基于遗传算法的包装机械臂位置精度控制方法

目的为提高包装机械臂运行精度,解决视觉伺服控制系统中手眼标定问题,基于遗传算法设计一种机械臂运动学参数标定方法。方法在明确手眼视觉坐标的基础上,给出不同坐标系之间的变换关系。通过对比机械臂末端执行器理论位置和实际位置,确定其运动学参数标定误差模型。基于遗传算法基本原理,搭建了相关适应度函数,根据计算所得误差补偿量更新末端执行器位姿。最后,对机械臂运动控制系统进行联合调试以及实验分析。结果实际位置和理论位置之间偏差绝对值的平均值大约为0.8 mm,偏差最大值只有1.2 mm,精度比较高。结论所述手眼标定方法可以显著提高机械臂运动精度,可满足相关包装行业要求。     

融合加权SVD改进算法的工业机器人运动学标定

针对环境或人为因素引入的测量粗差对测量坐标系和机器人基坐标系的转换存在较大影响的问题,对奇异值分解(SVD)算法进行了改进,并将其应用于机器人运动学标定中。以ABB-IRB2600型机器人为研究对象,建立修正型D-H(MD-H)运动学模型和误差模型;通过激光跟踪仪测量得到机器人末端靶球位置坐标,在SVD算法中,根据补偿前位置误差大小对测量数据重新分配权重,转换测量坐标系和机器人基坐标系;使用Levenberg-Marquart(L-M)算法进行了误差参数辨识,并在Matlab中对机器人25个运动学参数进行了仿真补偿。仿真和实验结果表明,加权SVD算法稳定性更优,能够减小测量粗差影响,经标定后机器人的平均绝对误差降低了65.10%,均方根误差降低了65.85%,其绝对定位精度得到了明显提高。     

机器人定位精度标定技术的研究

机器人末端位姿的精度依赖于各连杆几何参数的精度。为了提高机器人的位姿精度,需要对机器人进行标定,为此必须研究机器人运动学模型的建立方法。基于MDH模型和微分运动学,识别出机器人的各个连杆几何参数误差对机器人位姿精度影响程度,并结合最小二乘算法,对机器人的定位精度进行修正。实验表明,该方法适合对机器人几何参数误差的标定,并且能够提高机器人的综合性能。     

某自动化流水线搬运机械手的仿真与试验分析

目的研究某自动化流水线三自由度机械手的运动学特性和试验分析方法。方法创建机械手的D-H法运动方程;在SW中建立机械手模型,并导入Recur Dyn中完成对机械手的运动学仿真;最后对试验样机进行试验验证分析。结果通过运动学仿真分析得到连杆2末端点在x轴、y轴、z轴上的位移变化量分别为67,75,150 mm,最大速度设计目标与仿真结果的误差百分比分别为-0.53%,-1.57%,3.08%,最大加速度的误差百分比分别为2.2%,-0.087%,-3%;建立了试验验证平台,通过模块化设计软件,试验得出该机器手的运动学特性良好,电机电流曲线平滑稳定。结论该自动化流水线三自由度机械手具有运动连续且平稳、控制简单的特点,符合自动化流水线的工作特性。     

Vibrational effects on diffusion experiments

Main task of diffusion experiments in liquids is to avoid additional transport induced by convection. Even under microgravity conditions aboard a space vehicle, diffusion measurements can be disturbed. Additional transport due to residual accelerations and vibrations can only be analysed under low gravity conditions. For the 28th ESA Parabolic flight campaign (May 2000), modified for the 31st ESA Parabolic flight campaign (October 2001) and for the 34th ESA Parabolic flight campaign (April 2003), a model experiment using water as liquid was developed. Because of the short term of a parabola, the analogy between diffusive mass transport and the faster heat transport was used. The angle between the 4mm or 10mm thin capillary and the direction of acceleration ranged between 0° and 90°. For an oscillation amplitude of 100mm, the increase of the frequency up to 1 Hz led to a slight increase of the additional transport. Experiments with 1.7 Hz showed an additional transport of maximum 50%. An effect of the angle between the capillary and the acceleration vector was in the order of the error.     

