The effect of the redox-potential on the retention of phosphorus in a small constructed wetland.

Building wetlands in small arable streams is a popular supplement to best management practice on arable fields. Particle bound phosphorus settles in the small constructed wetlands (CWs), receiving agricultural diffuse pollution. The sorption behavior of phosphorus is, however, redox-sensitive, and bound phosphorus may be remobilized in periods with low redox potential. This paper investigates changes in the redox potential in the free water of wetland Berg (Norway) during a three-year period, and how these redox changes affect the total phosphorus (TP) and total reactive phosphorus (TRP) retention. Despite eutrophic conditions in the wetland, the redox potential was never negative, and usually higher than 400 mV, indicating aerobic conditions. The relative retention was 440% and 43% for TP and TRP, respectively. The specific retention was 100 g TP and 43 g TRPm(-2) yr(-1). Loss of phosphorus was only observed during less than 19% of the total period of time. The net loss was less than 5% of the specific retention. The high positive redox potential probably conserves the redox-sensitive phosphorus in the wetland sediment as long as water fows through the CW.     

Integrated faecal sludge treatment and recycling through constructed wetlands and sunflower plant irrigation.

Faecal sludge (FS) from the on-site sanitation systems is a nutrient-rich source but can contain high concentrations of toxic metals and chemicals and infectious micro-organisms. The study employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of 5 x 5 x 0.65 m (width x length x media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/m(2).yr and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80-96%. A solid layer of about 80 cm was found accumulated on the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of 4.5 x 4.5 m (width x length). In the study, tap water was mixed with 20%, 80% and 100% of the CW percolate at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day. Based on a 1-year data in which 3 crops of plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increase in CW percolate ratios. In a plot with 100% of CW percolate irrigation, the maximum Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations of 5.0, 12.3 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively, were detected in the percolate-fed soil, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower were detected. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate.     

潘家口水库氮与磷营养盐的时空变化及滞留效应分析

潘家口水库是华北地区的重要水源,对保障区域供水安全发挥着重要作用。本文以该水库为研究对象,分析了建库以来水库氮、磷营养盐的时空变化特征、滞留效应。结果表明：建库以来水库TP浓度呈上升趋势,最高达到0.37 mg/L;库区TN、硝酸盐的浓度较高,年际变化小,近15年平均浓度分别为4.4 mg/L、3.5 mg/L,氨氮浓度基本低于0.5 mg/L。库区氮、磷以滞留为主,其浓度主要受来水影响;磷的滞留效率呈下降趋势,近5年滞留效率为-6%;氨氮滞留效率一直较高,近5年滞留效率为72%;硝酸盐滞留效率呈增加趋势,近5年滞留效率为20%,硝酸盐和磷的滞留效应呈显著的负相关关系。结合垂向水质监测的分析表明,近年来库底存在内源污染的显著释放和反硝化脱氮。潘家口水库库底沉积物污染严重,内源污染将是未来水库水质恶化的潜在风险。为了保证水库的供水水质,抑制库区内源污染的释放,建议水库尽量保持高水位运行。     

Upgrading constructed wetlands phosphorus reduction from a dairy effluent using electric arc furnace steel slag filters.

In 2003, a subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF-CW) system was built at the University of Vermont (UVM) Paul Miller Dairy Farm as an alternative nutrient management approach for treating barnyard runoff and milk parlour waste. Given the increasing problem of phosphorus (P) pollution in the Lake Champlain region, a slag based P-removal filter technology (PFT) was established (2004) at the CW with two objectives: (i) to test the filters' efficiency as an upgrade unit for improving P removal performance via SSF-CW (ii) to investigate the capacity of filters technology to remove P as a "stand alone" unit. Six individual filters (F1-F6) were filled with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag, each containing 112.5 kg of material with a pore volume of 21 L. F1-F4, fed with CW treated water, received approximately 2.17 g DRP kg(-1) EAF steel slag (0.25 kg DRP total) during the 259 day feeding period. F1-F4 retained 1.7 g DRP kg(-1) EAF steel slag, resulting in an average P removal efficiency of 75%. The addition of filters improved CW DRP removal efficiency by 74%. F5 and F6, fed non-treated water, received 1.9 g DRP kg(-1) EAF steel slag (0.22 kg DRP in total) and retained 1.5 g DRP kg(-1) resulting in a P removal efficiency of 72%. The establishment of the EAF slag based PFT is the first in-field evaluation of this technology to reduce P from dairy farm effluent in Vermont.     

