基于三光斑的激光束离焦量实时检测方法

为了提高强激光系统中输出光束的光束质量,提出了一种利用三光斑来探测离焦的方法,该方法能够在探测器上横向探测光束轴向上三处位置的光斑尺寸,通过三光斑间的尺寸关系可计算出光束的离焦量,进而根据离焦量进行闭环校正。实验中通过调节整形系统对光束的离焦量进行离焦补偿,使得光束离焦量从（4.90.2） mm校正至（0.30.1） mm。实验结果表明,该方法结构简单,能够测量各种因素引起的强激光的发散会聚度,给出了离焦补偿的可靠判据,为解决强激光热效应造成的光束发散提供了一种新方法。     

Multibeam Selection for Indoor MIMO Systems: Two Cases of Study

The performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems using beam selection is investigated in this paper. Based on the results of a channel sounding campaign carried out at the University of Manitoba for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios, it was possible to contrast the results of transmitter, receiver and joint beam selection in rich scattering environments. The channel was characterized in the 1-2.4 GHz frequency band with a multipath delay resolution better than 5.8 ns. The beam selection was performed by exhaustive search method. The results led us to important conclusions regarding the beam selection procedure and its potential to improve the indoor channel capacity. In LOS, the single input single output (SISO) system that favours the maximum power direction of arrival (DOA) maximizes the capacity. Capacity improvements are observed by increasing the number of receiver beams (RBs) only at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for omnidirectional transmission. The best performance in transmitter beam selection in LOS is observed by increasing the number of transmitter beams (TBs) for high SNRs. In the case of NLOS, the capacity performance is improved when more than a single beam is used in either, transmitter or receiver side. The joint transmitter-receiver beam selection exhibits best capacity performance only for large SNRs in LOS while the SISO systems outperforms any joint beam selection alternative for low SNRs. In contrast, in NLOS environments, the use of joint beam selection shows a constant capacity performance improvement starting from lower SNR than in the LOS case     

Electron beam induced carbon deposition using hydrocarbon contamination for XTEM analysis

The optimal parameters of electron beam induced carbon deposition (EBICD) using hydrocarbon contamination were studied as a function of electron beam energy and scanning time to avoid the mixing or damage layer formation at the interface of the electron beam assisted Pt protection layer and the sample surface by dual beam focused ion beam (DB FIB) for cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) analysis. The optimal condition of EBICD was determined. The thickness of EBICD layer increases with electron beam scanning time and amount of hydrocarbon contamination on the sample surface. EBICD using hydrocarbon contamination successfully provides a carbon protection layer for XTEM analysis.     

缩短RFMEMS开关释放时间的上悬梁方法

针对RF MEMS开关释放时间过长的问题,提出了在开关梁上设计一个上悬梁的方法,以增大开关梁所受压膜阻尼,抑制开关梁在平衡位置附近的振动,从而缩短RF MEMS开关的释放时间。给出了这种方法的相关理论、等效模型及仿真结果。通过ANSYS仿真雷声梁在设置上悬梁前后的动态特性:对于4μm高的梁,释放时间由设置上悬梁前的103μs(0.5μm厚),176μs(0.8μm厚)和232.5μs(1.1μm厚)分别下降为53.3,89和123.4μs;对于3μm高0.5μm厚的梁,释放时间由43.3μs下降为22μs。仿真结果均表明:在标准大气压下,当雷声梁高度为上悬梁高度的一半时,加入上悬梁后雷声梁的释放时间约为原来的1/2,即开关速度约为原来的2倍。     

