不同地理漆树种源的遗传多样性AFLP分析

为了探索不同区域与海拔漆树种源遗传多样性及相关性,利用AFLP分子标记技术对源于陕西、四川、重庆、湖北四省市的70个不同种源漆树样本进行了遗传多样性分析。从64对Pst I+3/Mse I+3引物组合中,筛选出8对引物,用于扩增基因组DNA,共获得27831条清晰可见的标记,其中多态性标记有26545条,多态性检出率95.38%。所有样本的的遗传距离在0.191~0.995之间,相似性为0.741~0.917。海拔不同的11个样本的遗传距离为0.219~0.468,相似性为0.828~0.915。UPGMA聚类结果显示漆树种群与海拔标高的相关性不明显,但是与区域联系紧密。同一区域的漆树种群在分子水平上较相似,趋向于聚为一簇,邻近区域的种群也有较大相似性。     

平利漆树品种园的土壤及漆树适应性初探

经调查,平利漆树品种园的土壤隶属黄棕壤土类;下分黄褐土和红胶土两个亚类;在黄褐土亚类中有5种土壤,在红胶土亚类中有2种土壤。应用各品种漆树生长进行方差分析的结果表明,厚层中壤黄褐土和坡积黄褐土是最适宜漆树生长的土壤。     

判别分析结合系统聚类对易拉罐环的XRF检验

为实现对易拉罐环的鉴别分类,利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对28个不同品种的易拉罐环样本成分进行检验。对样本元素的种类和含量进行初步分析后,根据样本中含量最多的5种元素进行系统聚类。经过系统聚类后样本被分为了5个类别,检验分类是否准确后将聚类分类结果作为分析依据进行判别分析,提取累积贡献率为98.2%的两个判别函数绘制判别分类图,发现样本在判别函数平面空间内类别之间明显区分开来,最终交叉验证正确率和原始分类正确率分别为82.1%和96.4%,表明该方法能对易拉罐环进行有效的分类识别。     

漆树过氧化物酶同工酶遗传变异的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对31个四川漆树品种作过氧化物酶(P_x)同工酶分析。从252个样本的P_x 同工酶标本中分析出漆树 P_x 同工酶的八种基本谱型。经 x~2检验各谱型中最稳定的一级特征带推测是分别由一对等位基因控制,且这两对等位基因间无连锁关系。同一无性系植株谱型一致,可利用 P_x 同工酶作无性系鉴定的生化指标。各品种内谱型有变异。     

漆树的毛被与漆树的分类和演化

本文根据漆树的毛被特征对漆树的分类和演化进行了探讨。结果将漆树分为二大类和三类型,即,毛漆树类:密被毛类型,微柔毛类型和先毛后秃类型;光漆树类。最后对漆树的演化途径和品种的概念也进行了讨论。     

陕西省漆树生物气候区的初步区划研究

本文应用模糊聚类方法对陕西省漆树生物气候区进行了初步的区划研究,分为4个大区9个亚区。     

中国漆树优良品种类群划分的数量分析

本文用数量分析的方法对全国漆树品种类群的划分进行了探讨。结果将全国漆树优良品种划分为大乔木类型和小乔木类型两大类群;大乔木类型又被分为秦巴山区(A)组和西南山区(B)组。     

多维度结合XRF对塑钢窗的快速检验

为建立一种检验塑钢窗物证的方法，利用X射线荧光光谱仪对收集到的40个不同品牌、同一品牌不同系列、同一品牌同一系列不同批次塑钢窗进行检验。采用Niton XL3t GOLDD+手持式荧光光谱仪，通过预实验确定了检测条件：Ag作阳极靶；检测电压为50kV；检测电流为200μA；采集时间为70s，在此条件下对样品进行检测，根据不同塑钢窗样本所测出的特征元素种类及质量分数可对样本进行区分。为了使分类结果科学准确，首先利用主成分分析法对实验结果进行降维处理，指定提取了4个因子，再利用系统聚类和K?Means快速聚类方法对样品数据进行聚类处理，将40个样本分为28类，并利用Fisher判别分析法验证了分类结果的科学合理性。该方法结合谱图分析和化学计量学，能快速、准确、无损地对样品做出分类，为公安基层实际办案提供帮助。     

