. Strayer J. A. Blake W. K. Craig 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(8):1587-1592
A cooperative project using the facilities of the POS Pilot Plant Corporation, the Saskatchewan Research Council and the Agricultural
Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, and funded by Agriculture Canada, was initiated in 1980 to investigate
the feasibility of using canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as a replacement/extender to diesel fuel in direct-injection
diesel engines. Work carried out included the documented production and refining of canola and R500 (high erucic) vegetable
oils, preparation of methyl ester and of blends of all these fuels with methanol and ethanol. These fuels were evaluated by
ASTM and improvised tests to determine their usefulness as diesel fuel. Engine tests involved a 2-cylinder Petter diesel and
a 6-cylinder John Deere turbocharged diesel. Results were similar for both engines in short-term performance tests, and indicated
that: (a) maximal power was essentially the same when burning canola oil as when burning diesel fuel; (b) specific fuel consumption
was ca. 6% higher when burning canola oil, but because canola oil has a heating value 14% less than diesel fuel, the thermal
efficiency is somewhat higher when operating on canola oil; (c) there were no starting problems down to 10 C; (d) there were
fewer particulates in the exhaust when burning canola oil; and (e) there was generally less combustion noise when burning
canola oil. The high viscosity of canola oil (ca. 35 times that of disel fuel at 20 C) poses a major problem in using the
oil at low temperature. Blending with diesel fuel and the creation of a methyl ester from the canola oil both proved effective
in reducing viscosity, but neither lowered the pour point apprecibly. Efforts on reduction of pour points and further work
on blends and on heating the fuel are described. 相似文献
5.
There is increasing interest in India for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. This search has led to
mahua oil (MO) as one alternative for diesel fuel in India. Mahua oil methyl esters (MOME) were prepared by transesterification
using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing was done to determine the conversion
of vegetable oil to biodiesel (MOME). The properties of MOME were close to those of diesel oil. Engine testing was conducted
using a single-cylinder 4-stroke direct-injection, constant-speed compression-ignition diesel engine using MO, MOME and B20
as fuels. The engine ran smoothly with MOME and B20, but heavy smoke emissions were observed when MO was used as fuel. 相似文献
6.
Thu Nguyen Jacob Abraham Melisa Ramallo David Wagner John McLennan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(10):1905-1912
Vegetable oils have been considered as an alternative to diesel fuel due to their comparable properties and performance. However, the high viscosity of vegetable oil causes engine durability problems with long-term usage. Vegetable oil viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel fuel in thermodynamically stable mixtures using microemulsion fuel formulation techniques. This work focuses on the formulation of microemulsion fuels comprising diesel fuel and canola oil as the oil phase with ethanol and sec-butanol as viscosity reducers as well as 1-octanol and oleyl amine as surfactant/cosurfactant. Selective tests on an instrumented diesel engine were performed for formulated microemulsion fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel for comparison. The results show that formulated microemulsion fuels have fuel properties that meet the ASTM requirements for viscosity, cloud point, and pour point for biodiesel. Even more important, they have phase stability over a wide range of temperatures (−10 to 70 °C). Although all of the microemulsion fuels showed higher fuel consumption than diesel fuel, some of the microemulsion fuels had significantly reduced CO and NOx emissions as well as reduced particulates when compared to baseline diesel fuel. The research demonstrates the potential of these microemulsion fuels as alternative to neat diesel fuel. 相似文献
7.
Improving the low-temperature properties of alternative diesel fuels: Vegetable oil-derived methyl esters 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
R. O. Dunn M. W. Shockley M. O. Bagby 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(12):1719-1728
This work explores near-term approaches for improving the low-temperature properties of triglyceride oil-derived fuels for
direct-injection compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were evaluated as a
neat fuel and in blends with petroleum middle distillates. Winterization showed that the cloud point (CP) of methyl soyate
may be reduced to −16°C. Twelve cold-flow additives marketed for distillates were tested by standard petroleum methodologies,
including CP, pour point (PP), kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT).
Results showed that additive treatment significantly improves the PP of distillate/methyl ester blends; however, additives
do not greatly affect CP or viscosity. Both CFPP and LTFT were nearly linear functions of CP, a result that compares well
with earlier studies with untreated distillate/methyl ester blends. In particular, additives proved capable of reducing LTFT
of neart methyl esters by 5–6°C. This work supports earlier research on the low-temperature properties; that is, approaches
for improving the cold flow of methyl ester-based diesel fuels should continue to focus on reducing CP. 相似文献
8.
