酶水解木质纤维材料制取可发酵糖研究进展

本文对木质纤维材料的化学组成、结构特点,纤维素酶和半纤维素酶及影响酶水解的关键因素,如产物抑制、酶学特性、木质素的存在、表面活性剂的使用、酶的回收等进行了综述,对高效酶水解制取发酵糖技术的研究进行了展望。     

木质纤维素水解糖制取的研究进展

木质纤维素资源丰富,高效制取可利用的纤维素水解糖是实现其高附加值产品生产的关键,能够促进后续生物基产品的开发和产业化进程。预处理和水解糖化技术将木质纤维素转化为含有单糖的纤维素水解液,利用活性碳和离子交换等方法净化脱毒后的水解液再经浓缩、结晶等步骤最终可获得纤维素水解糖晶体。文章综述了木质纤维素水解糖制取中原料的预处理、水解糖化、净化脱毒和浓缩结晶等关键技术的最新研究进展,并展望了今后的发展趋势。     

纤维素酶水解纤维素还原糖的测定

对不同类菌种在不同培养基中的酶活性进行比较,测定了其底物得糖率,最高达８．５９％,可对纤维素酶的进一步研究提供实验参照。     

纤维素酶水解及同时糖化和乳酸发酵过程的动力学

以玉米芯的稀酸水解残渣（木糖渣）为原料,研究了纤维素酶水解动力学;根据乳酸发酵与纤维素水解具有一致的最佳温度、pH值及厌氧要求的特点,研究了纤维素的同时糖化和乳酸发酵（SSLF）过程,建立了相应的动力学模型．     

纤维素酶水解及同时糖化和乳酸发酵过程的动力学

以玉米芯的稀酸水解残渣（木糖渣）为原料,研究了纤维素酶水解动力学;根据乳酸发酵与纤维素水解具有一致的最佳温度、pH值及厌氧要求的特点,研究了纤维素的同时糖化和乳酸发酵（SSLF）过程,建立了相应的动力学模型．     

工业纤维素酶水解效率的影响因素分析

研究了影响工业纤维素酶Accellerase 1000水解效率的因素,及Accellerase 1000、Spezyme CP和Novozyme 188在不同水解状态下失活情况和葡萄糖对纤维素酶的抑制情况。结果表明反应器类型对水解影响不大,而固含量、酶量、搅拌速率和温度对Accellerase 1000水解效率影响很大。在醋酸缓冲液中,Accellerase 1000的滤纸酶活和纤维二糖酶活失活速率最快;在有木质素存在的醋酸缓冲液中相比各纤维素酶的滤纸酶活失活变慢,但纤维二糖酶失活加快;在滤纸水解过程中,Spezyme CP和Novozyme 188相对较为稳定。葡萄糖对纤维素酶有明显的抑制作用。     

纤维素酶水解纤维素还原糖的测定

对不同类菌种在不同培养基中的酶活性进行比较,测定了其底物得糖率,最高达８．５９％。可对纤维素酶的进一步研究提供实验参照。     

木质纤维生物质同步糖化发酵(SSF)生产乙醇的研究进展

综述了有关木质纤维生物质原料同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的最新研究进展和未来发展方向:同步糖化发酵是一种用于从木质纤维原料生产乙醇的工艺过程,此工艺的优点是酶水解与发酵同时进行,可以减少最终产物对酶水解的抑制作用,并减少投资成本,是最具发展潜力和优势的工艺之一。近年来在优化预处理工艺、降低纤维素酶成本以及己糖戊糖协同发酵等方面的研究都取得了长足的进步,其中以小麦秸秆为原料进行同步糖化发酵所得到的乙醇浓度接近40g/L。     

木糖渣稀酸水解制取还原糖条件的研究

在高温条件下通过对木糖渣稀硫酸水解的研究,探讨了影响水解还原糖产率的因素如固液比、硫酸浓度、时间和温度,得到了水解还原糖的较优条件是固液比为1：15（质量体积比）,硫酸浓度为8%,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为120min。在此条件下,得到还原糖产率为45.6%。证明通过稀酸水解处理木糖渣是一条重要和环境友好型的途径。     

皇竹草稀硫酸预处理研究

研究了中低温稀酸预处理对皇竹草化学组成变化、纤维素酶水解得率与总糖得率的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对皇竹草纤维结构变化进行了分析.结果表明,随着硫酸浓度的增大、温度的升高和时间的延长,半纤维素含量大幅度降低,且预处理后纤维素酶水解得率也逐渐增大.较好的预处理条件为100 g皇竹草原料,在固液比1:5(g:mL)条件下,用质量分数4.0%硫酸在温度110 ℃下,经过8 h预处理后,纤维素保留率为87.48%,半纤维素水解率为93.68%,所得固体渣经纤维素酶水解72 h后得率为86.3%(纤维素酶用量40 FPIU/g,以纤维素质量计),100 g原料可得到总糖量为54.53 g.预处理后皇竹草纤维表面和细胞壁受到破坏,表面积增大,有利于纤维素酶水解作用的进行.     

