Box-Behnken设计优化阳离子交换色谱分离牛初乳中乳铁蛋白的工艺研究

以新鲜牛初乳为原料,对阳离子交换色谱法分离牛初乳中乳铁蛋白的工艺条件进行优化。本试验采用阳离子交换色谱CM-Sepharose fast flow分离牛初乳中的乳铁蛋白,研究了起始缓冲液pH、洗脱速度、洗脱液浓度以及上样速度对乳铁蛋白得率的影响,并通过四因素三水平的响应面分析法优化了阳离子交换色谱法的分离工艺。结果表明,乳铁蛋白最佳分离条件为起始缓冲液pH 7.03,洗脱速度1.01 mL·min~(-1),洗脱液浓度1.01 mol·mL~(-1),上样速度0.82 mL·min~(-1)。在上述条件下,乳铁蛋白的得率为84.43%,与模型高度拟合。此方法操作简单,方便快捷,准确可靠,重现性好。     

乳铁蛋白纯化和检测方法研究进展

乳铁蛋白是一种具有抗微生物活性的铁离子结合糖蛋白,属于转铁蛋白家族的一员,具有调节炎症反应和激活免疫系统等功能,因此乳铁蛋白被广泛应用于医学和食品领域。本综述汇集了乳铁蛋白纯化和检测方法的研究进展,并比较了各方法之间的优缺点。     

串联阴阳离子交换色谱分离牛初乳中乳铁蛋白与IgG

脱脂牛初乳用浓度为6 mol/L的盐酸调节其pH至4.0,以5 000 r/m in离心分离20 m in除去酪蛋白制得乳清,缓慢滴加浓度为1 mol/L的氢氧化钠回调pH至6.8;处理后的乳清经截留相对分子质量为50 000的组分并超滤稀释后,再经过阴阳离子交换串联色谱,乳铁蛋白(Lf)吸附于CM Sepharose Fast F low,免疫球蛋白G(Immunoglobu lin G,IgG)吸附于DEAE Sepharose Fast F low;阳离子交换柱用c(NaC l)=0.27 mol/L、0.85 mol/L的水溶液阶跃洗脱,得到色谱纯度为96.6%的Lf产品,阴离子交换柱用c(NaC l)=17 mmol/L、51 mmol/L的水溶液阶跃洗脱,得到色谱纯度为95%的IgG产品。     

转基因牛乳中重组人乳铁蛋白中试纯化工艺的建立及其活性分析

目的建立转基因牛乳中重组人乳铁蛋白(recombinant human lactoferrin,rh LF)的中试纯化工艺,并分析纯化的rh LF的活性。方法以含rh LF的转基因牛乳为原料,通过陶瓷膜分离技术除菌,一步阳离子交换层析,非离子型去污剂与金属络合剂去除内毒素,以及超滤浓缩脱盐,冷冻干燥制备重组蛋白纯品等步骤纯化rh LF,采用SDSPAGE、凝胶过滤色谱(SEC-HPLC)法和反相色谱(RP-HPLC)法分析rh LF的纯度;ELISA法检测rh LF的含量;鲎试剂法检测rh LF的内毒素含量;圆二色谱技术分析rh LF的二级结构;并检测rh LF的铁结合能力和抑菌活性。结果纯化的rh LF的平均纯度可达96%,内毒素含量小于0.5 EU/mg,整个工艺回收率达75%,且具有与天然人乳铁蛋白(human lactoferrin,h LF)相近的二级结构及正常的铁结合能力和抑菌活性。结论建立的牛乳中rh LF的中试纯化工艺简便高效,适用于rh LF的规模化生产。     

人乳铁蛋白异源表达的研究进展

乳铁蛋白（Lactoferrin,lactotransferrin,简称LF、LTF）是一种天然的、具有免疫功能的糖蛋白,1938年Sorensen M和Sorensen SPL首次从牛乳中分离出牛乳铁蛋白（bovine lactoferrin,简称BLF）;1960年Groves从人乳中首次分离出人乳铁蛋白（human lactoferrin,简称HLF）。由于人乳的来源有限,不可能通过直接提取的方法来生产人乳铁蛋白,所以目前研究较多的是通过基因重组的方法进行异源表达。     

乳铁蛋白介导的肺靶向纳米脂质载体的研究进展

纳米脂质载体属纳米给药体系,是在固体脂质纳米粒基础上发展起来的新型靶向给药系统,以生物相容性好的固态和液态脂质混合作为载体材料,将药物包裹于类脂核中,具有胶体载体如脂质体和纳米乳的优势,可用作抗肿瘤药物的靶向载体,同时,相比而言,纳米脂质载体雾化稳定性更好,在气道中具有良好的耐受性和理想的肺沉积率,适用于雾化吸入给药,该给药方式可使药物直达病灶,雾滴长时间滞留在肿瘤部位,发挥长效作用。为进一步提高药物的生物利用度、增强肺癌靶向性,可用乳铁蛋白对纳米脂质载体进行表面修饰。乳铁蛋白属转铁蛋白家族,正常肺组织中转铁蛋白受体呈阴性或低表达,而在非小细胞肺癌中转铁蛋白的阳性表达率远远高于正常肺组织,存在过度表达现象,可利用乳铁蛋白作为配体修饰纳米脂质载体,通过转铁蛋白介导的方式增加药物在肺癌细胞内的富集,受体介导的内吞可以进一步促进负载药物的纳米脂质载体的细胞摄取。     

