时效处理对Sn-Bi系无铅焊料的影响研究

为解决Sn-Bi焊料在焊接时容易产生凝固偏析、降低焊点力学性能的问题,采用对焊点进行时效处理的方法来消除Bi的粗化结晶,从而增强焊料的机械性能.研究表明,焊点在125℃时效处理16 h,粗大块状的Bi全部消融,呈颗粒状均匀分布,焊料中的Sn与焊盘上的Cu生成一层厚度约为3μm的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物,使焊点的剪切强度由40 MPa升高到54 MPa.研究还发现,时效处理后的焊点在100℃下长时间放置,微观组织不再发生变化,说明时效处理提高了焊料基体的抗热性能,因此,可以将125℃/16 h的时效处理作为表面贴装生产工艺流程的一道必要工序,使Sn-Bi焊料真正满足实用要求.     

Ni元素对Sn-9Zn-3Bi无铅钎料显微组织和性能的影响

利用真空箱式电阻炉制备了Sn-9Zn-3Bi-xNi无铅钎料合金,并对其显微组织和主要性能(熔点、熔程、抗氧化性、润湿性、剪切强度)及钎焊接头断口形貌进行了分析。结果表明,少量Ni的加入可以细化Sn-9Zn-3Bi合金的显微组织,而对其熔点影响较小。当Ni添加量为0.1%和0.5%时,钎料的熔程变化不大,Ni添加量为1%时,钎料的熔程增大比较明显。随着Ni添加量增多,无铅钎料的抗氧化性能和润湿性能提高。Ni添加量在0.1%和0.5%时,钎焊接头的剪切强度变化不大,但韧性增加;Ni添加量在1%时,钎焊接头的剪切强度略有增大,但韧性降低。     

Bi对Sn-0.7Cu无铅焊料微观组织和性能的影响

研究了Bi对Sn-0.7Cu焊料合金的微观组织、物理性能、润湿性能以及力学性能的影响.结果表明,在Sn-0.7Cu焊料合金中添加适量Bi后,合金的微观组织和性能有较明显的变化,Bi的加入能够降低焊料合金的熔点,提高润湿性能,同时对合金的力学性能也有很大影响,Bi能显著提高合金的抗拉强度,但合金的塑性会有所降低.     

非化学计量Bi2O3对制备Bi4Ti3O12粉体影响的研究

制备晶粒形貌生长各向异性的中间化合物Bi4Ti3O12粉体是采用流延成型和模板晶粒生长(TGG)等工艺方法制备(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3基无铅压电织构陶瓷的关键技术.以NaCl-KCl熔盐法制备了生长各向异性的Bi4Ti3O12粉体,利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜研究了非化学计量Bi2O3对粉体相结构和微观形貌的影响,优化了制备Bi4Ti3O12粉体的工艺参数,并探讨了Bi4Ti3O12粉体在熔盐中的生长机理.研究表明,随着Bi2O3过量程度的增加,所得Bi4Ti3O12粉体颗粒的平均尺寸和均匀程度均增加,当Bi2O3过量7.5%时达到最佳值,其平均粒径为8～10 μm.     

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3−BaTiO3−SrTiO3陶瓷的相图及电致伸缩性能

目的 利用SrTiO3调控Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3−BaTiO3−SrTiO3(NBT−BT−ST)三元系陶瓷的相结构,在室温下获得性能优异的电致伸缩材料,该材料可用于包装机械物料供给微振动器的研发。方法 采用传统固相合成法制备(1−x)[0.94NBT−0.06BT]−xST陶瓷。在分析(1−x)[0.94NBT−0.06BT]−xST陶瓷相图的基础上,阐述不同相区应变的来源,并系统研究弛豫相区陶瓷铁电、应变和电致伸缩性能等。结果 随着ST含量的增加,(1−x)[0.94NBT−0.06BT]−xST陶瓷的相结构由三方相、四方相两相共存→四方铁电相→铁电相、弛豫相共存→弛豫相。三方、四方两相共存区陶瓷的应变主要来源于晶格变形和非180^o畴转向。铁电、弛豫两相共存区陶瓷的应变主要来源于电场引发弛豫相和铁电相的相变。弛豫相区陶瓷的应变主要来源于样品晶格本征变形产生的电致伸缩效应。在弛豫相区,随着ST含量的增大,(1−x)[0.94NBT−0.06BT]−xST陶瓷的弛豫性增强,电滞回线逐渐变瘦,应变和滞后性均出现不同程度的降低,其中,x=0.40的样品在电场强度60 kV/cm下的应变滞后性降至7.8%,表现出典型的电致伸缩特征。在较强的弛豫性和形成纳米极性微区的作用下,在组分x=0.40时陶瓷在电场强度50 kV/cm下的电致伸缩系数高达0.021 3 m⁴/C²。结论 通过ST调控NBT基陶瓷的相结构,在弛豫相区能够有效地改善其电致伸缩性能。利用该技术制备的陶瓷电致伸缩材料可为包装机械物料供给微驱动器的研发和改进提供技术支持。     

