硫化锑红色玻璃的制备及光谱性能研究

选择硫粉，锑粉为着色剂，以碳粉为还原剂，制备出了硫化锑红色玻璃，并对其光谱性能进行了研究。结果表明：锑红玻璃的颜色主要取决于Sb2S3胶体颗粒的数量。随着色剂锑粉用量的增加、显色温度的升高、显色保温时问的延长试样的光谱曲线均向长波方向移动。通过严格控制配合料中的水分，可以制备出性能优良，颜色纯正，透过率高的红色玻璃。     

微量氧化铜对锑红宝石玻璃二次显色的影响

在Na2O-CaO-SiO2-K2O玻璃系统中添加着色剂Sb2O3和S,熔制锑红宝石玻璃.在相同工艺条件下,讨论了氧化铜掺加量和显色时间对截止吸收型锑红宝石玻璃透过率曲线的影响.结果表明:微量氧化铜是影响锑红宝石玻璃稳定性的重要因素,且随着CuO含量的增加,截止吸收波长向短波移动;随着显色时间的延长,截止吸收波长向长波移动.通过SEM测试,探讨锑红玻璃的着色机理:锑红玻璃截止吸收波长与胶体粒子的大小、数量和分散状态有关.     

铜红玻璃的制造

红色玻璃在交通运输部门、商业部门、工业部门中都被大量用到。目前世界各国所制造的红色玻璃共有四种,即金红、铜红、硒红、锑红。过去我国玻璃业中所生产的几乎全部为金红与硒红两种,铜红与锑红非常少见。在这四种玻璃中,铜红玻璃的制造比较简单,成本又最低廉,对光线的透过度也不亚于其他各种,所以它在我国玻璃厂造业中有着特别远大的发展前途。现在将铜红玻璃的制造简单说明于下。一、着色理论氧化亚铜或元素铜经熔入玻璃中时,即全部分散成无数微小的颗粒而悬浮于玻璃中,成为一种类似胶体溶液凝体。氧化亚铜或元素铜的颗粒     

硒红套色制品熟料的利用

介绍了利用硒红套白瓷碎玻璃生产硒红玻璃的经验。实践证明,适当引入还原剂,增加着色剂用量,控制玻璃的熔制条件,能大量引用上述碎玻璃生产出质量好的硒红玻璃,在生产中收到了显著的经济效益。     

锑红玻璃的研制

通过在配合料中引入适量的还原剂(碳粉)、控制着色剂的用量以及控制玻璃熔制工艺制度研究锑红玻璃的制备。同时,在实验过程中考虑到工业生产的需要,讨论了水分对锑红玻璃显色的影响。利用密度、光谱分析等测试手段,对所研制的锑红玻璃进行了测试,获得较佳的配方组成、熔制和二次显色工艺参数。     

截止吸收型颜色玻璃的着色技术

研究了着色剂加入量对玻璃着色的影响和着色剂配比、热处理条件等对玻璃光截止吸收性能的影响。结果表明,着色剂Se加入的质量分数为0 6%左右,着色剂CdS加入的质量分数为0 6%～1 0%时,能制备出着色均匀的颜色玻璃;玻璃的光截止吸收性能主要取决于Se与CdS质量比和热处理条件;采用光谱纯着色剂可以明显提高玻璃的光透过效率。     

钛铁矿精矿替代氧化铈制备绿玻的研究

通过实验,研究了钛铁矿精矿替代车用绿色浮法玻璃着色剂后的各种性能,确定了Na2O-CaO-SiO2系统玻璃使用钛铁矿为着色剂时的用量比例.研究结果表明,钛铁矿作为车用绿色玻璃的着色剂可大大降低玻璃原料成本.利用钛铁矿替代氧化铈及部分红粉后可以得到与氧化铈作为着色剂时光学性能相同的玻璃样品.     

含镨原料及稀土元素其他氧化物作为玻璃着色剂的几个问题

国立古谢夫玻璃研究分所研究了适宜于做玻璃器皿着色剂的氧化物的着色性能,如氧化钬、氧化铥、氧化镝、氧化钐、氧化铕、氧化镱、氧化钇及氧化钆等等。主要研究含下列化学成分的玻璃(%):SiO_275,CaO8,Na_2O14,K_2O2,R_2O_50.5,SO_30.5。 从上述一系列玻璃着色的情况说明,氧化钬和氧化钐可以作为着色剂(见光谱透过曲线     