红枫湖水库底质污染物富集现状分析

通过测定红枫湖水库底质样品中有机碳、总氮、总磷、氨态氮、有机氮和亚铁的含量,对红枫湖水库底质与湖泊富营养化的关系进行了评价分析。结果表明:有机质质量比平均值为38.43 g/kg,含量丰富;总磷质量分数平均值为0.140%,含量高且在湖中各点差异明显;湖泊底质氮质量分数为0.574%,总体偏高;总有机碳和总氮的相关系数r1=0.219(p0.05),相关性不显著,有机碳与总磷的相关系数r2=0.809(p0.01),具有显著相关性;底质有机指数较高;底质中碳氮比值表明其中的有机质主要来源于藻类等浮游生物,总氮和总磷主要来源于外源污染物的排入。     

长荡湖表层沉积物中营养盐空间分布与污染特征

通过对长荡湖不同湖区表层沉积物中营养盐及含水率的测定,结合统计分析手段,探讨其空间分布与污染特征。结果表明:长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP的质量比、TOC含量及含水率变化范围分别为3.47~10.80 g/kg、0.57~1.83 g/kg、0.66%~4.21%和41.71%~75.78%,其均值分别为6.86 g/kg、1.19 g/kg、1.73%和60.48%,且均呈湖周高、湖心低的空间分布特征;TN、TP和含水率之间呈显著线性相关,TOC与TN、TP和含水率之间无显著相关性;长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP及TOC富集系数分别在0.7~2.0、0.6~2.0和0.4~2.5内变化,其平均值分别为1.3、1.3、1.0;污染指数分别在6.3~19.6、1.0~3.1和0.7~4.2内变化,其平均值分别为12.5、2.0和1.7;长荡湖表层沉积物的氮素水平处于重度污染状态,且磷、有机碳均已受到一定程度的污染。     

升钟湖夏季水和沉积物中磷形态分布特征

为探究升钟湖水和沉积物中磷污染情况,于2019年8月(夏季),采集了升钟湖湖区15个样点的水样和沉积物样品,测定了升钟湖表层水、间隙水及沉积物的磷形态,并分析各种形态磷之间的相关性。结果表明:①升钟湖表层水总磷含量介于0.033～0.085 mg/L,各形态的磷含量由高到低依次为DTP(61.93%)、DOP(40.00%)、PP(38.07%)和DIP(21.93%);②间隙水的总磷含量介于3.49～7.57 mg/L,是水体磷的“源”,正磷酸盐仅占总磷的1.9%;③沉积物总磷含量介于299.04～1 138.69 mg/kg,Psenner法连续分级提取出表层沉积物共有5种形态的磷,各形态磷含量由高到低依次为残渣磷(Res-P:44.78%)、金属氧化物结合态磷+有机碎屑腐殖酸磷(NaOH-P:22.92%)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P:14.82%)、可还原态磷(BD-P:13.39%)和弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P:4.09%),各形态磷含量均表现一定的空间分布差异,其中,总磷含量整体为西北部高于东南部;④相关性分析结果显示,沉积物中磷的释放主要通过BD-P、N...     

Efficacy of constructed wetlands to mitigate non-point source pollution from irrigation tailwaters in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA.

The efficacy of using constructed wetlands (CWs) to sequester organic carbon and nutrients from irrigation tailwaters was studied in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Two CWs were monitored during the 2004 irrigation season, a new CW (W-1) and 10-year-old CW (W-2). Input/output waters from CW were collected weekly and analyzed for a variety of water quality contaminants. Organic carbon, nutrient and sediment retention efficiencies were evaluated from input/output concentrations. Characteristics of sediment were examined spatially at W-2. Results indicate that W-2 was more efficient at contaminant removal. Average particulate organic carbon retention, was 70+/-13% (mean +/-standard deviation) in W-2 and 48+/-32% in W-1. Chlorophyll-a, a measure of algal biomass, was higher at W-1, especially in input waters. Initially, output concentration of chlorophyll-a increased 15-fold in W-2, however over time, as emergent vegetation established, chlorophyll-a decreased to 35% of input levels. Average total N removal efficiency was 45 +/-18% for W-2 compared to 22 +/-32% in W-1. Total P removal efficiency was 72+/-14% at W-2 compared to 18+/-26% at W-1. CWs were most effective at removing total suspended solids, 84 +/-15% and 97+/-2% for W-1 and W-2, respectively. Results demonstrate that CWs are effective at capturing POC, sediment and nutrients from irrigation tailwaters.     