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3基无铅陶瓷的制备及电致伸缩效应研究

目的 在Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3基陶瓷材料中诱导缺陷来提高其电致伸缩性能,在室温下获得性能优异的电致伸缩材料,该材料可用于包装机械物料供给微振动器的研发。方法 利用传统固相合成法制备0.7(Bi0.5Na0.5)Ti0.9Mn0.1O3?0.3Sr(1?3x/2)Bix□x/2TiO3（NBT?SBxT?Mn）陶瓷。通过掺杂Sr(1?3x/2)Bix□x/2TiO3,在陶瓷中形成VA?VO局部缺陷,获得具有极性纳米微区的非极性相结构。同时,通过掺杂MnO在陶瓷中形成Mn?VO缺陷偶极子,获得滞后小的电致伸缩应变。结果 所制备的样品均表现出极性纳米微区的非极性相结构和弥散度高于1.80的典型弛豫特征。随着x的增加,氧空位的含量先降低后明显增大。氧空位含量的降低表明在NBT?SBxT?Mn陶瓷中形成了Mn?VO缺陷偶极子。在VA?VO局部缺陷、Mn?VO缺陷偶极子、较高弛豫性及形成的极性纳米微区的共同作用下,组分x=0.07样品的电致伸缩系数高达0.036 m4/C2,性能优异。结论 通过在NBT基陶瓷材料中诱导缺陷能够有效改善其电致伸缩性能。     

高居里温度BaTiO3-(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3无铅正温度系数电阻陶瓷的制备

用传统的固相反应烧结法制备了(1-xmol%)BaTiO₃-xmol%(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃(BBNTx)高温无铅正温度系数电阻( positive temperature coefficient of resistivity, PTCR)陶瓷。X射线衍射表明所有的BBNTx陶瓷形成了单一的四方钙钛矿结构。SEM分析结果显示随着BNT含量的增加, 陶瓷晶粒尺寸减小。空气中烧结的0.2mol% Nb掺杂的BBNT1陶瓷, 室温电阻率为~10² Ω·cm, 电阻突跳为~4.5个数量级, 居里温度为~150℃。氮气中烧结的0.3mol% Nb掺杂的BBNTx(10≤x≤60)陶瓷, 同样具有明显的PTCR效应, 居里温度在180~235℃之间。随着BNT含量的增加, 材料的室温电阻率增大, 同时陶瓷的电阻突跳比下降。     

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3基A位多重复合无铅压电陶瓷的研制

针对钛酸铋钠(Bi0．5Na0．5TiO3)基复合钙钛矿压电铁电材料,发明了多种新的AB03型A位多重复合无铅压电陶瓷体系。这些新的无铅压电陶瓷具有压电铁电性能优良、铁电电滞回线矩形度高、压电铁电性能的温度特性好、工艺稳定性和重复性好等特点。所测得的一个体系(Bi0．5(Na1-x-yKxLiy)0．5TiO3)的d33达230pC／N,其kp达0．40,Pr达40μC/cm^2,矫顽场Ec则较低(小于4kV／mm);变温铁电电滞回线测试表明,在温度接近200℃时,该陶瓷还具有很好的铁电电滞回线。该体系无铅压电陶瓷性能优异,工艺性好,具有实用性。     

A generalized frequency separation–strain energy damage function model for low cycle fatigue–creep life prediction