漆树树皮解剖在品种分类上的运用初探

<正> 自八十年代在全国范围内开展漆树农家品种的调查以来,对漆树品种分类的研究也活跃了起来。如朱友发、徐友源、冯志坚、张继祖、刘显旋、林模太、周丕振、呼时岳等人从不同的角度提出了各具特色的漆树品种分类系统。但无论哪种分类系统均仅从漆树的形态学方面来考虑,即主要以树皮特征、经济性状、分枝及花、果、叶等特征进行品种划分。选择具有代表植株、并对其树高、胸径、冠幅、分枝习性、枝下高、新梢长短、顶芽形态、色泽、被毛情况;树皮颜色、死活皮厚度,裂纹方式、大小、色泽、皮孔、形状、排列方式;叶的特征、包括小叶总数、色泽、形状、叶脉数、被毛情况及复叶、小叶、顶小叶的长宽等;果的特征,果序长、果的形态、色泽、横纵径等进行实测。如,毕节地区在1982～1985年进行漆树品种资源普查中,即按上述分类原则划分了16个农家品种、其分类检索表如下。1.小型圆锥花序,树高5～8米,树皮松软,小叶9～11枚,叶背密被黄褐色绒毛……1.小大木漆1.大型圆锥花序,树高7水以上     

基于陶瓷原料质量评价的多种统计分析方法的比较研究

陶瓷原料的化学组成评价是陶瓷原料质量评价的方法之一。本文利用距离判别分析法、逐步判别分析法、聚类分析法分别就化学组成的实测数据对陶瓷原料样本进行分类。通过对这几种方法进行比较分析,为高效地选用陶瓷原料提供了科学的方法和依据。     

日本绳纹文化时期漆树(Toxicodendron Vernicifluum)的引进和使用(英文)

在日本漆器及漆器加工在绳纹文化时期（约开始于6300B．P．，即约5300B．C．）开始普及。漆树（Toxicodendron vernicifluum）被认为是史前从中国作为植物引入，一直在日本种植生长，但是一直没有这方面的考古证据，直至2004年这种漆树与本土的（Toxicodendron）树种的木材结构的被明确区...     

怒江漆油中高级脂肪酸成分

对云南怒江漆油 (漆树籽油 )进行皂化得到了漆油的总脂肪酸 ,将总脂肪酸甲酯化得到总脂肪酸甲酯 ,用GC MS联用仪测定了所含高级脂肪酸的成分 ,结果表明云南怒江漆树油中高级脂肪酸分别为棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十烷二酸。其中 ,棕榈酸的质量分数高达 76.9%。     

野漆树种籽含油率与脂肪酸成分分析

以中国野漆树、昭和福野漆树、伊吉野漆树等3种野漆树种籽为试材对象,利用索氏提取法和气相色谱-质谱联用法,测定了野漆树的含油率和脂肪酸成分。结果表明,(1)3种野漆树的含油率分别为12.37%,、6.46%、11.22%,差异极显著;(2)3种野漆树种籽油中脂肪酸成分至少有26种,其中亚油酸、油酸(E)、油酸(Z)、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等7种脂肪酸的含量总和分别占测定到总脂肪酸含量的97.35%、97.92%、98.16%;(3)3种野漆树种籽油中不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸差别较大,为73.08%~84.46%之间,最高差值达11.38%;(4)昭和和伊吉两个日本品种的野漆树与中国野漆树在12-羟基-油酸、环丙烯丁酸、亚麻酸(异构)、蓖麻醇酸(蓖麻油酸)、二十二烷酸、二十三烷酸、二十四烷酸、9-十八碳烯酸十四酯、月桂酸等9种脂肪酸中存在质的区别。     

Chemometric classification of olive cultivars based on compositional data of oils

European Union regulations provide important guidelines for maintaining the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) of olive oil and other foods. This includes characterization of foods based on variety (cultivar) and geographical origin, as this may be used as a criterion for determining authenticity and quality. Therefore, analytical method standards need to be established to ensure these criteria. This study describes how cultivar differences can be established between Italian oils, obtained from single varieties, based on acid, sterol, and TAG differences determined by chemometrics. TAG and FA composition provided the best basis for differentiation of olive oils among cultivars. The results were compared with those obtained using ¹³C NMR analysis, and a similar differentiation between oils of different cultivars was achieved. ¹³C NMR provides useful information on the acyl composition and on the positional distribution of the glycerol moiety and can be used for classification of cultivars based on oil composition. Furthermore, the advantages of this technique come from the rapidity with which information can be obtained and from the very simple preparation procedure required for analysis.     