Shallow angle beam combining using a broad-band XeF laser

Experiments in which two xenon fluoride laser pump beams (353 nm) were crossed at an angle of 2.5 mrad in a 565-cm-long Raman amplifier containing high-pressure (10-atm) hydrogen are described. Bisecting the angle made by these two pump beams was a seed beam at the vibrational Stokes shifted wavelength of 414 nm. This seed beam was generated from a portion of the pump beam that was split off and brought to focus in a separate Raman seed generator. All three beam paths were adjusted so they arrived in the main Raman amplifier at the same time. For the 1.4-Å (FWHM) xenon fluoride pump radiation this required path offset precision to within 0.2 mm over many meters of optical path. The beam quality of the resulting amplified Stokes beam was determined through shearing interferometry techniques to be near the diffraction limit, whereas the pump beams had significant optical distortion     

高斯光束对全息光学元件的加热效应

从理论上讨论了高斯光束对全息光学元件的加热效应。用格林函数法计算了高斯光束照射全息元件所引起的温升。分析了各种参数对温升的影响。并给出了激光加热重铬酸盐明胶全息光学元件的实验结果。     

光谱合成激光阵列指向偏差的光束特性分析

保持良好光束质量的输出对实际光谱合成系统的构建至关重要。从理论上研究光纤激光阵列指向偏差对合成系统光束特性的影响,修正了带有指向偏转角激光队列的入射光场,结合光谱合成的光传输模型和统计学分析,讨论了合成激光光束质量随均匀分布随机扰动的变化规律。仿真结果表明,指向偏差对合成系统的输出特性影响显著,当激光队列的最大偏转角仅为0.05时,合成系统的光束质量就会退化到（6.491.73）。为实现合成光束亮度的定标放大,逐步扩展激光队列的阵列规模,合成系统光束质量的变化会逐渐趋于稳定,以变化稳定时的阵列规模（30路子光束）作为参考,拟合M2因子随最大指向偏转角的变化趋势。     

Beam transmission in electron guns having a single-apertured control grid

The ratio of target current to cathode current (beam transmission) has been studied for a number of vidicons and scan converters. These are high-resolution electron tubes that characteristically have a control grid with a single aperture. The results, as anticipated, show that beam transmission is affected much more than total cathode emission by tube aging processes. The transmission was determined by direct beam current measurement and the cathode condition recorded by the cathode imaging technique. Because of the centralized area in which the loss of emission occurred, beam transmission was reduced much more than total cathode current. In vidicons, the decreasing beam transmission was correlated with increasing residual signal after erasure and with saturation of the gamma transfer characteristics at lower light levels. In practice, beam current rather than cathode current, should be monitored.     

大气湍流信道中OAM光束与高斯光束传输性能的实验研究

通过实验研究了大气湍流信道下中轨道角动量（OAM）光束与高斯光束的传输性能,并将两种光束的传输性能进行对比。实验以加载调制信号的OAM光束以及高斯光束为传输载波,分别测量了在大气湍流信道下两种光束的光束展宽、指向偏差、功率抖动以及误码率。实验结果表明:在大气湍流信道中传输后,OAM光束相比高斯光束,光束展宽减少10.5%,功率抖动的方差下降0.13,指向偏差的散布圆直径减小30.4%,并且光束中心更集中于接收面中心;OAM光束载波系统的最低探测灵敏度达到?28.97 dBm,相比高斯光束提升2.5 dB。实验结果证明了在大气湍流信道传输中,OAM光束比高斯光束受到湍流的影响更小,并且随着湍流强度的增加,OAM光束恶化程度远小于高斯光束。实验的结论为大气湍流信道下自由空间激光通信的发展和应用提供了参考。     

波前分割DOE阵列半导体激光器光束的品字形整形

半导体激光器（LD）输出光束受工作电流、个体差异的影响,发散角、输出光强出现波动。常规衍射光学元件（DOE）的激光光束整形设计只针对特定的输入输出光场,使用宽容度比较小。文中在LD 的整形中利用DOE 阵列化的处理,输入光场被分割成许多小单元,不同强度的光重新在成像平面内预定的区域内叠加,实现对光束的整形。用均匀平面波设计阵列DOE 每个单元,把高斯分布的球面波整形成品字形光强分布,衍射效率为90.53%,均匀性大约为96%;发散角在快、慢轴方向上2~16的范围内变化,均匀性为95.8%以上、衍射效率为90%以上;在离焦量16 m 内,光束质量变化不大。阵列DOE 提高了LD 光束整形系统的稳定性。     