Implementation of a CNC NURBS curve interpolator based on control of speed and precision

An efficient real-time Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve interpolator for high-speed and high-accuracy curve machining is developed and implemented, which considers the confined contour error, acceleration/deceleration (ACC/DEC) planning and the machine dynamic response simultaneously. A practical method is proposed to adjust the feed rate to the curvature radius of NURBS curves to achieve higher machining precision. However, at the sharp corner of the curves, the feed rate fluctuation might result in large impacts to machine tools. The offline pre-interpolation for sharp corners is presented. The feed rate is reduced in advance according with the machine's acceleration capability as well as satisfying the confined contour error. The velocity profile can be chosen dynamically to meet the requirements of the machining process by means of flexible ACC/DEC planning. In addition, a new strategy based on the geometrical properties of NURBS curves is suggested to predict the deceleration point. Therefore, the process of acceleration and deceleration is so smooth that it can satisfy the need of the machining process. This NURBS interpolator has been validated on a CNC system, which greatly improves machining accuracy for both position and velocity control.     

六轮移动机器人运动学建模与仿真

针对石化行业的需求,设计了一款具有较强运动灵活性的适合在狭小空间、复杂环境中工作的六轮移动机器人。采用4个全向轮与两个普通橡胶车轮混搭的车轮配置方案,建立机器人的运动学模型,并分析了车轮的运动参数与机器人本体位姿之间的关系;运用ADAMS仿真软件构建了机器人的仿真模型,通过对直线行驶、原地转向性能进行运动学仿真,得到了机器人的运动学曲线,验证了运动学理论模型的正确性和机器人机构设计的合理性。原地转向误差实验表明,机器人具有较强的原地转向能力,原地转向最小误差可达到2.299mm,较好地满足了该机器人的高灵活性需求。     

七自由度双臂协作机器人操作稳定性分析

为了验证七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的操作适应性和稳定性，以及提高机器人工作效率和协调性能，提出一种结合MATLAB和ADAMS的数值分析方法，对七自由度双臂协作机器人的空间运作模式进行分析和计算。首先，在Solidworks中建立七自由度双臂协作机器人的三维模型；然后，运用结合MATLAB和ADAMS的数值分析方法计算七自由度机械臂的运动学逆解；最后，运用基于虚拟动力学模型的控制方法，仿真七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的夹取与搬运作业，以验证运动学逆解和分析双臂作业的适应性和稳定性。由仿真结果得到：双臂到达目标位置的X向误差为0.6 mm，Y向误差为0.5 mm，Z向误差为0.9 mm；到达预设位置的平均误差为0.5 mm；双臂协同抓取目标物成功率可达99.1%。由此可见，七自由度机械臂的运动学逆解满足预期要求，七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的操作适应性和稳定性有所增强。     

高精度小型酶联免疫分析仪微量进样系统设计

为提高酶联免疫分析仪微量进样的可靠性与精度,自主研发了一种小型微量自动进样系统。采用丝杆与进样器活塞杆错位平行分布的方式,设计了精巧的进样机构,实现移液和取、退吸头的功能;利用STM32核心控制器,实现了单轴的S型加减速控制以及多轴协调、多线程运动控制;利用分段的方法对加减速曲线进行分析与优化,实现系统最小进样量为1 μL,以0.05 μL的进样分辨率步进;通过试验校验了进样臂的位置精度与进样精度,采用最小二乘线性拟合方法对系统进样误差进行补偿校正。研究结果表明：优化后的S型加减速算法改善了步进电机的运动特性,有效避免了失步与过冲现象,使进样机构具有较高的位置精度;误差补偿后的微量进样系统拥有更高的进样精度与稳定性,在检定进样量为10,50,100 μL时的进样精度分别由±7.2%,±5.3%,±3.2%提高到±1.8%,±1.28%,±1.15%,满足仪器小型化、高精度的设计要求,具有良好的实际应用与推广价值。     

Embodied linearity of speed control in Drosophila melanogaster

Fruitflies regulate flight speed by adjusting their body angle. To understand how low-level posture control serves an overall linear visual speed control strategy, we visually induced free-flight acceleration responses in a wind tunnel and measured the body kinematics using high-speed videography. Subsequently, we reverse engineered the transfer function mapping body pitch angle onto flight speed. A linear model is able to reproduce the behavioural data with good accuracy. Our results show that linearity in speed control is realized already at the level of body posture-mediated speed control and is therefore embodied at the level of the complex aerodynamic mechanisms of body and wings. Together with previous results, this study reveals the existence of a linear hierarchical control strategy, which can provide relevant control principles for biomimetic implementations, such as autonomous flying micro air vehicles.     