红外光谱法结合K⁃均值聚类与神经网络对饮料瓶的检验研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对41个不同品牌的塑料饮料瓶进行快速无损检测.谱图数据在经过预处理后可将样品分为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚乙烯两类.每一类内部的各个样品红外特征峰存在差异.对于数量最多的一类样品,通过主成分分析将样品光谱数据降维并提取主成分,然后结合K-均值聚类对样品进一步分组.最后以聚类结果作为因变量,构建神经...     

Classification of virgin olive oils of the two major cretan cultivars based on their fatty acid composition

Fatty acid composition was determined for 105 virgin olive oil samples of the two dominant Cretan olive cultivars, Koroneiki and Mastoides, harvested from different producing areas at different maturity stages. The oils of the Koroneiki cultivar were characterized by lower concentrations of oleic and decaheptanoic and higher concentrations of linoleic and palmitic acids. Oils obtained from high-altitude locations were rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, while oils obtained from low-altitude locations had higher content of saturated fatty acids. Palmitic and palmitoleic acids increased with increasing altitude in both cultivars examined. The statistical analysis of the compositional data showed significant potential for the classification of the samples according to cultivar and location of origin.     

Classification of vegetable oils by high-resolution <Superscript>13</Superscript>C NMR spectroscopy using chromatographically obtained oil fractions

¹³C NMR spectra of oil fractions obtained chromatographically from 109 vegetable oils were obtained and analyzed to evaluate the potential use of those fractions in the classification of vegetable oils and to compare the results with the NMR analysis of complete oils. The oils included the following: virgin olive oils from different cultivars and regions of Europe and north Africa; “lampante” olive, refined olive, refined olive pomace, hazelnut, rapeseed, high-oleic sunflower, corn, grapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oils; and mixtures of virgin olive oils from different geographical origins. Oils were divided into two sets of samples. The training set (98 samples) was employed to select the variables that resulted in significant discrimination among the different oil classes. By using stepwise discriminant analysis, more than 98% of correct validated assignments were obtained; these results were confirmed when applied to the test set (11 blind samples). Results suggest that the use of oil fractions considerably increases the discriminating power of NMR in the analysis of vegetable oils.     

Characterization and Classification of Extra Virgin Olive Oil from Five Less Well-Known Greek Olive Cultivars

The present study comprises the second part of an ongoing study focusing on olive oil from five less well‐known Greek cultivars for three of which there are no data available in the literature regarding their chemical composition. A total of 74 olive oil samples were collected during the harvesting periods 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. Headspace‐solid phase microextraction was applied to determine the olive oil volatile profile. Fifty‐six compounds were identified and semi‐quantified by CG–MS. Furthermore, fatty acid composition, conventional quality parameters and color parameters were determined in an effort to characterize and differentiate olive oils according to cultivar. All samples were characterized as extra virgin olive oils. Data obtained showed significant differences between the cultivars. Multi‐element analysis in combination with chemometrics resulted in a high classification rate of 86.5 % for the combination of volatiles plus color, 89.2 % for the combination of VC plus FA, and 91.9 % for the combination of FA composition plus color plus CQP.     

Application of a multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of traceability of extra virgin olive oil

In this work, a multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of extra virgin olive oil traceability (geographical provenience and botanical differentiation) is presented. Conventional techniques such as major chemical component determination (triacylglycerols, TAG and fatty acids) and other novel approaches as stable isotopic ratio (¹³C/¹²C in combination with ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) and thermal properties obtained from cooling curves and their deconvoluted peaks by means of differential scanning calorimetry were compared. Fifty‐three samples from different Italian regions, diverse cultivars, and two Mediterranean areas (Italy and Croatia) were analyzed with all the three techniques. The oils exhibited different values especially for δ¹⁸O and thermal properties of the deconvoluted peaks of crystallization according to Italian regions and/or cultivars. Data were treated by means of linear discriminant analysis inserting all parameters as predictors in models where the potentiality to discriminate oils was tested. All models revealed a good resolution among categories with selected TAG, δ¹⁸O values, and thermal properties of the deconvoluted peak set at the highest temperature exhibiting the highest weight for the discriminant functions. These findings could give strength to the utilization of new analytical techniques supporting those traditionally employed, also sustained by proper chemometric procedures, as suitable for the resolution of extra virgin olive traceability. Practical applications: Consumers' awareness of extra virgin olive oil traceability has recently increased the interest for new methods that can assess its geographical and botanical origins and new findings in this sector represent a key factor affecting the purchases in non‐producer countries. Multidisciplinary approaches supported by chemometric procedures enable the building of large databases and classification models for the determination of the provenience of extra virgin olive oil.