三峡二期上下游围堰

二期横向围堰用以截断长江主河床，迫使长江水流从导流渠宣泄。二期上下游横向土石围堰与纵向混凝土围堰共同形成二期基坑（见图1），为大坝泄洪坝段和左岸厂房坝段及厂房创造干地施工条件。上游横向围堰最大高度82．5m，形成的库容达20f乙m’，实属长江干流上的一座大型土石坝。围堰填筑最大水深达60m，最大档水水头达85m，防渗墙最大高度74m，在国内外围堰工程中均属罕见。上下游横向土石围堰轴线总长达2438m，高60－80m，土石方填筑总量达1060万m’。混凝土防渗墙总面积9．22万m‘，高压旋喷墙0．对万m‘，墙底基岩强透水带灌浆1．门万m…     

景洪水电站二期围堰防渗高压喷射试验综述

景洪电站二期上、下游围堰土石方填筑量共计约111.21×104m3,国内同等规模项目完成的施工时间不少于5个月,因景洪水电站要提前于2005年1月底截流,要求二期上、下游围堰于2005年5月底施工全部完成,要求围堰堰基的高压喷射防渗墙施工从2005年2月初到3月底完成,这表明二期围堰基础防渗墙施工的工期十分紧迫,急需在工地现场进行围堰防渗高压喷射试验,通过试验为后续的正式施工选定各类技术参数。文章详细介绍了试验情况。     

苏丹上阿特巴拉项目二期围堰防渗墙设计优化

由于受现场地质条件约束,二期汛期围堰下的防渗结构设计不能保证主体工程在干地施工;并且为满足合同工期的要求,二期汛期围堰在2013年6月之前的填筑强度高(汛前必须填筑至505 m高程),二期汛期围堰与两道防渗墙施工的干扰大。为了更好的发挥上游防渗墙的挡水防渗效果,将位于二期汛期围堰下的防渗墙优化上移至二期枯水围堰下,并在防渗墙顶部和临时围堰内侧边坡填筑粘土料,与汛期围堰的防渗土料相连形成封闭的防渗体系,为河床芯墙坝主体工程汛期施工创造有利条件。     

石头河土石坝施工填筑质量分析

石头河坝体填筑于1976年6月开始,1982年竣工。共完成土石方填筑835万立方米,其中土料183万立方米,石料614万立方米,反滤料38万立方米。土料场分布于坝址上下游附近1.5公里的鸡坡、温家山、双家山三个料场,总储量约1200万立方米。砂石料场分布于坝址上下游7～8公里     

楼庄子水库坝料设计

为合理设计楼庄子水库填筑料,现场料场勘查及室内试验结果表明:黏土心墙坝心墙土料选择T_1、T_2土料场,压实度采用P≥0.99,土料设计干密度为1.81 g/cm~3,填筑含水量为11.37%～16.75%;3个砂砾料场均可满足坝壳填筑要求,其相对密度均采用0.85,砂砾料的设计干密度分别为2.16 g/cm~3和2.18 g/cm~3。实际施工过程中,心墙黏土料、坝壳砂砾料实际平均干密度均大于设计干密度,实际压实标准满足设计要求。设计和实际施工结果可为同类工程提供参考。     

浅论渠道分期分区土方填筑施工控制要点

南水北调高填方渠堤一期分区填筑,各层土料填筑碾压试验,料场井字形分区分层开挖集料,Ⅱ区与Ⅲ区土料同步填筑上升,渠堤碾压,一期与二期接触面削坡开蹬,二期分区填筑,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区与Ⅲ区土料同步填筑上升,渠堤碾压与边坡修整。     

风化料用作堆石坝防渗体

鲁布革电站堆石坝防渗体原选用下游红土料与风化白云岩的掺合料,由于运距远,土料含水量高,施工难度大且不经济。后取风化料作室内物理力学试验,并经现场29场碾压试验,确定了风化料作高土石坝防渗体的施工工艺流程和主要施工参数。1986年2月用于坝体一部分的高水围堰施工中,用风化料填筑围堰斜墙9.37万m~3,1987年主坝心墙风化料填筑8.09万m~3,填筑高度约34m。     

里底水电站溢洪道改建快速施工

里底电站溢洪道改建期上游、下游分别采用钢叠梁闸和土石围堰挡水,溢洪道改建需在枯水期(12月至翌年5月)完成,施工内容包括下闸截流、下游围堰填筑、基坑排水,混凝土溢流堰体、闸墩,叠梁检修闸、两扇弧形工作闸门及液压启闭机等金属结构安装。施工项目均集中在33m×52m的基坑内,工作面狭小、工期紧是里底水电站溢洪道改建施工的特点和难点,施工工期在国内同类型电站中居首位。     

三峡工程大江截流及二期围堰设计

长江三峡工程施工导流采用“三期导流、明渠通航”方案。二期施工围左岸，进行主河床截流，长江水流从导流明渠宣泄，二期上下游横向土石围堰与纵向混凝土围堰共同形成二期基坑。大江截流采用上游单戗堤立堵方案，大江截流水深６０ｍ，截流流量１４０００ｍ３／ｓ～１９４００ｍ３／ｓ，抛投强度平均达５．２１万ｍ３／ｄ。上游横向围堰最大堰高８２．５ｍ，库容２０亿ｍ３，围堰填筑最大水深６０ｍ，最大挡水水头达８５ｍ，防渗墙最大墙高７４ｍ。上下游横向围堰土石方填筑总量达１０３２．１万ｍ３，混凝土防渗墙总面积８．３４５万ｍ２，要求截流后一个枯水期将围堰填至度汛高程。     

高陡边坡滚落石料用作围堰填筑材料研究与应用

长河坝水电站左右岸边坡开挖与围堰填筑同步进行,由于料场不具备开采条件,围堰填筑石料料源紧缺,根据招标文件和施工实际情况,坝肩高边坡开挖料均需要用于围堰填筑,但150～250 m高边坡开挖翻到河床的石料能否用于围堰填筑使用必须经过试验研究论证。通过长河坝水电站工程围堰填筑石料利用高边坡开挖滚落石料的试验研究和工程应用实例分析,论证了围堰填筑石料可利用高陡边坡开挖滚落石料的可行性及其工程措施与应用特性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.