SPEC 70 SLS阳离子树脂分离牛乳中乳铁蛋白

建立了乳铁蛋白和乳过氧化物酶的反相液相色谱检测法;并采用SPEC 70 SLS离子交换树脂,研究了一步法分离脱脂牛乳中乳铁蛋白和乳过氧化物酶的工艺条件。高效液相条件:波长220 nm,流速1 mL/min,乙腈体积分数在20 min内从25%增加到75%。SPEC 70 SLS树脂静态吸附条件优化:温度15℃,pH7.0,时间3 h。在此条件下,乳铁蛋白标准品的吸附量(质量比)为22.0 mg/g。乳铁蛋白吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,最大吸附量为21.73 mg/g。在静态脱脂牛乳吸附过程中,乳铁蛋白和乳过氧化物酶的吸附量分别为7.64,6.89 mg/g,优于CM Sepharose FF和SP Sepharose FF。     

重组人溶菌酶的分离纯化及鉴定

目的建立重组人溶菌酶(human lysozyme,h LYZ)的分离纯化方法,并对纯化产物进行鉴定。方法采用固液分离、膜过滤、疏水层析及离子交换层析对hLYZ进行分离纯化;SDS-PAGE及HPLC法检测hLYZ纯度;按《中国药典》二部(2015版)蛋清溶菌酶效价检查法检测其效价;Western blot法检测其特异性;基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)测定其相对分子质量。结果该分离方法可获得单一组分的重组hLYZ;SDS-PAGE检测纯度达99%,HPLC分析纯度达98. 8%;纯化后的hLYZ可与抗人LYZ抗体特异性结合,活性为1. 2×105 U/mg,相对分子质量为14 697。结论建立的分离纯化方法易操作,成本低,得到的hLYZ纯度大于98%,该分离方法可用于hLYZ的规模化生产。     

pH和盐浓度影响磺酸基团吸附乳铁蛋白的机理

磺酸基团是用来分离乳铁蛋白普遍被认可的配基,因此含有磺酸基团的层析剂是被用得最广泛的分离介质。通过对三种接有磺酸基团的层析介质,在不同pH和盐浓度时的静态吸附研究,得到了吸附的基本规律：随着pH或盐浓度的增大,吸附容量降低。利用分子模拟技术,比较了乳铁蛋白分子表面电势在不同条件时的变化,推测pH影响吸附的机理在于改变了蛋白表面氨基酸残基的质子化状态和分子表面电势,而盐浓度主要是屏蔽了蛋白和配基之间的相互作用,改变蛋白分子表面整体电势强弱,对电势分布没有明显影响。通过计算蛋白和配基之间的结合能,量化不同条件下的吸附能力,表征pH和盐浓度的影响。     

Ionic Liquid-Based Three Phase Partitioning (ILTPP) for Lactoferrin Recovery

A novel technique called ionic liquid-based three phase partitioning (ILTPP) that combines the interesting properties of ionic liquids as extracting solvents and the advantages of interfacial partitioning for protein recovery is presented in this work. The ternary system BmimBF₄/NaH₂PO₄/H₂O is used to accumulate lactoferrin (a bovine whey with important nutraceutical properties) at the liquid-liquid interface. Between 74% and 99% of the lactoferrin is recovered at the interface, depending on the temperature, the ionic liquid content, and, especially, the salt concentration. Consequently, ILTPP can be seen as a promising technique that may overcome the drawbacks of conventional techniques to recover lactoferrin.     

Immunomodulatory Effect of Human Lactoferrin on Toll-like Receptors 2 Expression as Therapeutic Approach for Keratoconus

Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal disorder whose etiology shares a close relationship with Lactoferrin (LTF) dysregulation and Toll-like Receptors 2 (TLR2) overexpression. This study shows how these two important biomarkers are clinically and molecularly interrelated, increasing knowledge about KC pathophysiology, and opening the door to future therapies. In this prospective clinical study, serum and tear LTF concentrations were quantified in 90 KC patients and 60 controls. A correlation analysis with multiple blood and tear immunoinflammatory mediators, and KC-associated tomographic parameters, was performed. An in vitro study using HEK-Blue^TMhTLR2 cell cultures was also conducted to determine the expression and functionality of TLR2 under the influence of LTF treatment. As a result, a LTF decreased was observed in KC patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001), evidencing the strong correlation with TLR2 overexpression at systemic and ocular surface level, with inflammatory mediator upregulation and with KC severity. In stimulated cell cultures, TLR2 expression was decreased using 2 mg/mL of LTF. The levels of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were also reduced in supernatants after LTF treatment. As conclusions, the dysregulation of LTF and TLR2 in the ocular surface of KC patients contributes to KC severity by maintaining a detrimental chronic immune–inflammatory state. The immunomodulatory properties of LTF on TLR2 expression suggest its potential as a therapeutic approach for KC.     