配合料氧化还原指数对玻璃着色性能的影响

以钠钙硅酸盐玻璃为基础玻璃体系,通过掺加不同的着色剂,并控制玻璃配合料的氧化还原指数,即Redox值,来研究茶色、蓝色与绿色玻璃的着色性能变化,研究结果表明,对于茶色玻璃,Redox值为氧化条件时(Redox>0),透过率较大,随着Redox值增大,玻璃偏红程度减弱,偏黄向偏蓝转变增强;对于蓝色玻璃,随着Redox值增加,玻璃偏蓝程度加强,但玻璃明度会下降,进而造成玻璃透过率随Redox值的增加而减小;对于绿色玻璃,Redox值偏还原时(Redox<0),玻璃的明度、透过率与偏绿程度均优于Redox值偏氧化时(Redox>0).     

显色工艺对纳米CdSexS1-x微晶玻璃光吸收曲线性能的影响

采用不同的热处理显色工艺对掺杂Se和CdS着色剂的硼硅酸盐玻璃进行热处理,制备出一系列的纳米硒硫化镉颜色玻璃,研究了热处理显色工艺对玻璃光透过性能的影响。结果表明,玻璃的截止吸收波长位置取决于热处理条件;采用低温长时间热处理工艺,使所制备的玻璃具有较高的光透过率和完整的吸收边界。微观结构分析表明,热处理后玻璃中出现的纳米微晶等结构变化是导致玻璃着色、出现光截止吸收的根本原因。     

Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Analysis of Nucleation in Glass: II, Selenium Ruby Glasses

Nucleation studies were conducted on several selenium ruby glasses, of different colorant concentrations, using the technique of small-angle X-ray scattering. The glass rnicrostructure increased from homogeneous to 6-nm (60-Å) precipitating particles as the colors changed from colorless through yellow and orange to red. The glasses showed little difference in particle morphology despite differences in color, supporting the explanation of ruby color formation as due to energy band-gap phenomena. Matrix intensities, particle volume concentrations, and interfacial surface areas were also determined.     

FUNCTIONS OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS IN COMMERCIAL SELENIUM RUBY BATCH*

In addition to the chemicals essential to the formation of the colorant, the nature of which is well established, successful commercial selenium ruby batches commonly contain a number of characteristic minor ingredients. These are zinc oxide, cryolite or other fluorine compounds, bone ash, and minute amounts of copper or nickel oxide. Laboratory experiments are described which helped to establish the functions of these minor constituents. Owing to the extreme insolubility of copper and nickel sulfide in silicate melts, these compounds form at high temperatures and provide nuclei for the cadmium sulfoselenide which requires a lower temperature for its formation. Bone ash, especially in combination with fluoride, leads to a very insoluble phase, apatite, which enhances the striking of the selenium ruby. Formation of cadmium sulfoselenide will not take place at high temperatures. Introducing fluorine into a silicate glass facilitates molecular rearrangements because of the weaker forces exerted by this monovalent anion as compared with divalent oxygen ions. Fluorides increase the low-temperature mobility of the glass and speed up the striking process. The chief function of zinc oxide is to retain sulfur and selenium in the melt. Alkali sulfoferrite and selenoferrite produce a red-brown color, and their formation in glasses containing strong reducing agents, such as carbon, accounts for the deep color of some glasses containing only small amounts of cadmium sulfoselenide.     

SELENIUM RUBY GLASS*

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the production of selenium ruby glass, particularly on the retention of the colorants during the melting and fining operations. Selenium, cadmium, and sulfur are necessary in the final glass to get a ruby color. Reducing conditions are conducive to the retention of a large percentage of the selenium in the glass, but when conditions are highly reducing, cadmium is eliminated almost completely. The writers believe that too little attention has been given in the past to the chemistry of the entire glass batch, and as a result operators and research workers have often failed to get a ruby glass not because the loss of selenium was too high but because they eliminated the cadmium by maintaining too strongly reducing conditions. A balance must be maintained so that the batch and the atmosphere above it are sufficiently reducing to hold enough selenium in the melt but not so strongly reducing as to eliminate the cadmium. Most of the work reported in this paper was done on soda-lime-silica glasses similar to those melted in continuous tanks for the production of machine-made ware. A glass of this composition, containing 0.03% of selenium, 0.06% of cadmium, and 0.03% of sulfur, will produce a ruby color. The writers have found that if the cadmium is added as cadmium sulfide the final glass will have sufficient sulfur for color development. The use of silicon as a reducing agent is suggested. An arrested-cooling procedure for developing color is described briefly.     

Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Analysis of Nucleation in Glass: III, Gold Ruby Glasses

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of the striking gold ruby glasses show that both tin oxide and gold are necessary for a satisfactory ruby. Increasing tin oxide decreases the striking speed, whereas increasing gold concentration increases it. Once the ruby color has been struck, further heat treatment causes little change. The presence of tin oxide aids the nucleation and solubility of gold in the glass. Particles in the glass which struck to purple are fairly large (22 nm (220 Å)). Particle sizes for the livery ruby are >100 nm (1000 A).     

EFFECT OF LIGHT ON COLOR OF GLASS*

This study was restricted to soda-lime-silica glasses which contain various agents used as decolorizers in glass, such as manganese, arsenic, antimony, cerium, and neodymium oxides and metallic selenium. The prepared glass samples were exposed to the radiation from a quartz-mercury lamp, to sunlight, or to X radiation. Vistlal observation was supplemented by quantitative measurements of the color changes, using a General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer. Glasses which contain antimony discolor less readily than similar arsenic-bearing glasses, and cerium, lead, and iron oxides in sufficient amounts minimize the discoloration due to light. Samples exposed to X radiation are usually discolored to a yellowish brown, except in the case of some cerium and iron-bearing glasses which were practically unaffected by the same treatment. A discussion of the results and those of other investigators is given.     

相关组分在制造硒硫化镉颜色玻璃中的作用

在制造硒硫化镉颜色玻璃时 ,除了加入玻璃的基本组成 Si O2 和着色剂 Cd S、Se外 ,还必须加入 Zn O、碱金属氧化物、冰晶石、B2 O3和重金属硫化物等次要组分。这些次要组分在制造硒硫化镉颜色玻璃过程中起着重要作用。Zn O对防止着色剂硒和硫的挥发起直接作用 ,是制造硒硫化镉颜色玻璃不可缺少的组分之一。碱金属氧化物、冰晶石、B2 O3主要起助熔作用 ,降低玻璃熔制温度 ,加速玻璃的澄清和均化 ,间接防止着色剂硒和硫的挥发。微量重金属硫化物作为晶核形成剂 ,使 Cd S(Se)微晶固溶体容易成核和长大 ,加速并简化玻璃的显色工艺     

Infrared-Transmitting Glasses in the System K2O-Sb2O3-Sb2S3

Glasses were discovered in the system K₂O-Sb₂O₃b₃ Raw materials used in the preparation of these glasses were potassium pyroantimonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate, antimony oxide, and antimony trisulfide. Details of the methods of preparing the glasses and the compositions investigated are given. A glass, prepared by melting a mixture of potassium pyroantimonate and antimony trisulfide in air, was investigated in some detail. It was found to have an average infrared transmission of 42% in the range 2 to 7 μ. The glass annealed at about 150°C. and softened at about 230°C. Its coefficient of linear thermal expansion, in the range 240° to 200°C., was 20 × 10⁻⁶ per °C. The glass had a specific gravity of 3.94, a modulus of elasticity of about 5 × 10⁶lb. per sq. in., a Knoop hardness of about 135, and was highly resistant to attack by atmospheric moisture.     

Superficial colouring of lead crystal glass by sol–gel coatings

Sol–gel silver containing coatings have been prepared and applied upon lead crystal glass. Both undoped and arsenic oxide-doped lead crystal glasses have been used as substrates. Arsenic oxide was introduced with different percentages as a thermoreducing agent, with the aim to favour silver ions reduction and aggregation to form nanosized colloids. Such silver colloids yielded a superficial yellow ruby colouring, due to their known surface plasmon resonance band in the visible range (∼420 nm). The influence of the experimental parameters to obtain yellow ruby colouring (percentage of arsenic oxide in the lead crystal base glass; silver content of the coatings precursor sol; coating thickness; atmosphere, temperature and time for thermal densification; etc.) were investigated. Samples were studied by transmission electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy (absorption and transmission). Colour co-ordinates, dominant wavelength and colour purity percentage were calculated from the corresponding transmission visible spectra. The role of the thermoreducing dopant (arsenic oxide) is essential for obtaining superficial yellow colouring. The higher the percentage of arsenic oxide, the higher is the intensity of the yellow colouring. When the silver content of sols increased, the same tendency is observed. Thermal densification of the sol–gel coatings have to be carried out under oxidising atmosphere, since heat-treatments performed under reducing atmosphere yielded grey-brownish colouring, due to reduction of the lead from the base glass. Optimum conditions for obtaining superficial yellow ruby colouring on lead crystal glass were selected.