Fatigue–creep interaction is a key factor for the failures of many engineering components and structures under high temperature and cyclic loading. These fatigue–creep life prediction issues are significant in selection, design and safety assessments of those components. Based on the frequency‐modified Manson–Coffin equation and Ostergren's model, a new model for high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF), a generalized frequency separation–strain energy damage function model is developed. The approach used in this model to reflect the effects of time‐dependent damaging mechanisms on HTLCF life is different from those used in all the earlier models. A new strain energy damage function is used to reduce the difference between the approximate strain energy and real strain energy absorbed during the damage process. This proposed model can describe the effects of different time‐dependent damaging mechanisms on HTLCF life more accurately than others. Comparing traditional frequency separation technique (FS) and strain energy frequency‐modified approach (SEFS), the proposed model is widely applicable and more precise in predicting the life of fatigue–creep interaction. Experimental data from existing literature are used to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed model. A good agreement is found between the predicted results and experimental data.     

添加Bi2O3对ZnO-B2O3-P2O5-SrO体系封接玻璃结构和性能的影响

采用熔融法制备了ZnO-B2O3-P2O5-SrO-Bi2O3系无铅磷酸盐封接玻璃,研究了Bi2O3对该体系玻璃的结构、特征温度、热膨胀系数和化学稳定性的影响。结果表明,随Bi2O3含量的增加,玻璃的密度增大,Tg、Tf先下降后趋于平缓,玻璃的热膨胀系数先上升后趋于平缓;化学稳定性先增强后降低,当Bi2O3为7mol时,达到极小值。     

应变率突增对混凝土动态拉伸破坏影响的细观模拟

实际工程中混凝土结构往往遭遇多次动态荷载作用或在承受一定初始损伤荷载基础上再承受不同应变率的动态荷载.建立了哑铃型混凝土三维细观数值模型,模拟不同名义应变率单独作用下混凝土材料的单轴动态拉伸破坏行为,又分别对混凝土单轴拉伸应力应变曲线上升段和软化段的应变率突增行为开展了细观模拟,初步分析了应变率突增行为对动态拉伸破坏强...     

La0.67Sr0.33MnO3中Bi的掺杂效应

将Bi2O3掺杂到用溶胶—凝胶法制备的La0.6Sr0．33MnO3(LSMO)微粉中,XRD测量结果证实有过量的Bi析出。随着Bi掺杂量的增加,LSMO／(Bi2O3)x/2材料电阻率发生明显变化,在x=(0—0．10)摩尔比的掺杂范围内,电阻率先上升后突然下降。当X=0．1时,电阻率比未掺杂样品下降了一个数量级。Bi掺杂对低温和室温磁电阻有着完全不同的影响。低温下,随掺杂量增加,磁电阻下降;室温下Bi的微量掺杂可以使磁电阻增大,掺入x=0.03Bi使室温磁电阻由-4.4％提高到-5．6％。     

Effect of Bi_2O_3 Additive on the Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of BaTiO_3-Based Ceramics Sintered at Lower Temperature

High performance X8R dielectric ceramics were prepared by dopingBi2O3 to BaTiO3-based ceramics.The effect of small amounts(≤1.2 mol%) ofBi2O3 additive on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics have been investigated.The Bi2O3 ,acting as a sintering additive,can effectively lower the sintering temperature of BaTiO3-based ceramics from 1300 to 1130 °C.The bulk density of BaTiO3-based ceramics increased and reached the maximum value with increasingBi2O3 content.The dielectric con...     

A modified normal strain ratio fatigue life model based on the hybrid approach of critical plane and crystallographic slip theory

Based on the method combining the critical plane with crystallographic slip theory, an anisotropic low cycle fatigue life model is proposed to reflect the effects of orientation dependence and damage factors on fatigue life. According to this method, the crystallographic slip plane is adopted as the critical plane by searching for 30 potential slip systems. In addition, considering the effects of normal strain and strain ratio on fatigue failure, the normal strain ratio is introduced into model and regression model is obtained by fitting method. The proposed model is verified by estimating the low cycle fatigue lives of single crystal nickel–based superalloys PWA1480, CMSX‐2 and DD3 for different loading conditions. The results show that the proposed model is applicable for more complicated loading situations and give a higher prediction accuracy compared to Sun's model.     