牛乳铁蛋白十肽的基因改造、克隆及表达

目的克隆并表达牛乳铁蛋白十肽及其突变体M1和M2基因。方法参照大肠杆菌偏爱密码子,分别针对牛乳铁蛋白十肽及其突变体M1和M2基因,设计并合成两个具有相同黏性末端的DNA片段,同时在其基因前后分别加上天冬酰胺和甘氨酸的密码子,构成羟胺裂解位点,通过连接获得其二拷贝基因同向串联体。分别将该串联体克隆至载体pUC18上,经双酶切、PCR及测序鉴定后,构建重组表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。表达产物纯化后,用凝血酶切割及羟胺裂解。结果获得了牛乳铁蛋白十肽及其突变体M1和M2二拷贝基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达出相对分子质量约29000的目的蛋白条带,纯化后的蛋白经凝血酶切割后,相对分子质量约29000的目的蛋白条带消失。结论已成功克隆并表达了牛乳铁蛋白十肽及其突变体M1和M2基因,为基因工程抗真菌肽的制备奠定了基础。     

Lactoferrin Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice through Reducing Dendritic-Cell-Derived Th2 Cell Responses

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with symptoms such as expiratory airflow narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Millions of people suffer from asthma and are at risk of life-threatening conditions. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein with multiple physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumoral activities. LF has been shown to function in immunoregulatory activities in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of LF in AHR and the functions of dendritic cells (DCs) and Th2-related responses in asthma. Twenty 8-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided into normal control (NC), ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized, and OVA-sensitized with low dose of LF (100 mg/kg) or high dose of LF (300 mg/kg) treatment groups. The mice were challenged by intranasal instillation with 5% OVA on the 21st to 27th day after the start of the sensitization period. The AHR, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and pulmonary histology of each mouse were measured. Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 and OVA-specific splenocyte responses were further detected. The results showed that LF exhibited protective effects in ameliorating AHR, as well as lung inflammation and damage, in reducing the expression of Th2 cytokines and the secretion of allergen-specific antibodies, in influencing the functions of DCs, and in decreasing the level of Th2 immune responses in a BALB/c mouse model of OVA-induced allergic asthma. Importantly, we demonstrated that LF has practical application in reducing DC-induced Th2 cell responses in asthma. In conclusion, LF exhibits anti-inflammation and immunoregulation activities in OVA-induced allergic asthma. These results suggest that LF may act as a supplement to prevent asthma-induced lung injury and provide an additional agent for reducing asthma severity.     

Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Activity of the Human Breast Milk Glycoprotein Lactoferrin against Group B Streptococcus

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an encapsulated Gram-positive human pathogen that causes invasive infections in pregnant hosts and neonates, as well as immunocompromised individuals. Colonization of the human host requires the ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces and circumnavigate the nutritional challenges and antimicrobial defenses associated with the innate immune response. Biofilm formation is a critical process to facilitate GBS survival and establishment of a replicative niche in the vertebrate host. Previous work has shown that the host responds to GBS infection by producing the innate antimicrobial glycoprotein lactoferrin, which has been implicated in repressing bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, lactoferrin is highly abundant in human breast milk and could serve a protective role against invasive microbial pathogens. This study demonstrates that human breast milk lactoferrin has antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against GBS and inhibits its adherence to human gestational membranes. Together, these results indicate that human milk lactoferrin could be used as a prebiotic chemotherapeutic strategy to limit the impact of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on GBS-associated disease outcomes.     

Lactoferrin Deficiency Impairs Proliferation of Satellite Cells via Downregulating the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

Lactoferrin (Ltf), a naturally active glycoprotein, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Many published studies have indicated that Ltf modulates the proliferation of stem cells. However, the role of Ltf in the proliferation of satellite cells, an important cell type in muscle regeneration, has not yet been reported. Here, by using Ltf systemic knockout mice, we illustrate the role of Ltf in skeletal muscle. Results shows that Ltf deficiency impaired proliferation of satellite cells (SCs) and the regenerative capability of skeletal muscle. Mechanistic studies showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly downregulated after Ltf deletion in SCs. Simultaneously, the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin D and CDK4 were significantly downregulated. Intervention with exogenous recombinant lactoferrin (R-Ltf) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL promoted proliferation of SCs. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of Ltf effectively ameliorated the skeletal muscle of mice injured by 1.2% BaCl₂ solution. Our results suggest a protective effect of Ltf in the repair of skeletal muscle damage. Ltf holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle injuries.