一种通用的工业机器人位姿检测方法

为满足带有不同末端执行器的工业机器人系统的绝对位姿检测需求,提出一种通用的检测方法。其基本原理是以激光跟踪仪测量固定在机器人末端的4个参考点从而间接测量机器人的绝对位姿,并与指令位姿比较实现机器人位姿准确度和位姿重复性检测;其中,参考点坐标及机座坐标系通过多姿态约束同步标定,并设计非线性标定算法。通过末端带有制孔执行器的KUKA KR210 R2700工业机器人的位姿检测实验表明：该检测方法的准确性可满足机器人位姿检测的需要,且无需特殊的机械工装,具有良好的通用性;基于多姿态约束的非线性标定方法具有良好的鲁棒性,可有效的减小因机器人运动模型不准确引起的标定误差。     

高加速度超精密激光外差干涉测量模型

为了精确地描述激光外差干涉在高加速度超精密测量中加速度对位移测量精度的影响机理与规律,建立了高加速度超精密激光外差干涉位移测量模型.通过分析测量棱镜三维运动对多普勒频移的影响,推导出高加速度激光外差干涉位移测量模型.理论分析和仿真实验表明,当测量加速度为9m/s2,匀加速运行的位移为500mm时,由于加速度变化引起的相对论性效应对测量精度的影响为5nm.高加速度超精密激光外差干涉位移测量模型的建立,可提高激光外差干涉在高加速度超精密测量中的测量精度,为激光外差干涉在高速和超高速测量领域的应用提供了理论依据.     

A calibration method that simplifies and improves accurate determination of peptide molecular masses by MALDI-TOF MS

The use of delayed ion extraction in MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry distorts the linear relationship between m/z and the square of the ion flight time (t2) with the consequence that, if a mass accuracy of 10 ppm or better is to be obtained, the calibrant signals have to fall close to the analyte signals. If this is not possible, systematic errors arise. To eliminate these, a higher-order calibration function and thus several calibrant signals are required. For internal calibration, however, this approach is limited by signal suppression effects and the increasing chance of the calibrant signals overlapping with analyte signals. If instead the calibrants are prepared separately, this problem is replaced by an other; i.e., the ion flight times are dependent on the sample plate position. For this reason, even if the calibrants are placed close to the sample, the mass accuracy is not improved when a higher-order calibration function is applied. We have studied this phenomenon and found that the relative errors, which result when moving from one sample to the next, are directly proportional to m/z. Based on this observation, we developed a two-step calibration method, that overcomes said limitations. The first step is an external calibration with a high-order polynomial function used for the determination of the relation between m/z and t2, and the second step is a first-order internal correction for sample position-dependent errors. Applying this method, for instance, to a mass spectrum of a mixture of 18 peptides from a tryptic digest of a recombinant protein resulted in an average mass error of 1.0 ppm with a standard deviation of 3.5 ppm. When instead using a conventional two-point internal calibration, the average relative error was 2.2 ppm with a standard deviation of 15 ppm. The new method is described and its performance is demonstrated with examples relevant to proteome research.     

基于趋势项误差控制的频域积分算法研究与应用

针对工程测试中利用振动加速度积分获得位移时出现严重趋势项误差问题,采用低频衰减算法对加速度信号在频率内直接积分,并利用积分精度控制方程保证积分精度。通过与积分算法比较及验证,证明该算法对积分误差控制具有一定优势。搭建含限位冲击的振动测试实验台,研究该算法在工程测试中应用特性。实验研究表明,该算法可有效控制趋势项误差,且随待积分加速度基频提高积分所得位移信号与真实位移信号吻合度提升。基于所用测试系统,加速度信号基频超过3.8 Hz时积分幅值误差小于10%,满足工程测试需要;加速度基频大于4.35 Hz时积分峰值误差小于5%,可获得较好测试效果。     

并联机床的动力学特性对加工精度影响的分析

为了提高并联机床的加工精度,分析了并联机床的动力学特性对加工精度的影响。根据牛顿—欧拉方程,得到并联机床的动力学方程,解得连杆的驱动力;根据杆件轴向伸长量与受力之间的关系,得到连杆的长度误差;以无长度误差的连杆长度为优化目标,用优化的方法,得到动平台的位姿,并与连杆有长度误差时动平台的位姿比较,得动平台的位姿误差;根据刀具在动平台坐标系中位置,得刀具加工位置误差及对被加工零件精度的影响。结果表明：并联机床连杆的长度误差,引起刀具加工位置误差,使被加工零件产生形位误差和尺寸误差;并联机床电主轴偏心引起连杆的长度误差的扰动,产生刀具加工位置的扰动误差,影响被加工零件的表面粗糙度。     