A Novel Wideband Subarray Technique for Shaped Pattern Generation and Adaptively Interference Rejection

In this article, a simple and efficient technique for the wideband shaped beam and sector beam pattern generation with their adaptive interference rejection is proposed. A microcontroller controlled and time delay based beam forming network for simultaneously generating multiple beams, shaped beam and sector beam is conceptualized. The antenna patterns considered here is formed by linear array of isotropic elements grouped as subarray. The shaped and sector beam synthesis procedure is practically simplified by simultaneous adding the constituents beams from the subarrays, was theoretically established by Woodward and Lawson (Proc. IEE. 95(1):362–370, 1948). Apart from the shaped beam generation a technique for adaptive interference rejection in shaped patterns using combination of time delay and phase shifter is discussed. This topic promises good prospect for wideband pattern generation and interference rejection.     

面阵CCD激光束参量测量系统及其实验研究

采用面阵CCD探测器测量连续和脉冲激光器空间光束的技术，研制了一套高精度激光参量测量系统。测量了激光二极管连续抽运输出波长为1064nm的固体模式发生器产生的不同阶次厄米-高斯光束和脉宽10ns调Q灯抽运固体激光器的光束参量，分析对比了模式发生器输出光束的理论值和实验测量结果，证明了该系统测量精度优于5％，讨论了测量系统中各种因素对光束参量测量结果的影响。     

飞秒激光诱发的医用质子束特性的实验研究

为了探索飞秒脉冲激光与固体靶相互作用中医用质子束特性,在超短超强激光装置"SILEX-I"上进行了医用高能质子束特性实验研究.实验利用HD810辐射变色膜片(RCF)、CR39核径迹探测器和Thomson离子谱仪分别在固体靶背表面法线方向测量了质子束的空间分布、束密度、产额和能谱.实验结果表明:质子束沿着靶背法线方向发...     

基于APD阵列的闪光雷达光学系统设计

基于雪崩光电二极管(APD)阵列的闪光雷达是一种非扫描3D成像激光雷达,为实现APD阵列非扫描成像,设计了一套正交光栅衍射分光光学系统。利用伽利略望远镜对532nm脉冲激光进行准直扩束;针对APD阵列的特点,使用二维正交光栅和聚焦透镜对扩束光进行衍射分光,光斑经发射-接收分光镜和发射透镜后照明APD像元的瞬时视场;利用发射-接收分光镜使发射光路与接收光路分开。使用ZEMAX软件对准直扩束和衍射分光部分进行了仿真,并对发射和接收透镜进行了理论分析和计算。设计的光学系统符合32×32像元APD阵列成像的要求。     

微纳光纤改善光束质量的研究

采用时域有限差分法(FDTD),在微米量级下,模拟了微纳光纤对于光束质量的改善情况。实验中所使用的微纳光纤是采用火焰熔融拉锥法,将单模光纤熔融拉锥制成的,并采用CCD测量光束质量因子M2,对比测量了光束通过普通单模光纤和熔锥微纳光纤的光束质量。实验结果显示,与普通单模光纤相比,熔锥微纳光纤可以改善光束质量。实验与FDTD模拟计算得到的结果相一致。     

Experimental Verification of Phase Retrieval of Quasi-Optical Millimeter-Wave Beams

The accuracy of a phase-retrieval procedure for microwave beams was analyzed and verified using an 84-GHz quasi-optical beam transmitted by a corrugated waveguide. The output intensity and phase profiles of the beam were directly measured with a microwave receiver. The beam intensity was also measured at several planes and the data were used with a phase-retrieval algorithm to yield an independent estimate of the phase. Moment and matching coefficient methods were used to analyze the retrieved profiles. In the higher order moment analysis, the intensity profiles, which were calculated from the retrieved phase profiles, coincided well with the measured profiles in terms of the beam size, asymmetric property (skewness), and flatness/peakedness (kurtosis) over the entire profile. Analysis indicated that the mode content of the beam obtained by phase retrieval matched that of the direct measurement with a matching coefficient of 0.97 using both the intensity and phase profiles     