湖泊底泥中磷的形态分布分析

目前自然水体富营养化程度越来越严重,其底泥中磷的含量也与日俱增。不同形态分布的磷在自然情况变化时表现出不同的特性,底泥中磷的形态分布对于控制水体中磷的浓度有着重要影响。本研究以五步化学分级提取法测定了12个湖泊底泥中磷的形态分布。结果表明：在底泥中与钙结合的磷较多,平均占总量的60％左右。射线衍射结果也表明12个样品中均含有较高比例的晶体钙矿物,平均含量约为49％。除了与钙结合的磷之外,其余的磷多数与铁、锰化合物相结合,其含量平均占总数的18％。黏土矿物及铝氧化物中结合的磷占总量的8％,与残余磷9％相当。松散吸附结合态的磷含量最低约占6％。研究磷的形态分布分析方法对于了解底泥中磷的形态分布以及磷在水体一底泥中的迁移转化规律有着重要意义。     

A comparison of mercury cycling in Lakes Michigan and Superior

Mercury cycling in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan was evaluated based on measurements of mercury levels, modeling of evasional fluxes, and development of first-order mass balance models. Total mercury, methylmercury, and dissolved gaseous mercury were measured on sampling cruises in Lake Michigan (2005) and Lake Superior (2006). Average total mercury concentrations in unfiltered surface water were higher in Lake Michigan (420 ± 40 pg/L) compared to Lake Superior (210 ± 20 pg/L). Methylmercury levels were below the detection limit in Lake Michigan. Larger sample volumes were collected to lower detection limits in Lake Superior in 2006 and methylmercury levels averaged 7 ± 6 pg/L. Dissolved gaseous mercury concentrations were also higher in Lake Michigan (27 ± 7 pg/L) compared to Lake Superior (14 ± 8 pg/L). Evasional fluxes were estimated using a two-film model for air–water exchange. The annual evasional flux in Lake Michigan was determined to be ~ 380 kg/yr from Lake Michigan and ~ 160 kg/yr from Lake Superior. Total mercury burdens in each lake were estimated to be ~ 2500 kg in Superior and ~ 2100 kg in Lake Michigan demonstrating that evasional fluxes play an important role in the mass balance of each lake, particularly Lake Michigan. A simple first-order mass balance model demonstrates the importance of air–water exchange and sedimentation as primary removal processes for Hg in each lake. Uncertainties in the mass balance model are highlighted due to lack of key data, particularly in Lake Superior.     

Chloride and total phosphorus budgets for Lake Nipissing,headwater of Lake Huron,Ontario, Canada

Anthropogenic sources of total phosphorus (TP) and chloride (Cl^?) to lakes and rivers have been issues of concern for many decades in the Great Lakes Basin with northern Boreal Shield headwater tributaries less well studied. In the Sturgeon River – Lake Nipissing – French River basin, a headwater basin of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, water quality monitoring of major inflows to Lake Nipissing, the third largest inland lake located entirely within Ontario, is only available from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. During the period of 2015–2018, we conducted monthly water quality surveys of major and minor inflows for two water years and have generated the first chloride (Cl^?) and total phosphorus (TP) elemental budgets for the lake. Review of available long-term concentration data indicate decreasing TP concentrations by decade in major inflows, but select inflows continue to exhibit concentrations above provincial objectives, including inflows from agricultural areas that are no longer part of provincial monitoring programs. Some inflows also show high average Cl^? concentrations with potential influences (e.g., road salt, agricultural activities) to stream water quality throughout the year. Water and elemental budgets indicate that while specific runoff (l/s/km²) is quite similar across contributing catchments, yields of Cl^? and TP (kg/ha/yr) are disproportionately higher in catchments with urban and agricultural activities. While uncertainties in the water balance and elemental yields remain, this first effort to quantify annual elemental budgets of Lake Nipissing highlights the need to develop community-based, spatially distributed water quality surveying for long-term ecosystem monitoring and future planning.     