基于前馈控制的高速大行程圆弧滑轨位置控制

针对高速大行程圆弧滑轨系统运行时,受圆弧轨道弧度和轨道段连接问题的影响,负载小车运行不稳定、响应速度不快、末端位置定位误差大的问题,设计了一套双轨式机械滑动结构,以提高小车运行稳定度。在控制系统方面,位置环采用前馈控制,结合PID控制提高了电机的控制精度。建立了圆弧滑轨平台的数学模型,在MATLAB仿真环境中建立了基于前馈控制的仿真模型,并搭建了实验平台。仿真实验结果表明：在无前馈控制的情况下,跟踪误差范围为[-0.4,0.4]mm,引入前馈控制后,跟踪误差为[-0.18,0.18]mm,系统跟踪精度提高了1.2倍,系统响应速度提高了16.7%。实验结果表明：在前馈控制条件下,小车理论位置误差保持在[-0.2,0.2]mm,实际位置误差为0.69 mm,均小于设计所要求的1 mm,并且系统具有较快的响应速度。研究结果为滑轨系统的机械设计和性能测试提供了有效的参考数据,可促进轨道系统测试的工业自动化。     

误差空间估计的卫星跟踪位置预测

为了提高光电跟踪设备进行卫星观测跟踪时的精度与平稳性,提出一种在跟踪过程中预测卫星位置的误差空间估计方法.该方法根据当前不完全有效与准确的实测数据,用动力学模型方法离线预测数据与离线预测误差表示卫星位置,在预测误差构成的误差空间中对其进行滤波与预测,再与离线预测数据合成以得到精度更高的卫星位置预测数据.实验结果表明,文中方法对卫星位置的预测数据精度比采用运动学模型的Kalman滤波方法高,在精度要求为1'的情况下,其能预测的时间范围比后者多25s以上,且误差随预测步长的增加,增长较缓慢.     

基于LabVIEW的多通道视觉测速系统设计

目标运动速度与运动状态的快速预判是机器人避障、目标检测与跟踪的关键。经典的初级运动检测器（elementary motion detector,EMD）模型具有在局部范围内的速度矢量敏感特性,在此基础上结合波峰检测算法,提出一种动目标运动速度和运动状态的快速测速法。为验证所提方法的可行性和有效性,以线性排列的光敏传感器阵列为视觉检测单元,在LabVIEW开发环境中,利用雷赛SMC3380运动控制器和研华PCI-1747U数据采集卡,搭建了具有动目标运动控制及动目标信号采集功能的多通道视觉测速系统;通过多通道数据采集及动目标快速测速处理,实现了目标运动速度和运动状态的判别。实验结果表明：多通道视觉测速系统运行稳定,能够实现最大速度为80 mm/s（绝对误差小于±2 mm/s,相对误差小于±3%）,以及最大加速度为20 mm/s²的匀加速运动状态的动目标检测与判断。为机器人视觉感知器的动目标快速预判研究提供了新思路。     

A multibody approach in granular dynamics simulations

A plane model of a granular system made out of interconnected disks is treated as a multibody system with variable topology and one-sided constraints between the disks. The motion of such a system is governed by a set of nonlinear algebraic and differential equations. In the paper two formalisms (Lagrangian and Newton-Euler) and two solvers (Runge-Kutta and iterative) are discussed. It is shown numerically that a combination of the Newton-Euler formalism and an iterative method allows to maintain the accuracy of the fourth order Runge-Kutta solver while reducing substantially the CPU time. The accuracy and efficiency are achieved by integrating the error control into the iterative process. Two levels of error control are introduced: one, based on satisfying the position, velocity and acceleration constraints, and another, on satisfying the energy conservation requirement. An adaptive time step based on the rate of convergence at the previous time step is introduced which also allows to reduce the simulation time. The efficiency and accuracy is investigated on a physically unstable vertical stack of disks and on multibody pendulums with 50, 100, 150 and 240 masses. An application to the problem of jamming in a two-phase flow is presented.     

基于机器视觉的条码尺精确测量技术在落纱小车中的应用

针对自动络筒机落纱小车自主开发需求,设计出一种基于机器视觉的条码尺精确测量技术检测落纱小车在轨道上的位置。该测量方法以条码尺为基准,条码尺由刻度尺和条形码组成。实验中首先在相机初始位置对相机与条码尺进行标定,相机移动过程中实时获取当前对应条码尺图像,计算出当前条码尺坐标,从而计算出相机相对于条码尺的位移。结果表明:该测量方法无累积误差,实现了小车在行走过程中位置的实时监测。相机帧频为30 Hz、物距为15 cm时,输出图像分辨率为640×480像素;小车运行速度小于2 cm/s时,条码尺坐标测量误差小于1 mm;速度在2~6 cm/s之间时,条码尺坐标测量误差为1~2 mm;速度为6~10 cm/s时,条码尺坐标测量误差为2~3.5 mm。该方法能够满足落纱小车低速运行情况下定位精度的要求。