海南桉叶浸提物的抗菌及降解双酚A研究

研究了海南桉叶浸提物的抗菌特性.发现采用乙醇浸提可以得到较高的收率及较好的抗菌效果,乙醇浸提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的青霉素效价约为670 U·mL-1.桉叶的甲醇和乙醇浸提物对双酚A具有极强的降解能力.     

金银花叶的抑菌活性和抗氧化性研究

本文采用滤纸片法和D值计算法研究了金银花叶中天然抗菌物质的体外抑菌活性,采用分光光度法测定了其抗羟自由基的氧化活性.抑菌实验结果表明,金银花叶的乙醇提取物抗菌谱较广;乙醇提取物水溶液的乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌效果最为显著;测得其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.38%和0.50%.抗氧化实验结果表明,金银花叶乙醇提取物具有一定的抗羟自由基氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯萃取物在1 mg/mL的低浓度下就显示出了较好的效果.     

金银花叶的抑菌活性和抗氧化性研究

采用滤纸片法和D值计算法研究了金银花叶中天然抗菌物质的体外抑菌活性,采用分光光度法测定了其抗羟自由基的氧化活性。抑菌实验结果表明,金银花叶的乙醇提取物抗菌谱较广;乙醇提取物水溶液的乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌效果最为显著,测得其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0．38％和0．50％。抗氧化实验结果表明,金银花叶乙醇提取物具有一定的抗羟自由基氧化活性,其乙酸乙酯萃取物在1mg／mL的低浓度下就显示出了较好的效果。     

芒果叶总皂苷提取工艺的优化研究

以乙醇为浸提剂,在超声波作用下系统考察了乙醇浓度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提温度对芒果叶皂苷浸提率的影响.芒果叶总皂苷的最优提取工艺为:浸提温度70 ℃,乙醇浓度75%,料液比1:30,浸提时间35 min,超声波功率100 MHz.     

樟树和黄花蒿浸提物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性

研究了樟树和黄花蒿的乙醇、氯仿、石油醚浸提物对菜粉蝶幼虫的拒食作用、触杀作用。结果表明黄花蒿乙醇浸提物和樟树石油醚浸提物的活性较好,48 h拒食率分别为72.11%、57.86%;干物质触杀作用的LC50分别为1.232 g/L、1.275 g/L。     

桃叶中黄酮的提取及测定研究

探讨了桃树叶中黄酮的提取方法,研究了溶剂浸提温度、时间、固液比、乙醇浓度,超声波或微波辅助等对桃叶中黄酮提取效果的影响。研究结果表明:溶剂浸提中,影响因素依次为:料液比乙醇浓度浸提温度水浴时间;超声波辅助提取中则为乙醇浓度料液比浸提温度超声时间;微波提取中则又为微波时间微波功率料液比乙醇浓度。用70%乙醇作为浸提溶剂,料液比1∶25,温度控制在30℃,1次浸提40 min,桃叶黄酮提取率1.81%;采用超声波辅助提取,料液比为1∶30,浸提温度控制在50℃,提取30 min,用70%乙醇提取桃叶黄酮,提取率最高达3.98%;使用微波辅助提取时,料液比1∶30,微波功率控制在200 W,用60%乙醇提取30 s,则黄酮提取率3.92%。由此可见,纯粹用溶剂提取,提取率较低,不到2%,采用超声波或微波辅助提取,可达近4.0%。     

银杏叶、乌饭树叶和桑叶提取物的抗氧化性比较

用70乙醇和水分别浸提银杏叶、乌饭树叶和桑叶中的粗黄酮,测定提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力。结果表明,醇提物和水提物的DPPH自由基清除能力均随料液比的提高而增大。醇提物的DPPH自由基清除能力大小依次为:银杏叶乌饭树叶桑叶,水提物的DPPH自由基清除能力大小依次为:乌饭树叶桑叶银杏叶。     

卷心菜叶中绿原酸微波辅助提取工艺的研究

以卷心菜叶为原料,研究微波法辅助提取卷心菜叶中绿原酸的工艺。以绿原酸的提取率为考查指标,考查乙醇浓度、料液比、微波温度、微波时间、微波功率、浸提温度、浸提时间、pH等因素对卷心菜叶中绿原酸提取率的影响。     

南瓜叶黄酮类化合物提取条件的优化

以乙醇浓度、浸提时间、固液比以及浸提温度等条件对南瓜叶总黄酮的提取进行正交设计试验,并以芦丁为标准品,用分光光度法在506nm处测定各提取液的总黄酮含量。结果表明,乙醇提取法的最佳工艺条件是：乙醇体积分数80％,提取时间3h,固液比1g：30mL,提取温度70＂（2,此时南瓜叶总黄酮的平均含量为2．89％。研究结果可为利用南瓜叶工业化生产黄酮类药用成分提供科学依据。     

桉树制化学机械浆适应性研究

本文对７年生尾叶桉和雷林壹号桉的材性、化学组分及制碱性亚钠化学机械浆适应性进行了初步研究。除雷林壹号桉抽出物较高外．两个树种材性特征较为接近，属硬质中密度材种，尾叶桉制化学机械浆质量优于雷林壹号桉。两者经合适的工艺制浆，可以用来生产本色和漂白化学机械浆，作为定向培育纸浆材要求两者比较，种植尾叶桉更为经济合理。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.