泵浦光椭圆度对铷原子极化率的影响

在核磁共振陀螺系统中,需要用圆偏振光来泵浦碱金属（例如铷）原子,使其产生极化。然而实际应用中的泵浦光不是理想的圆偏振光,为了研究泵浦光椭圆度与铷原子极化率的变化关系,推算了泵浦光经过四分之一波片后的表达式,并由此得出泵浦光照射铷原子气室前的椭圆度,建立了数值仿真模型,研究了椭圆度对铷原子极化率的影响。同时通过实验得到了铷原子极化率与椭圆度的关系曲线。仿真和实验结果表明,泵浦光椭圆度越大,铷原子极化率越大,随着椭圆度的进一步增大,铷原子极化率增速变慢逐渐饱和;此外,相同的椭圆度下,铷原子极化率随着泵浦光功率的增大而增大。     

大气湍流下轨道角动量复用态串扰分析

以加载QPSK调制信号的轨道角动量（OAM）光束为传输载波,以多个相位屏模拟大气湍流,研究不同大气湍流强度下OAM复用态的串扰情况。通过对复用光束光强和相位研究,得出在OAM复用态光强受到湍流影响时会发生明显的闪烁现象,光功率分散,相位发生旋转弯曲,且湍流强度越大,受到的影响越大。选用螺旋谱分析不同湍流强度下各OAM复用态之间的弥散程度,当大气湍流强度增加时,OAM态之间的弥散程度增加,且较强湍流会导致OAM复用态失真。同时,考虑OAM复用态之间的模式串扰以及每路携带信息的OAM态因大气信道引起的混合噪声而造成的码间干扰,对比研究了不同大气湍流强度下系统误码率随传输距离的变化,结果表明:系统误码率随传输距离的增长而增大,强湍流之下光束误码率会随着传输距离增长到一定程度后趋于平稳,弱湍流之下光束误码率会随着传输距离的增长而增大。     

偏振部分相干激光在大气传输中的退偏特性

基于广义Huygens-Fresnel原理,利用Collins公式,讨论了偏振部分相干激光波束在湍流大气中传输的交叉谱密度函数,推导出经过偏振后的高斯-谢尔模型光束(GSM)在外场不同距离水平传输时波束偏振度的解析表达式。对偏振激光在大气湍流中传输时光束的退偏变化进行数值仿真,得到相同传输距离下,不同的偏振角和初始束腰宽度对光束偏振度的影响;同时分析了不同波长激光的退偏现象以及相同的偏振角度下,不同的初始束腰宽度对波束偏振度的影响。研究结果表明,不同的偏振角对波束的退偏不产生影响;波长越大,波束在大气湍流中传输出现退偏的现象越迟缓;初始束腰越大,大气湍流对波束的退偏影响越快。由此得出:偏振部分相干激光波束比部分相干激光波束在大气湍流中传输的退偏变化更具有规律性和稳定性,退偏现象表现得更加持久,并且初始束腰宽度的变化对偏振部分相干激光偏振度产生影响,但对部分相干波束偏振度的变化几乎不产生任何影响。     

离轴高阶椭圆高斯光束

采用张量方法定义了离轴高阶椭圆高斯光束(DHEGB),通过矢量积分导出了DHEGB经过非轴对称光学系统的传输公式,其在零阶情况下可退化为离轴椭圆高斯光束的传输形式。数值计算和分析了DHEGB在自由空间中的传输特性,进一步研究了以离轴高阶椭圆高斯光束为基模构成的一般激光光束列阵的特性。研究结果表明,DHEGB光斑随着传输距离发生了旋转,传输特性与离轴参数有密切关系。