Sediment phosphorus characteristics in the clearwater state of Lake Mogan, Turkey

This study examined the vertical distributions of total phosphorus (TP) and phosphorus fractions, and the iron and organic matter, in the littoral sediment in a macrophyte‐dominated, clearwater state in Lake Mogan between September 2005 and August 2006. Benthic macroinvertebrates and total bacteria in the sediment also were determined. No clear seasonal or depth‐related (0–20 cm) patterns were found in sediment concentrations for the measured parameters. The phosphorus release was quantitatively very low, and a negative phosphorus release (–0.132 µg m^?2 day^?1) was measured during the summer months. The TP concentrations of the sediment samples ranged between 675.00 and 1463.80 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW), and the trophic level of the lake was eutrophic. On average, inorganic phosphorus fractions comprised the largest fraction (63%), while organic‐bound phosphorus (Org ≈ P) constituted 37% of the TP in Lake Mogan. The most important phosphorus‐immobilizing factors are high iron content (14 200–47 750 µg g^?1 DW), the sediment's clay content (47.80–51.80%), and an abundance of macrophytes at the sampling station. The low abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates (510–850 individuals m^?2), which depend on sediments with high iron and low organic matter (5.42–13.30%), played a role in the sediment phosphorus retention. Although bacterial abundance in the surficial sediment appeared to be positively correlated to temperature, the overlying water did not experience anoxic conditions, supporting a state in which bacteria were able to retain phosphorus in their cell structures. Long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Mogan must be monitored lake. In order to optimize the management of the lake, and to determine the longevity of a clearwater state following management measures and continued external phosphorus loading, long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Morgan must be monitored.     

Does Manganese Influence Phosphorus Cycling under Suboxic Lake Water Conditions?

The comparative roles of iron and manganese in internal phosphorus loading were examined in a managed lake. Sediments and the water column of Irondequoit Bay, an embayment along Lake Ontario's southern shore, were sampled monthly during summer thermal stratification. Total phosphorus, total iron, and total manganese concentrations in the sediment averaged 1.389 ± 0.150 g/kg dry wt, 24.415 ± 0.760 g/kg dry wt, and 1.727 ± 0.053 g/kg dry wt, respectively. Elevated total phosphorus (maximum = 0.915 mg P/L) and soluble reactive phosphorus (maximum = 0.749 mg P/L) concentrations were observed in the hypolimnion. Sequential extraction of phosphorus fractions from the top 25 cm of deepwater sediment revealed that approximately 25% of phosphorus was stored in a redox-sensitive form, most likely associated with iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. Typically, phosphorus released from sediments is associated with iron, not manganese. However, iron and manganese profiles from the water column indicated that manganese from the sediment was cycling with phosphorus into the overlying waters, while iron did not demonstrate evidence of cycling. Although reductive dissolution of iron likely occurs in the sediment, iron was retained in the sediment and kept out of the water column by the maintenance of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion.     

上覆水磷浓度对沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布的影响

为探究上覆水磷浓度对沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布的影响,通过室内实验,利用薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)对孔隙水中磷浓度进行测量,分析孔隙水磷浓度的垂向变化规律,并揭示平衡时上覆水磷浓度与孔隙水磷浓度以及上覆水-沉积物界面孔隙水磷浓度的关系。结果表明:上覆水磷浓度越高,则沉积物孔隙水中磷垂向分布达到平衡所需的时间越长,相同垂向位置处孔隙水磷浓度及其浓度梯度越大;孔隙水磷浓度及其浓度梯度随深度增加而降低,表层沉积物孔隙水中磷的扩散作用最强,下层沉积物孔隙水磷浓度受上覆水磷浓度变化影响较小;吸附平衡后,沉积物孔隙水磷浓度和上覆水-沉积物界面孔隙水磷浓度均与上覆水磷浓度呈幂函数关系,而留存在沉积物孔隙水中的磷浓度仅占2.26%～3.80%,上覆水中减少的磷大部分被沉积物吸附。     