浓硫酸水解废弃木糖渣的工艺研究

采用单因素试验法探讨浓H2SO4水解木糖渣制还原糖的影响因素。木糖渣在浓H2SO4作用于水浴温度下进行水解,其较佳的工艺条件为:酸固比(质量比)5∶1,浸泡时间2.5 h,浸泡温度35℃,水解酸浓度45%,水解时间60 min,水解温度90℃,还原糖产率为90.1%。得到还原糖产率高于稀酸水解还原糖产率,且条件温和。为木糖渣的再利用提供了一条环保的生产途径。     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover after Pretreatment with Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Although many previous studies have been carried on the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover after pretreatment with dilute sulfuric acid, this paper emphasizes the use of different conditions to attain the highest yields of two sugars, xylose and glucose, from both stages. The pretreatment was performed at a range of sulfuric acid concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 % at 80, 100 and 120 °C. Up to 77 % xylose yield was obtained while the glucose yield was only 8.4 %. The corresponding solid phase was hydrolyzed by cellulase and the influences of five factors and their interactions on enzyme hydrolysis were evaluated by response surface methodology based on one‐factor‐at‐a‐time experiments. The optimal levels for each variable to obtain the highest reducing sugar yield were as follows: enzyme concentration of 22 FPU/g substrate, substrate concentration of 77 g/L, temperature of 49 °C, pH 4.8 and reaction time of 38 h. A reducing sugar yield of 42.11 g/100 g substrate was achieved, which was consistent with the predicted value of 42.13 g/100 g substrate. Compared with the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time experiments, there was a 9.4 % increase in reducing sugar yield when the enzyme concentration was decreased to 3 FPU/g substrate, the substrate concentration increased to 17 g/L and the reaction time dropped to 22 h. The total sugar released from the two stages was 62.81 g/100 g substrate.     

Pretreatment of Rice Hulls for Cellulase Production by Solid Substrate Fermentation

Abstract

Rice hulls via pretreatment served as a solid substrate for cellulase production. Different pretreatment methods, including microwave irradiation, organosolv process catalyzed by acid or alkali were compared. With rice hulls pretreated by microwave irradiation coupled with alkaline pretreatment and rice hulls pretreated with organosolv process catalyzed with acid or alkali, the maxima of filter paper activity (FPA) obtained during the fermentation were 18%, 21%, 31% higher, and maxima of the carboxy‐methyl cellulase (CMCase) were 7.7%, 14%, 16% higher than those obtained with the rice hulls pretreated only with alkali, respectively. The ratios of cellulose degradation were also estimated and they showed similar tendency with the maxima of FPA detected in the fermentation processes.     

稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素的研究

对稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素进行了研究.考察了固液比、稀硫酸质量分数、反应温度、反应时间对半纤维素水解的影响.采用正交实验法,以总还原糖含量为考察指标,对实验结果进行直观和方差分析,探讨稀硫酸催化水解半纤维素的最优反应条件.结果表明,稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素以固液比(质量体积比)1:10、稀硫酸质量分数25%、反应温度95℃、反应3h为最优条件,在此条件下,10g稻草秸秆粉末水解得到总还原糖2.704g,总还原糖收率达94.9%.     

微波辐射对硫酸催化稻草水解的促进作用

研究了微波辐射对硫酸催化稻草水解的促进作用.考察了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、硫酸质量分数及每升硫酸溶液中稻草添加量对还原糖得率的影响.与常规酸水解比较,微波辐射可显著加快水解速率,缩短糖化时间.采用正交试验法对微波辐射下稻草硫酸水解条件进行了优化,最佳条件为:微波功率280 W,辐射时间30 min,硫酸质量分数25%,每升硫酸溶液中稻草添加量30 g,还原糖得率达到26.5%.     

Model for Continual Depolymerization of Biomass Catalyzed by Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Ethanol fuel from biomass is conventionally produced via the hydrolysis of biomass catalyzed by acid. In this paper, it is understood that the degree of polymerization of cellulose is randomly distributed and that the rupture of β‐1,4‐glucosidic bonds during acidic hydrolysis of cellulose is a process of continual depolymerization. From this perception, a model is established for the continual depolymerization of cellulose catalyzed by acid. Meanwhile, analog computation resulted in the activation energy and the reaction rate constant related to the rupture of β‐1,4‐glucosidic bonds. The established model is highly validated by test runs and thus assumed as a model that can be used to describe the depolymerization route taken in acidic hydrolysis of cellulose. The calculated activation energy and rate constant for the rupture of β‐1,4‐glucosidic bonds correspond to the rule of acidic hydrolysis of cellulose. Investigation of the model is of great significance in further studies on the hydrolysis mechanism of cellulose.     

金属离子助催化稀酸水解纤维素工艺的研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,采用正交试验考察了硫酸浓度、Fe2+浓度、反应温度和反应时间等因素对稀酸水解纤维素的还原糖得率的影响,得到了优化的纤维素水解反应工艺组合:反应温度180℃,Fe2+浓度0.0375mol/L,硫酸质量分数1%,反应时间90min。研究了Fe2+、Ni2+、Na+、Mg2+四种金属离子对稀酸水解纤维素制备还原糖的影响,结果表明,金属离子能明显提高稀酸水解纤维素的转化率和还原糖得率,其助催化作用的大小依次为:Fe2+Na+Ni2+Mg2+,Fe2+对稀酸水解小麦秸秆制备还原糖的催化效果最佳,还原糖得率最高可达73.05%,纤维素转化率达到85.79%。     

稀酸催化小麦秸秆分步水解研究

利用农作物秸秆水解产物酿造酒精是发展可再生能源的一条重要途径,促进秸秆组分中半纤维素和纤维素的高效、低成本水解转化是实现这一途径的关键和瓶颈。以小麦秸秆为原料,稀硫酸为催化剂,研究了秸秆组分中半纤维素和纤维素的分步水解工艺,通过正交试验优化了酸浓度、原料固含量、反应时间和反应温度等工艺条件,在优化的分步水解工艺条件下原料转化充分,还原糖得率较高。