Effect of hardness on multiaxial fatigue behaviour and some simple approximations for steels

Constant-amplitude in-phase and 90° out-of-phase axial-torsional fatigue tests were conducted on tubular specimens made from a medium-carbon steel with three hardness levels obtained from normalizing, quenching and tempering and induction hardening to find the effect of hardness on multiaxial fatigue behaviour. In addition, the same loadings were applied on the normalized solid specimens to investigate the effect of specimen geometry on multiaxial fatigue life. Similar fatigue life variation as a function of hardness was found for in-phase and out-of-phase loadings, with higher ductility beneficial in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and higher strength beneficial in high-cycle fatigue (HCF). Multiaxial fatigue data were satisfactorily correlated for all hardness levels with the Fatemi–Socie parameter. Furthermore, in order to predict multiaxial fatigue life of steels in the absence of any fatigue data, the Roessle–Fatemi hardness method was used. Multiaxial fatigue lives were predicted fairly accurately using the Fatemi–Socie multiaxial model based on only the hardness level of the material. The applicability of the prediction method based on hardness was also examined for Inconel 718 and a stainless steel under a wide range of loading conditions. The great majority of the observed fatigue lives were found to be in good agreement with predicted lives.     

气压对射频磁控溅射Bi4Ti3O12薄膜的影响

在不同溅射气压下,采用射频磁控溅射技术在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si衬底上制备了钛酸铋（Bi4Ti3O12）薄膜。在较低的气压（0.45-0.8Pa）下,得到了单相的Bi4Ti3O12薄膜;在较高气压（1.0-1.8Pa）下,薄膜中出现Bi2Ti2O7焦绿石相;随着气压的增加,薄膜的沉积速率和晶粒尺寸先增大后减小,表面粗糙度也逐渐增加;在适宜的气压（0.6Pa）下,得到的Bi4Ti3O12薄膜物相单一、表面平整致密、结晶良好。     

Bi4Ti3O12掺杂对(Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Zn0.5Nb1.5)O7陶瓷结构与介电性能的影响

研究了Bi4Ti3O12掺杂对(Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Zn0.5Nb1.5)O7(BZN)陶瓷烧结特性、相结构和介电性能的影响.采用传统的固相反应法制备样品,X射线衍射技术分析相结构,SEM观察表面形貌.结果表明,Bi4Ti3O12掺杂能有效地促进烧结,提高介电常数ε,降低介电损耗tgδ,优化介电频率温度系数αε.1000℃烧结8%(摩尔分数) Bi4Ti3O12掺杂的BZN陶瓷具有较好的介电性能ε=192,tgδ= 4.21×10-4,αε=-3.37×10-4/℃.     

Effect of thermal ageing of CF8M on multi‐axial ductility and application to fracture toughness prediction

This paper proposes a method to predict the thermal ageing effect on fracture toughness of CF8M cast stainless steel. The proposed method is based on multi‐axial fracture strain combined with finite element damage analysis to simulate ductile tearing. Multi‐axial fracture strain loci of un‐aged and aged CF8M are determined by analyzing notched bar tensile test. It is shown that the thermal ageing effect on multi‐axial fracture strain loci can be characterized by one constant. It is further shown that J‐resistance curves of un‐aged and aged CF8M can be predicted well from finite element damage analysis using multi‐axial fracture strain loci. Implication of present results to practical application of crack assessment of aged cast stainless steels is discussed.     

氧化铋在膨胀阻燃聚丙烯体系中的催化协效作用

将聚磷酸铵(APP)和双季戊四醇(DPER)膨胀型阻燃剂应用于聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃,并加入少量氧化铋(Bi2O3)。采用极限氧指数、烟密度和热分析等表征其阻燃性能。结果表明,加入少量的Bi2O3(0.1%质量分数,下同),可以提高体系的氧指数,降低体系的烟密度。热失重分析表明,Bi2O3加入可以使APP生成更多的固相残留物,催化膨胀阻燃剂交联成炭,高温时残炭增加,阻燃体系的最大热失重速率对应温度后移。同时热老化实验表明,Bi2O3的加入没有加快体系热老化的现象。