Ertan Alptekin 《Fuel》2009,88(1):75-80
Characterizing of the fuel properties of diesel fuels, alternative fuels and their blends can assist the researchers who work on alternative fuels for diesel engines. Therefore, in this study, methyl esters were produced from five edible vegetable oils (sunflower, soybean, canola, corn and cottonseed) and blended with two different diesel fuels at 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 75% on a volume basis to characterize the key fuel properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, pour point, distillation temperatures and flash point. The results showed that the fuel properties of the blends were very close to those of diesel fuels at low concentrations upto 20% of methyl esters. 相似文献
9.
A hybrid fuel and No. 2 diesel fuel were burned in direct-injection diesel engines to compare the effects of the fuels on
engine durability. The hybrid fuel was a microemulsion of soybean oil, diesel fuel, 190-proof ethanol and 1-butanol. The engines
were run for 200 hr on each fuel with loads and speeds controlled by computer according to a cycle suggested by the EMA (Engine
Manufacturer’s Association). Engines were disassembled before and after the runs to determine the difference in wear and carbon
deposits. The engine running on the hybrid fuel completed the 200-hr EMA test without difficulty. The hybrid produced less
engine wear than diesel fuel, but produced greater deposits of carbon and lacquer on the injector tips, intake valves and
tops of the cylinder liners. Also, engine performance was degraded ca. 5% at the end of the 200-hr test.
Presented at the American Oil Chemists’ Society meeting in Chicago, May 1983. 相似文献
10.
Temperature-dependent kinematic viscosity of selected biodiesel fuels and blends with diesel fuel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The kinematic viscosities of four biodiesel fuels—two natural soybean oil methyl esters, one genetically modified soybean
oil methyl ester, and one yellow grease methyl ester—and their 75, 50, and 25% blends with No. 2 diesel fuel were measured
in the temperature range from 20 to 100°C in steps of 20°C. The measurements indicated that all these fuels had viscosity-temperature
relationships similar to No. 2 diesel fuel, which followed the Vogel equation as expected. A weighted semilog blending equation
was developed in which the mass-based kinematic viscosity of the individual components was used to compute the mixture viscosity.
A weight factor of 1.08 was applied to biodiesel fuel to account for its effect on the mixture viscosity. The average absolute
deviation achieved with this method was 2.1%, which was better than the uncorrected mass average blending equation that had
an average absolute deviation of 4.5%. The relationship between the viscosity and the specific gravity of biodiesel fuels
was studied. A method that could estimate the viscosity from the specific gravity of biodiesel fuel was developed. The average
absolute deviation for all the samples using this method was 2.7%. The accuracy of this method was comparable to the weighted
mass-based semilog blending equation. 相似文献
11.
A rapid test to measure performance,emission and wear of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil diesel
H. Masjuki A. M. Zaki S. M. Sapuan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(10):1021-1025
Results of performance, emission and tribological evaluations of palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel
in an automobile diesel engine test bed are presented. Polymerization and carbon deposits on the fuel injector were monitored.
CO, CO2, O2, combustion efficiency and temperature of exhaust gases were also measured. Palm oil methyl ester and its blends have great
potential as alternative diesel fuel. Performance and exhaust gas emission for palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional
diesel are comparable with those of conventional diesel fuel. Palm oil methyl ester does not pose a severe environmental problem
and will not deteriorate engine and bearing components. 相似文献
12.
David Y. Z. Chang Jon H. Van Gerpen Inmok Lee Lawrence A. Johnson Earl G. Hammond Stephen J. Marley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(11):1549-1555
The effects of using blends of methyl and isopropyl esters of soybean oil with No. 2 diesel fuel were studied at several steady-state
operating conditions in a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel blends that contained 20, 50, and 70% methyl soyate
and 20 and 50% isopropyl soyate were tested. Fuel properties, such as cetane number, also were investigated. Both methyl and
isopropyl esters provided significant reductions in particulate emissions compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. A blend of 50%
methyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel provided a reduction of 37% in the carbon portion of the particulates and 25% in the
total particulates. The 50% blend of isopropyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel gave a 55% reduction in carbon and a 28% reduction
in total particulate emissions. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons also were reduced significantly. Oxides
of nitrogen increased by 12%. 相似文献
13.