引黄济青工程渠首水质变化研究

2011年4月至2012年3月从引黄济青工程渠首取样并分析水质变化情况。结果表明,渠首黄河水含沙量和浊度年平均值分别为0．83kg/m3、754NTU;总氮（TN）含量变化范围为3．43~6．84mg／L,平均值为4．70mg／L;硝酸盐氮（N03-N）是TN的主要形式,占TN的58．5％-90．2％;氨氮（NH3-N）、亚硝酸盐氮（N02-N）、总磷（TP）含量较低;叶绿素a（Chla）变化范围为1．10-7．60mg／m2,平均值为3．96mg／m3。除泄洪、流量低等特殊情形外,不同季节间含沙量、浊度及其他水质指标没有明显差异。     

Treatment performance of a constructed wetland during storm and non-storm events in Korea

The efficiency of a free water surface flow constructed wetland (CW) in treating agricultural discharges from stream was investigated during storm and non-storm events between April and December, 2009. Physico-chemical and water quality constituents were monitored at five sampling locations along the flow path of the CW. The greatest reduction in pollutant concentration was observed after passing the sedimentation zone at approximately 4% fractional distance from the inflow. The inflow hydraulic loading, flow rates and pollutant concentrations were significantly higher and variable during storm events than non-storm (baseflow) condition (p <0.001) that resulted to an increase in the average pollutant removal efficiencies by 10 to 35%. The highest removal percentages were attained for phosphate (51 ± 22%), ammonium (44 ± 21%) and phosphorus (38 ± 19%) while nitrate was least effectively retained by the system with only 25 ± 17% removal during non-storm events. The efficiency of the system was most favorable when the temperature was above 15 °C (i.e., almost year-round except the winter months) and during storm events. Overall, the outflow water quality was better than the inflow water quality signifying the potential of the constructed wetland as a treatment system and capability of improving the stream water quality.     

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源磷释放的短期效应研究

对大纵湖底泥疏浚的短期效应进行模拟实验,分析了上覆水体的Eh、pH和磷质量浓度随时间的变化规律,以及沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态磷质量比的垂向变化规律。结果表明:底泥疏浚30 cm对上覆水体Eh、pH以及磷浓度控制效果不显著,且沉积物磷形态不是影响沉积物释磷的主要因素。     

大沽排污河底泥基本特征

大沽排污河底泥污染严重,为了解底泥的特征,研究了大沽排污河底泥的理化性质.结果为:大沽排污河底泥的平均含水量为34.4%,平均pH值为6.8,全河段TOC平均值约为8%;Malven Mastersizer激光粒度仪测定了大沽排污河悬浮物和沉积物的粒径分布,结果表明主要以粉砂为主、占60%左右,其次为黏土、占30%左右,大沽排污河底泥颗粒属于细颗粒;X-射线衍射分析底泥的矿物主要由轻矿物和粘土矿物组成,轻矿物主要为石英、伊利石和方解石,粘土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、蒙托石、高岭石组成;石英和伊利石是大沽排污河底泥悬浮物及沉积物矿物的主要成分,两者之和分别为75.5%和62.2%.     

Water quality assessment of rivers in Mongolia.

A study was made on the water quality of the rivers in Mongolia over the years 1949-1990 for the three river basins in the country. In most of the 72 monitoring stations, the water quality is governed by geological and hydrological characteristics; bicarbonate and calcium are the most abundant major ions. No significant trends were observed between river discharges and total dissolved solids contents. The sediment yields (expressed in the run-off of total suspended solids, TSS) were always low, viz. between 0.02 and 20 x 10(3) kg TSS/km2 yr. In general, the rivers in Mongolia showed low pollution levels for organic pollution, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc., and no time trends were observed in this respect. This does not hold, however, for the northern Tul River, where especially high BOD and ammonium values were found. This can probably be ascribed to the presence of industries and larger cities, as well as agricultural practices. The rivers in Mongolia can generally be classified as "clean" or "of acceptable quality". In contrast, the Tuul River was shown to be "moderately polluted", with a deteriorating trend in water quality over recent years.