Biodiesel production from pomace oil and improvement of its properties with synthetic manganese additive 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Renewable energy sources are attracting more attention due to lower cost and lower pollution relative to fossil fuels. The aim of this experimental work is the production of renewable and clean methyl ester from pomace oil as an alternative fuel. This oil was obtained from pomace which is the waste of olive oil plants. Optimum producing conditions were determined experimentally. The maximum yield was obtained at 30% of methanol/oil ratio, 60 °C temperature for 60 min with NaOH catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel thus obtained were compared with diesel fuel requirements. An organic based Manganese additive improved the biodiesel properties. Doping the fuel at a ratio of 12 μmol/l oil methyl ester led to a 20.37% decrease in viscosity, 7 °C fall in the flash point and reduced the pour point from 0 °C to −15 °C. This blend of pomace oil methyl ester-diesel fuel with manganese additive was tested in a direct injection diesel engine. The maximum effect of the new fuel blend and diesel fuel on engine performance was obtained at 1400 rpm. 相似文献
14.
C. R. Engler L. A. Johnson W. A. Lepori C. M. Yarbrough 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(8):1592-1596
Engine performance curves were obtained for crude, degummed, and degummed-dewaxed sunflower oils and for crude, degummed, and alkali refined cottonseed oils using a single-cylinder, precombustion chamber design diesel engine. Crude oils gave very poor performance and are considered unsuitable for use as alternative diesel fuels. Performance curves for processed sunflower and cotton-seed oils were slightly better than for diesel fuel, but increased carbon deposits and lubricating oil fouling were noted. Although processed oils may be acceptable fuels for short-term use, they are not recommended as alternative diesel fuels at this time. 相似文献
15.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that consists of the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats.
Currently, most biodiesel consists of methyl esters, which have poor cold-flow properties. Methyl esters of soybean oil will
crystallize and plug fuel filters and lines at about 0°C. However, isopropyl esters have better cold-flow properties than
methyl esters. This paper describes the production of isopropyl esters and their evaluation in a diesel engine. The effects
of the alcohol amount, the catalyst amount, and two different catalysts on producing quality biodiesel were studied. Both
sodium isopropoxide and potassium isopropoxide were found to be suitable for use in the transesterification process. A 20∶1
alcohol/TG molar ratio and a catalyst amount equal to 1% by weight (based on the TG amount) of sodium metal was the most cost-effective
way to produce biodiesel fuel. The emissions from a diesel engine running on isopropyl esters made from soybean oil and yellow
grease were investigated by comparing them with No. 2 diesel fuel and methyl esters. For nitrogen oxide emission, the difference
between the biodiesel produced from soybean oil and yellow grease was greater than the difference between the methyl and isopropyl
esters of both feedstocks. The other emissions from using isopropyl esters were about 50% lower in hydrocarbons, 10–20% lower
in carbon monoxide, and 40% lower in smoke number when compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. 相似文献
16.
A. Kleinová I. VailingJ. Lábaj J. MikulecJ. Cvengroš 《Fuel Processing Technology》2011,92(10):1980-1986
Vegetable oils and animal fats are applicable as fuels in standard diesel engines after having adapted the fuel system for electronically controlled dual fuel regime oil/fat-fossil diesel. In this contribution, performance and emission characteristics of the engines running on rapeseed oil, lard, or chicken fat are given and compared to those of fossil diesel and fatty acid methyl esters. The results of engine tests of these fuels show a decrease in maximum power and maximum torque in comparison to fossil diesel due to a lower energy content of triacylglycerols. These values are influenced also by a type of the engine used at testing. When compared to fossil diesel, the opacity of oil/fat based fuels is higher for an engine with lower injection pressures while it is lower for an engine with higher injection pressures. The level of both controlled and uncontrolled emissions is low for all tested biofuels and is low also for the reference fossil diesel. The results of performance and emission tests for rapeseed oil containing 3 and 6 vol.% of anhydrous ethanol are comparable to those obtained for pure oil. In this paper, practical experiences based on long-term operation of adapted vehicle fleet fuelled with oil/fat-fossil diesel are mentioned. 相似文献
17.
Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
C. Adams J. F. Peters M. C. Rand B. J. Schroer M. C. Ziemke 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1983,60(8):1574-1579
Engine performance and crankcase lubricant viscosity were followed with 1∶2 and 1∶1 fuel mixtures of degummed soybean oil
in No. 2 diesel fuel in tests with a John Deere 6-cylinder, 404 cubic in. displacement, direct-injection, turbocharged engine
for a total of 600 running hours. A crankcase oil contamination problem resulting in an unacceptable thickening and a potential
for gelling did exist with a 50/50 blend or a greater concentration of soybean oil, but it did not occur with the 1∶2 blend.
The data accumulated during the initial 600 hr running time indicates that a fuel blend of one-third degummed soybean oil
and two-thirds No. 2 diesel (1∶2 blend) may be a suitable fuel for agricultural equipment during periods of diesel fuel shortages
or allocations. Additional data are being accumulated and will be analyzed in the future. 相似文献
18.
Vegetable methyl ester was added in ethanol–diesel fuel to prevent separation of ethanol from diesel in this study. The ethanol blend proportion can be increased to 30% in volume by adding the vegetable methyl ester. Engine performance and emissions characteristics of the fuel blends were investigated on a diesel engine and compared with those of diesel fuel. Experimental results show that the torque of the engine is decreased by 6%–7% for every 10% (by volume) ethanol added to the diesel fuel without modification on the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increases with the addition of oxygen from ethanol but equivalent brake specific fuel consumption (EBSFC) of oxygenated fuels is at the same level of that of diesel. Smoke and particulate matter (PM) emissions decrease significantly with the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. However, PM reduction is less significant than smoke reduction. In addition, PM components are affected by the oxygenated fuel. When blended fuels are used, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are almost the same as or slightly higher than the NOx emissions when diesel fuel is used. Hydrocarbon (HC) is apparently decreased when the engine was fueled with ethanol–ester–diesel blends. Fuelling the engine with oxygenated diesel fuels showed increased carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at low and medium loads, but reduced CO emissions at high and full loads, when compared to pure diesel fuel. 相似文献
19.
《Fuel Processing Technology》2002,76(2):91-103
Jordan relies heavily on expensive and unreliable imported oil. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate the potential of ethyl ester used as vegetable oil (VO; biodiesel) to substitute oil-based diesel fuel. The fuels tested were several ester/diesel blends including 100% ester in addition to diesel fuel, which served as the baseline fuel. Variable-speed tests were run on all fuels on a standard test rig of a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. Tests were conducted to compare these blends with the baseline local diesel fuel in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions. The results indicated that the blends burned more efficiently with less specific fuel consumption, and therefore, resulted in higher engine thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the blends produced less carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons than diesel fuel. The 100% ester fuel and the blend of 75:25 ester/diesel gave the best performance while the 50:50 blend consistently resulted in the lowest amounts of emissions over the whole speed range tested. 相似文献
20.
This work examines low-temperature properties of triglyceride-based alternate fuels for direct-injection compression-ignition
engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were studied as neat fuels and in blends with petroleum middle distillates
(No. 1 or No. 2 diesel fuel). Admixed methyl esters composed of 5–30 vol% tallowate methyl esters in soyate methyl esters
were also examined. Pour points, cloud points, and kinematic viscosities were measured; viscosities at cooler temperatures
were studied to evaluate effects of sustained exposure. Low-temperature filterability studies were conducted in accordance
with two standard methodologies. The North American standard was the low-temperature flow test (LTFT), and its European equivalent
was the cold-filter plugging point (CFPP). With respect to cold-flow properties, blending methyl esters with middle distillates
is limited to relatively low ester contents before the properties become preclusive. Under most conditions, cold-flow properties
were not greatly affected by admixing the methyl esters with up to 30 vol% tallowate (before blending). Least squares analysis
showed that both LTFT and CFPP of formulations containing at least 10 vol% methyl esters are linear functions of cloud point.
In addition, statistical analysis of the LTFT data showed a strong 1:1 correlation between LTFT and CP. This result may prove
crucial in efforts to improve low-temperature flow properties of alternate diesel fuels that contain methyl esters derived
from triglycerides. 相似文献